Indução da inflamação experimental: <ol><li> A queimadura de primeiro grau é induzida em não-bronzeada da pele de um coxa com auxílio de uma fonte calibrada B, ultravioleta (Saalmann multitester SBB LT 499, Saalmann GmbH, Hereford, Alemanha). A queimadura solar é induzida 24 horas antes de iniciar um experimento microdiálise através da aplicação de três vezes a quantidade de luz UVB necessária para causar vermelhidão completa de pele exposta, ou três vezes a dose mínima eritema (MED). O MED é determinado em cada disciplina antes do início do estudo. Entrega exata de energia está assegurada com uma UV-metro (12 RM, Dr. Grobel UV-Electronic GmbH, Ettlingen, Alemanha). </li></ol> Colocação de cateter e coleta de amostra: <ol><li> Prepare uma área de preparação com luvas estéreis, um porta-agulha estéril, seringa ponta 1cc luer com um calibre 23 (G) da agulha, seringa com uma agulha 1cc 30G, lidocaína a 1%, o algodão, as compressas de gaze estéril 2x2, cateteres microdiálise anexado em um fim a uma agulha de 4 centímetros 23G (Diálise Dermal, Erlangen, Alemanha), e 1,5 ml tubos de coleta Microcent (E &amp; K Scientific, Santa Clara, CA.) com a solução 4μl inibidor da protease por amostra 100μl em gelo seco. solução inibidor da protease é feita por instrução do fabricante usando comprimidos inibidores da protease cocktail (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha). </li><li> Prepare uma solução de 1% de albumina humana em solução de ringer com lactato e desenhá-lo para dentro da seringa 1cc ponta luer, certificando-se não há bolhas de ar que restou na seringa. </li><li> Carregar a seringa com a 1% de albumina humana enriquecido solução de Ringer com lactato no berço (microdiálise seringa multi-rack, Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA) montado em uma bomba de alta precisão de infusão (Pump 22, Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA ). Certifique-se que a barra da bomba de infusão de condução a seringa está em contato total com o êmbolo da seringa. Definir a taxa de bomba após a confirmação de que o diâmetro da seringa foi exatamente entrou na bomba. As taxas de infusão comumente utilizados variam entre 2 a 4μl/min. </li><li> Defina a área que você pretende coletar sua amostra de. Quando a amostragem de uma área criada artificialmente inflamado, como a queimadura solar descrito acima, o plano de inserção do cateter na borda da queimadura. </li><li> Limpe uma área pequena em margens opostas da lesão, ou o site que pretende coletar a amostra de, com o álcool. Estas áreas serão limpas a inserção pretendido e pontos de saída para o cateter. Injetar apenas o suficiente lidocaína intra-cutânea (evidenciado pelo branqueamento da pele no local da injecção) nesses locais para criar uma bolha muito pequenas (máximo de 2mm). Injeção de quantidade limitada de tais intra-cutânea de lidocaína na entrada e pontos de saída do cateter de microdiálise não deve alterar os resultados do bioensaio, mas faz a inserção do cateter significativamente menos doloroso para sujeitos do estudo. </li><li> Utilizando técnicas de assepsia, insira o cateter de microdiálise com auxílio de agulha de 23G conectado ao longo do comprimento da área de pele explorado. A profundidade de inserção é na interface entre a cútis e subcutâneo. Inserção em uma profundidade adequada pode ser verificado visualmente. Como a agulha eo cateter são anexados avançou a agulha deve causar um pouco de dobra da pele, bem como alguns branqueamento da pele. Sem sangramento deve ocorrer. Se o sangramento ocorre isso indica que a agulha fica mais profundo do que o pretendido e da profundidade de inserção tem que ser ajustada. Uma vez que a agulha foi empurrada através do ponto de saída da pele, lave-os cateteres com 1% de albumina enriquecido solução de Ringer lactato até ver gotas ao longo do comprimento do cateter. Isto é feito através da inserção no final de uma seringa de agulha (23G agulha) na extremidade distal do cateter de microdiálise, e, lentamente, injetando solução. </li><li> Após a lavagem do cateter puxar suavemente a agulha para alimentar o cateter conectado através da pele. Manuseio suave é necessária porque os cateteres são de pequeno diâmetro e, conseqüentemente, frágil. Puxe o cateter até que esteja completamente roscadas através da pele, ou seja, a base do tubo de plástico maior incorporação da extremidade distal do cateter toca a pele no ponto de entrada. Como mencionado acima, pouco ou nenhum sangramento no final do procedimento confirma a inserção do cateter ideal. </li><li> Anexar a extremidade distal do cateter para a ponta da agulha da seringa 23G descansando no rack da bomba de infusão. Cuidado é necessário para evitar punção da agulha através da parede do cateter, o que poderia provocar uma fuga em potencial. </li><li> Cortar a agulha fora da extremidade proximal do cateter. </li><li> Usando ¼ polegadas de fita rosa, anexar o tubo de coleta de 1,5 ml preparada Microcent na pele perto do local de saída do cateter. Coloque a ponta do cateter para dentro do tubo de coleta para permitir a coleta de microdialysate. Ligue a bomba de perfusão em r predeterminadocomeu e intermitentemente verificar que o volume entregue e recolhido igualar-se. No caso de os volumes não correspondem, fuga do local de entrada da pele deve ser excluída (às vezes pode ser resolvido, puxando a parte do cateter que é incorporado pelo tubo de plástico com mais força sobre o local de entrada da pele). Alternativamente, um cateter pode precisar de ser substituído se volumes entregues e recolhidos não combinam. </li><li> Uma vez que a amostragem é completa, as amostras são colocadas em gelo seco até o armazenamento a -80 º C. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Angst, M. S., Clark, J. D., Carvalho, B., Tingle, M., Schmelz, M., Yeomans, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+profile+in+human+skin+in+response+to+experimental+inflammation,+noxious+stimulation+and+administration+of+a+COX-inhibitor:+A+microdialysis+study.">Cytokine profile in human skin in response to experimental inflammation, noxious stimulation and administration of a COX-inhibitor: A microdialysis study.</a> Pain. 139, 15-27 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

O uso combinado de técnicas de microdiálise e tecnologia de imunoensaio multiplex é um valioso em tempo real, bioensaio in vivo humana fornecendo informações sobre eventos bioquímicos em tecidos de interesse. Combinados com testes comportamentais, tais como testes de dor, o método permite estudar as interações complexas de produtos bioquímicos mediação dor e inflamação. O método é promissor para 1) identificar biomarcadores tecido específico mediando a dor ea inflamação, 2) proporcionando uma visão mecanicista sobre a pa...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Microdialysis catheter</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Dermal Dialysis</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pump 22</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
<td>552219</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Saalmann Multitester SBB LT 400</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Saalmann GmbH</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RM-12 IP-65 Radiometer</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Dr. Grobel UV Elektronik GmbH</td>
<td>82120000/81112100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Complete Proteinase Inhibitor</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche Bioscience</td>
<td>11836145001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Microcent tube</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>E&K Scientific</td>
<td>380150-X</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Albumin 5%</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>ZLB Behring</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Lactated Ringer</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Hospira Inc</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Xylocaine-MPF</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Astra Zeneca</td>
<td>NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Syringe 1mL</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson Co</td>
<td>309602</td>
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human in-vivo bioassay for the tissue-specific measurement of nociceptive and inflammatory mediators

Este bioensaio in vivo humano pode ser usado para estudar voluntários humanos e pacientes. As amostras são coletadas em sites de tecido pertinentes, tais como a pele através de cateteres inseridos assepticamente microdiálise (Diálise Dermal, Erlangen, Alemanha). Ilustrado neste exemplo é a coleção de líquido intersticial da pele inflamada experimentalmente em voluntários humanos. Coleta de amostras podem ser combinadas com outros testes experimentais. Por exemplo, a avaliação simultânea de produtos bioquímicos localmente liberados e sensibilidade subjetiva a estímulos dolorosos na pele inflamada experimentalmente fornece o link de bioquímica-comportamental fundamental para identificar biomarcadores da dor e inflamação. Ensaio apresentado no organismo humano vivo permite uma visão mecanicista em processos de tecidos específicos subjacentes a dor e / ou inflamação. O método também é adequado para examinar a eficácia das intervenções existentes ou novos - como novos fármacos - visando o tratamento de situações dolorosas e / ou inflamatória. Este artigo irá fornecer uma descrição detalhada sobre o uso de técnicas de microdiálise para coletar o líquido intersticial da lesão de pele inflamada experimentalmente dos sujeitos do estudo humano. As amostras de líquidos intersticiais são normalmente tratados com auxílio de imunoensaios multiplex talão série assaying permitindo até 100 analitos em amostras tão pequenas no volume de 50 microlitros.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators at JoVE.com

Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators

A técnica é apresentada para a coleta in vivo de amostras de líquido intersticial de sites pertinentes tecido (pele aqui, experimentalmente inflamação) para a medição de produtos bioquímicos mediação dor e inflamação.

Bioensaio In-Vivo humanos para a medição de tecidos específicos de Mediadores nociceptiva e inflamatória

This in-vivo human bioassay can be used to study human volunteers and patients. Samples are collected from pertinent tissue sites such as the skin via ...

human-vivo-bioassay-for-tissue-specific-measurement-nociceptive

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.2K visualizações.  Stanford University School of Medicine. A técnica é apresentada para a coleta in vivo de amostras de líquido intersticial de sites pertinentes tecido (pele aqui, experimentalmente inflamação) para a medição de produtos bioquímicos mediação dor e inflamação.

Vídeo: Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators

In vivo Micro-circulation Measurement in Skeletal Muscle by Intra-vital Microscopy

BACKGROUND: Regulatory factors and detailed physiology of in vivo microcirculation have remained not fully clarified after many different modalities of imaging had invented. While many macroscopic parameters of blood flow reflect flow velocity, changes in blood flow velocity and red blood cell (RBC) flux does not hold linear relationship in the microscopic observations. There are reports of discrepancy between RBC velocity and RBC flux, RBC flux and plasma flow volume, and of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of flow regulation in the peripheral tissues in microscopic observations, a scientific basis for the requirement of more detailed studies in microcirculatory regulation using intravital microscopy. METHODS: We modified Jeff Lichtman's method of in vivo microscopic observation of mouse sternomastoid muscles. Mice are anesthetized,
ventilated, and injected with PKH26L-fluorescently labeled RBCs for microscopic observation.RESULT &amp; CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescently labeled RBCs are detected and distinguished well by a wide-field microscope. Muscle contraction evoked by electrical stimulation induced increase in RBC flux. Quantification of other parameters including RBC velocity and capillary density were feasible. Mice tolerated well the surgery, injection of stained RBCs, microscopic observation, and electrical stimulation. No muscle or blood vessel damage was observed, suggesting that our method is relatively less invasive and suited for long-term observations.

A new versatile method for observation of microcirculation is presented. It is considered suitable for long-term observation, and for combination with pharmacophysiological or molecular biological interventions.

Medição in vivo Micro-circulação no músculo esquelético por Intra-vital Microscopia

BACKGROUND: Regulatory factors and detailed physiology of in vivo microcirculation have remained not fully clarified after many different modalities of ...

Biologia

Collecting and Measuring Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators in Surgical Wounds 

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure inflammatory and nociceptive biochemical mediators at the surgical wound site. Collecting site-specific biochemical markers allows us to evaluate the relationship between surgical wound and serum levels; determine any associations between mediator release, pain and analgesic consumption; and evaluate the effect of systemic and peripheral drug administration on surgical wound biochemistry.
This methodology has been applied to healthy women undergoing elective cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. Wound exudate and serum mediators, in conjunction with pain scores and analgesics consumption were measured at 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours post-cesarean delivery. Biochemical mediators that were detected included IL-1&beta;, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNF&alpha;, INF&gamma;, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and MIP-1&beta;, nerve growth factor (NGF), prostaglandin E2 (PG-E2) and substance P. We found no correlations between wound and serum cytokines concentrations or time-release profiles (J Pain. 2008 Jul 9(7):650-7). This article describes and demonstrates the feasibility of collecting and assaying nociceptive and inflammatory mediators in surgical wounds at specific time points. The lack of significant correlations between serum and wound levels shows the importance of determining site-specific release if surgical wounds and localized pathologies are to be studied.

Collecting and Measuring Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators in Surgical Wounds

A technique to collect and measure surgical wound biochemical mediators at specific time points.

Coleta e medição Mediadores nociceptiva e inflamatória em feridas cirúrgicas

We describe a methodology by which we are able to collect and measure inflammatory and nociceptive biochemical mediators at the surgical wound site. ...

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in overall pH homeostasis. We describe protocols for ratiometric measurement of pH in vivo using pH-sensitive fluorophores localized to the vacuole or cytosol. Vacuolar pH is measured using BCECF, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast when introduced into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. Cytosolic pH is measured with a pH-sensitive GFP expressed under control of a yeast promoter, yeast pHluorin. Methods for measurement of fluorescence ratios in yeast cell suspensions in a fluorimeter are described. Through these protocols, single time point measurements of pH under different conditions or in different yeast mutants have been compared and changes in pH over time have been monitored. These methods have also been adapted to a fluorescence plate reader format for high-throughput experiments. Advantages of ratiometric pH measurements over other approaches currently in use, potential experimental problems and solutions, and prospects for future use of these techniques are also described.

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH can be measured in live yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells using ratiometric fluorescent dyes localized to specific cellular compartments. We describe procedures for measuring vacuolar pH with BCECF-AM, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast, and cytosolic pH with a cytosolic ratiometric pH-sensitive GFP (yeast pHluorin).

Medição do valor pH vacuolar e Cytosolic<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Em Suspensions célula de levedura

Vacuolar and  cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in  overall pH homeostasis. We describe  protocols for ...

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo, and can be genetically manipulated.1 These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Here, we present a systematic approach for developing physiologically relevant, sensitive and specific in vivo assays for interpreting variation in human pathology. Transient genetic manipulation via microinjection of WT and mutant human mRNA and morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides harness the tractability of the developing zebrafish embryo to rapidly assay pathogenic mutations, especially, but not exclusively, in the context of human developmental disorders.

In Vivo Modelagem do Morbid Genoma Humano utilizando Danio rerio

Here,  we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically  significant nonsynonymous changes using in  vivo complementation ...

Probe-based Real-time PCR Approaches for Quantitative Measurement of microRNAs

Probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a favoured method for measuring transcript abundance, since it is one of the most sensitive detection methods that provides an accurate and reproducible analysis. Probe-based chemistry offers the least background fluorescence as compared to other (dye-based) chemistries. Presently, there are several platforms available that use probe-based chemistry to quantitate transcript abundance. qPCR in a 96 well plate is the most routinely used method, however only a maximum of 96 samples or miRNAs can be tested in a single run. This is time-consuming and tedious if a large number of samples/miRNAs are to be analyzed. High-throughput probe-based platforms such as microfluidics (e.g. TaqMan Array Card) and nanofluidics arrays (e.g. OpenArray) offer ease to reproducibly and efficiently detect the abundance of multiple microRNAs in a large number of samples in a short time. Here, we demonstrate the experimental setup and protocol for miRNA quantitation from serum or plasma-EDTA samples, using probe-based chemistry and three different platforms (96 well plate, microfluidics and nanofluidics arrays) offering increasing levels of throughput.

Circulating microRNAs have recently emerged as promising and novel biomarkers for various cancers and other diseases. The goal of this article is to discuss three different probe-based real-time PCR platforms and methods that are available to quantify and determine the abundance of circulating microRNAs.

Baseado-Probe-PCR em tempo real Abordagens para a medição quantitativa de microRNAs

Probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a favoured method for measuring transcript abundance, since it is one of the most sensitive detection methods that ...

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.

We describe a simple cell-based bioassay for detecting, quantifying and monitoring the activity of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands. The assay uses chimeric receptors expressed in a factor-dependent cell line to provide a semi-quantitative or quantitative assessment of receptor binding and cross-linking by the ligand.

A Bioensaio simples para a avaliação dos fatores de crescimento endotelial vascular

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive ...

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Common murine models study small vessels such as the carotid and femoral arteries. Herein we describe an in vivo system in which both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function can be simultaneously assessed in a large vessel. We studied the infrarenal aortic response to injury in C57BL/6 mice. The aorta was injured from the left renal vein to the aortic bifurcation by 30 transmural crushes of 5-seconds duration with a cotton-tipped applicator. Morphological changes were assessed with conventional histology. Aorta wall thickness was measured from the luminal surface to the adventitia. EdU integration and counter staining with DAPI and alpha-actin was used to demonstrate VSMC proliferation. Activation of ERK1/2, a known moderator of intimal hyperplasia formation, was determined by Western Blot analysis. The effect of inflammation was determined by immunohistochemistry for B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages. En face sections of endothelium were visualized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Endothelial barrier function was determined with Evans Blue staining. Transmural injury resulted in aortic wall thickening. This injury induced VSMC proliferation, most prominently at 3 days after injury, and early activation of ERK1/2 and decreased p27kip1 expression. Injury did not result in increased B-cells, T-cells, or macrophages infiltration in the vessel wall. Injury caused partial endothelial cell denudation and loss of cell-cell contact. Injury resulted in a significant loss of endothelial barrier function, which returned to baseline after seven days. The murine transmural blunt aortic injury model provides an efficient system to simultaneously study both VSMC proliferation and endothelial barrier function in a large vessel.

Murine Aortic Crush Injury: An Efficient In Vivo Model of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Endothelial Function

Restenosis following cardiovascular procedures (bypass surgery, angioplasty, or stenting) is a significant problem reducing the durability of these procedures. An ideal therapy would inhibit smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation while promoting regeneration of the endothelium. We describe a model for simultaneous assessment of VSMC proliferation and endothelial function in vivo.

Lesão por esmagamento aórtico murino: um eficiente<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Modelo de proliferação de células musculares lisas e função endotelial

Arterial reconstruction, whether angioplasty or bypass surgery, involves iatrogenic trauma causing endothelial disruption and vascular smooth muscle cell ...

Detecting and Characterizing Protein Self-Assembly In Vivo by Flow Cytometry

Protein self-assembly governs protein function and compartmentalizes cellular processes in space and time. Current methods to study it suffer from low-sensitivity, indirect read-outs, limited throughput, and/or population-level rather than single-cell resolution. We designed a flow cytometry-based single methodology that addresses all of these limitations: Distributed Amphifluoric FRET or DAmFRET. DAmFRET detects and quantifies protein self-assemblies by sensitized emission FRET in vivo, enables deployment across model systems-from yeast to human cells-and achieves sensitive, single-cell, high-throughput read-outs irrespective of protein localization or solubility.

This article describes a FRET-based flow cytometry protocol to quantify protein self-assembly in both S. cerevisiae and HEK293T cells.

Detectando e caracterizando a auto-montagem da proteína in vivo por citometria de fluxo

Protein self-assembly governs protein function and compartmentalizes cellular processes in space and time. Current methods to study it suffer from ...

In Vivo Surface Electrocardiography for Adult Zebrafish

The electrocardiogram waveforms of adult zebrafish and those of humans are remarkably similar. These electrocardiogram similarities enhance the value of zebrafish not only as a research model for human cardiac electrophysiology and myopathies but also as a surrogate model in high throughput pharmaceutical screening for potential cardiotoxicities to humans, such as QT prolongation. As such, in vivo electrocardiography for adult zebrafish is an electrical phenotyping tool that is necessary, if not indispensable, for cross-sectional or longitudinal in vivo electrophysiological characterizations. However, too often, the lack of a reliable, practical, and cost-effective recording method remains a major challenge preventing this in vivo diagnostic tool from becoming more readily accessible. Here, we describe a practical, straightforward approach to in vivo electrocardiography for adult zebrafish using a low-maintenance, cost-effective, and comprehensive system that yields consistent, reliable recordings. We illustrate our protocol using healthy adult male zebrafish of 12-18 months of age. We also introduce a rapid real-time interpretation strategy for quality validation to ensure data accuracy and robustness early in the electrocardiogram recording process.

Here, we present a reliable, minimally invasive, and cost-effective method to record and interpret electrocardiograms in live anesthetized adult zebrafish.

Eletrocardiografia de superfície vivo para zebrafish adulto

The electrocardiogram waveforms of adult zebrafish and those of humans are remarkably similar. These electrocardiogram similarities enhance the value of ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Screen for Tissue-Specific Chaperone Interactions

Correct folding and assembly of proteins and protein complexes are essential for cellular function. Cells employ quality control pathways that correct, sequester or eliminate damaged proteins to maintain a healthy proteome, thus ensuring cellular proteostasis and preventing further protein damage. Because of redundant functions within the proteostasis network, screening for detectable phenotypes using knockdown or mutations in chaperone-encoding genes in the multicellular organism Caenorhabditis elegans results in the detection of minor or no phenotypes in most cases. We have developed a targeted screening strategy to identify chaperones required for a specific function and thus bridge the gap between phenotype and function. Specifically, we monitor novel chaperone interactions using RNAi synthetic interaction screens, knocking-down chaperone expression, one chaperone at a time, in animals carrying a mutation in a chaperone-encoding gene or over-expressing a chaperone of interest. By disrupting two chaperones that individually present no gross phenotype, we can identify chaperones that aggravate or expose a specific phenotype when both perturbed. We demonstrate that this approach can identify specific sets of chaperones that function together to modulate the folding of a protein or protein complexes associated with a given phenotype.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Screen for Tissue-Specific Chaperone Interactions

To study chaperone-chaperone and chaperone-substrate interactions, we perform synthetic interaction screens in Caenorhabditis elegans using RNA interference in combination with mild mutations or over-expression of chaperones and monitor tissue-specific protein dysfunction at the organismal level.

Usando elegans caenorhabditis para tela para interações de acompanhantes específicas de tecido

Correct folding and assembly of proteins and protein complexes are essential for cellular function. Cells employ quality control pathways that correct, ...