Este trabalho foi financiado pelo National Institutes of Grants Saúde K08 NS061039-01A2, o Programa de Neurologia Research &amp; Discovery e The Taubman Alfred A. Instituto de Pesquisa de Medicina da Universidade de Michigan. Este trabalho utilizou a Morfologia e Análise de Imagem Núcleo de Michigan Diabetes Centro de Pesquisa e Formação, financiado pelo National Institutes of Health Grant 5P90 DK-20572 do Instituto Nacional de Diabetes e Doenças Digestivas e Renais. Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Robinson Singleton e Gordon Smith (University of Utah) pela sua generosa doação de amostras de pele humana para apoiar o desenvolvimento inicial da técnica de imuno-histoquímica biomarcador nociceptiva.

Parte A: Imunohistoquímica Preparação de placa de 96 poços e prevenção de fundo de coloração Dentre as biópsias da pele são recolhidos a partir de sujeitos humanos e incubados durante 12-24 h em solução de fixação (2% de paraformaldeído com uma solução de L-lisina 0,75 M (pH 7,4) e 0,05 mM de periodato de sódio) a 4 ° C como descrito anteriormente 8. As amostras são então cryoprotected em tampão fosfato salino (PBS) com 20% de glicerol, a 4 ° C durante até 1 semana, incorporado nos meios de fixação da temperatura de corte óptima (OCT), e depois seccionado em secções de 50 um de espessura sobre um criostato. O protocolo abaixo descrito é concebido para oito cortes de pele, o número máximo possível de secções de pele de sofrer imunohistoquímica de flutuação livre em uma placa de 96 poços. DIA 1: 1. Prevenção da imunoreactividade não específica no estrato córneo <ol><li> Etiqueta de placa de 96 poços, como mostrado na Figura 1. </li&gt; <li> Adicionar 150 ul de Imagem-IT FX sinal (Imagem-IT), eficaz para o bloqueio de fundo de coloração 11,12, para cada poço na linha 1 da placa de 96 poços. </li><li> Adicionar 150 ul de PBS 1X para cada poço na fila 2 e 3 da placa de 96 poços. </li><li> Adquirir duas seções 50 mM por paciente: uma seção da biópsia tomado em DL, uma seção da biópsia tomada na PT. Uma ansa de inoculação (LeLoop) é usado para transferir a partir de secções de uma lavagem para a seguinte para evitar danos morfológica. Gentilmente transferir cada seção 50 mM, utilizando um loop inoculação, em um indivíduo bem de Linha 1, que contém a imagem-IT. Incubar seções em Imagem-lo por 30 minutos em temperatura ambiente em uma cadeira de balanço plana. </li><li> Lavar duas vezes com secções 1X PBS (linhas 2 e 3) durante 10 min à TA. Coloque em um prato bem roqueiro plana entre lavagens. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de BSA a 5% da solução de bloqueio e 1% de solução de lavagem <ol><li> Enquanto as seções de biópsia estão incubando em Imagem-IT, prepare-se 5% de bloqueio soluçãoção (BSA, TX-100, 0,3% de solução 0,1 M de PBS-BSA a vórtice até que se dissolva completamente 5%). </li><li> Adicionar 150 ul de solução de bloqueio BSA a 5% em cada cavidade de linha 4. </li><li> Utilizando uma ansa de inoculação, transferir secções em poços individuais de 5% de solução de bloqueio de BSA. Incubar as secções em solução de bloqueio de BSA 5% durante 1-2 horas à temperatura ambiente em um balancim plana. </li></ol> 3. Preparação de 1% de BSA e da solução de lavagem a diluição dos anticorpos primários <ol><li> Embora as secções são incubar em 5% de solução de bloqueio de BSA, preparar uma solução de lavagem 1% (BSA a 1%, 0,3% de TX-100, solução de PBS-Vortex 0,1 M até que se dissolva completamente BSA). </li><li> Embora as secções são incubar em 5% de solução de bloqueio de BSA, dilui-se os anticorpos primários em 1% de solução de lavagem. <ol><li> Durante oito secções (8 x 150 mL = 1,200 mL) é necessário um total de 1200 ul. Os anticorpos primários são feitos em 1500 ul (cerca de 20% volume extra). </li><li> As diluições dos anticorpos primários: PGP, 1:500; Trk A,1:500 em BSA a 1% solução de lavagem. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Incubação de biópsias seccionados em Anticorpo primário <ol><li> Adicionar 150 ul de anticorpos primários diluídos nas cavidades designadas da placa de 96 poços (linha 5). </li><li> Transferir secções de 5% de solução de bloqueio (linha 4) para os poços de anticorpos primários designados (Linha 5). </li><li> Selar a placa de 96 poços com parafilme e uma folha de alumínio para evitar a secagem e exposição à luz. </li><li> Incubar a placa de 96 poços de O / N a 4 ° C em um balancim plana. </li></ol> DIA 2: 5. Enxaguar biópsias em BSA a 1% solução de lavagem <ol><li> Adicionar 150 ul de solução de lavagem 1% de BSA para cada poço na linha 6, 7 e 8. </li><li> Enxaguar secções três vezes com solução de lavagem 1% de BSA (linhas 6, 7 e 8), durante 1 hora de cada vez, à TA. Cobrir a placa bem com papel alumínio e coloque no balancim plana entre lavagens. </li></ol> 6. A diluição dos anticorpos secundários &lt;ol&gt; <li> Embora as secções são incubadas no último enxaguamento de solução de lavagem 1% de BSA (linha 8), dilui-se em solução de anticorpos secundários de lavagem 1% de BSA: <ol><li> Durante oito secções (8 x 150 mL = 1,200 mL) é necessário um total de 1200 ul. Os anticorpos secundários são feitos em 1500 ul (cerca de 20% volume extra). </li><li> Diluições dos anticorpos secundários: para PGP (Alexa Fluor 488 burro anti-coelho, 1:250), para Trk A (Alexa Fluor 647 burro anti-cabra, 1:250) em solução de lavagem 1% BSA. </li></ol></li></ol> 7. Incubação de biópsias seccionados em Anticorpo secundário <ol><li> Adicionar 150 uL de anticorpos secundários diluídos nas suas cavidades designadas da placa de 96 poços (linha 9). </li><li> Transferir secções de solução a 1% de BSA de bloqueio (Linha 8) no poço de anticorpo secundário (linha 9). </li><li> Selar a placa de 96 poços com parafilme e uma folha de alumínio para evitar a secagem e exposição à luz. </li><li> Incubar seções no designado secundário anticorpos O/ N a 4 ° C em um balancim plana. </li></ol> 8. Enxaguar biópsias em BSA a 1% solução de lavagem <ol><li> Adicionar 150 ul de solução de lavagem 1% de BSA para cada poço na linha 10, 11 e 12. </li><li> Enxaguar secções três vezes com solução de lavagem 1% de BSA (linhas 10, 11 e 12) durante 1 hora de cada vez, à TA. Cobrir a placa bem com papel alumínio e coloque em uma cadeira de balanço plana entre lavagens. </li></ol> 9. Preparação de Lâminas de Microscopia e montagem Biopsias Seccionado <ol><li> Enquanto secções de biópsia estão incubando no último enxaguamento de solução de lavagem 1% de BSA (linha 12), preparam lâminas de microscópio. </li><li> Coloque 50 ml de solução a 1% de lavagem BSA em um slide de cada vez. </li><li> Remover secções de 1% de solução de lavagem de BSA (linha 12), e colocá-lo na gota 50 mL de solução de lavagem 1% de BSA na lâmina de microscópio designado. Após optimização da posição da secção, remover o excesso de solução de lavagem 1% de BSA com uma pipeta de vidro bulbed, tomando precauçõesevitar tocar o espécime. </li></ol> NOTA: Certifique-secção não é dobrado, a amostra deve ser plana contra a superfície da lâmina de microscópio. <ol start="4"><li> Coloque uma gota de reagente Prolongar montagem com DAPI perto da biópsia na lâmina de microscópio antifade Ouro. Dê uma lamela de vidro mm microscópio 22x22 e colocá-lo suavemente sobre a biópsia e uma gota de reagente Prolongar antifade ouro com DAPI queda. Repita a operação para cada seção. </li><li> Vamos lâminas de microscópio seca O / N em RT na escuridão. </li></ol> NOTA: Remova as bolhas de ar usando uma ponteira. Limpe o excesso de prolongar reagente antifade Ouro. Parte B: imagem confocal 10. Confocal <ol><li> Sinais de fluorescência de imagem usando uma Olympus FluoView 500 microscópio confocal de varredura a laser com óleo de imersão (1,3 NA) objetiva de 40X e zoom duas vezes com software versão 5.0 FluoView. </li&gt; <li> Use Alexa Fluor 488 e Alexa Fluor 647 para excitar a 543 nm HeNe laser verde e 633 nm HeNe laser vermelho, respectivamente. O sinal Alexa Fluor 488 é representado por um olhar verde a tabela (LUT) e Alexa Fluor 647 por uma LUT vermelho. </li><li> Definir as aberturas confocais para cada detector a 400 um para melhorar os sinais. Varreduras seqüenciais devem ser tomados com uma resolução de 1024 x 1024 para maximizar a separação do sinal. </li><li> Capturar tridimensional z séries utilizando 1,2 mM intervalos z-passo (com base na unidade de digitalização óptima calculados pelo software FluoView) com média de Kalman (dois quadros). </li></ol> Parte C: visualização tridimensional e animação 11. Tridimensional (3D) Visualização e Animação <ol><li> Abrir arquivos FluoView em software x64 Imaris (versão 7.3, Bitplane AG) para visualizar os conjuntos de imagens 3D. </li><li> Ajustar o indicador conforme necessário para aumentar o contraste do sinal específico do nervo. </li><li> Criar um surface para visualizar o limite dermo-epidérmica. Use a ferramenta Contorno no modo de desenho para desenhar o contorno. </li><li> Atribuir uma superfície semi-transparente para o limite, a fim de ver os sinais fluorescentes subjacentes. </li><li> Capturar imagens estáticas dos sinais fluorescentes em 3D para criar imagens instantâneo do filme em 3D. </li><li> Use o recurso de animação para criar um filme em 3D. As imagens podem ser giradas em 360 graus várias vezes para mostrar cada sinal separadamente e intercalado (Figuras 2, 3 e 4). Definir animação para criar filmes que consistem em 200 quadros animaram a 15 quadros por segundo. Salve cada filme como um arquivo AVI cru. </li><li> Comprimir o final do filme AVI com o software VirtualDub (versão 1.9.4). </li></ol>

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+nerve+fiber+density:+normative+reference+range+and+diagnostic+efficiency.">Epidermal nerve fiber density: normative reference range and diagnostic efficiency.</a> Arch. Neurol. 55 (12), 1513-1520 (1998).</li><li>Griffin, J. W., McArthur, J. C., Polydefkis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+cutaneous+innervation+by+skin+biopsies.">Assessment of cutaneous innervation by skin biopsies.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurol. 14 (5), 655-659 (2001).</li><li>Cheng, H. T., Dauch, J. R., Hayes, J. M., Yanik, B. M., Feldman, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nerve+growth+factor/p38+signaling+increases+intraepidermal+nerve+fiber+densities+in+painful+neuropathy+of+type+2+diabetes.">Nerve growth factor/p38 signaling increases intraepidermal nerve fiber densities in painful neuropathy of type 2 diabetes.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 45 (1), 280-287 (2012).</li><li>Lauria, G., Lombardi, R., Camozzi, F., Devigili, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+biopsy+for+the+diagnosis+of+peripheral+neuropathy.">Skin biopsy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy.</a> Histopathology. 54 (3), 273-285 (2009).</li><li>Vlckova-Moravcova, E., Bednarik, J., Dusek, L., Toyka, K. V., Sommer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+validity+of+epidermal+nerve+fiber+densities+in+painful+sensory+neuropathies.">Diagnostic validity of epidermal nerve fiber densities in painful sensory neuropathies.</a> Muscle Nerve. 37 (1), 50-60 (2008).</li><li>Casanova-Molla, J., Morales, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+fluorescence+quantitation+provides+a+new+approach+to+assess+cutaneous+innervation.">Axonal fluorescence quantitation provides a new approach to assess cutaneous innervation.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 200 (2), 190-198 (2011).</li><li>Wang, L., Hilliges, M., Jernberg, T., Wiegleb-Edstrom, D., Johansson, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+gene+product+9.5-immunoreactive+nerve+fibres+and+cells+in+human+skin.">Protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibres and cells in human skin.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 261 (1), 25-33 (1990).</li><li>Lauria, G., Morbin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+capsaicin+receptor+immunoreactivity+in+human+peripheral+nervous+system+and+in+painful+neuropathies.">Expression of capsaicin receptor immunoreactivity in human peripheral nervous system and in painful neuropathies.</a> J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 11 (3), 262-271 (2006).</li><li>Penna, G., Fibbi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia+stromal+cells+as+inducers+and+targets+of+chronic+immuno-mediated+inflammation.">Human benign prostatic hyperplasia stromal cells as inducers and targets of chronic immuno-mediated inflammation.</a> J. Immunol. 182 (7), 4056-4064 (2009).</li><li>Lentz, S. I., Edwards, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+DNA+(mtDNA)+Biogenesis:+Visualization+and+Duel+Incorporation+of+BrdU+and+EdU+Into+Newly+Synthesized+mtDNA+In+Vitro.">Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Biogenesis: Visualization and Duel Incorporation of BrdU and EdU Into Newly Synthesized mtDNA In Vitro.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 58 (2), 207-218 (2010).</li><li>Polydefkis, M., Hauer, P., Griffin, J. W., McArthur, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+biopsy+as+a+tool+to+assess+distal+small+fiber+innervation+in+diabetic+neuropathy.">Skin biopsy as a tool to assess distal small fiber innervation in diabetic neuropathy.</a> Diabetes Technol. Ther. 3 (1), 23-28 (2001).</li><li>Lauria, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+fibre+neuropathies.">Small fibre neuropathies.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18 (5), 591-597 (2005).</li><li>Sorensen, L., Molyneaux, L., Yue, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+among+pain,+sensory+loss,+and+small+nerve+fibers+in+diabetes.">The relationship among pain, sensory loss, and small nerve fibers in diabetes.</a> Diabetes Care. 29 (4), 883-887 (2006).</li><li>Lauria, G., Morbin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+swellings+predict+the+degeneration+of+epidermal+nerve+fibers+in+painful+neuropathies.">Axonal swellings predict the degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers in painful neuropathies.</a> Neurology. 61 (5), 631-636 (2003).</li><li>Herrmann, D. N., McDermott, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+nerve+fiber+density,+axonal+swellings+and+QST+as+predictors+of+HIV+distal+sensory+neuropathy.">Epidermal nerve fiber density, axonal swellings and QST as predictors of HIV distal sensory neuropathy.</a> Muscle Nerve. 29 (3), 420-427 (2004).</li><li>Navarro, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+27:+Neural+plasticity+after+nerve+injury+and+regeneration.">Chapter 27: Neural plasticity after nerve injury and regeneration.</a> Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 87, 483-505 (2009).</li></ol>

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Medição da IENFD tem sido amplamente utilizada para determinar o grau de neuropatias periféricas 13,14. Actualmente, o protocolo mais comumente utilizado apenas mede a densidade de fibras nervosas que penetram na membrana basal da epiderme, e não toma em consideração a ramificação axonal e / ou alterações morfológicas dos nervos. Além disso, a análise IENFD actual não foi mostrado para correlacionar IENFD com a presença de dor no PN 15. Nós relatamos ant...

Actualmente, é prática comum para os médicos para quantificar intraepidérmicos densidades de fibras nervosas (IENFD) a partir de biópsias de punção da pele, que podem ser utilizados para diagnosticar neuropatias pequenas fibras 3, 6-8. As biópsias são tomadas a partir da perna distal (DL), de 10 cm acima do maléolo lateral, e a coxa proximal (PT), 20 cm abaixo da espinha ilíaca anterior 9. Todos IENF são rotulados usando o produto do gene da proteína 9.5 (PGP), um marcador neuronal pan 10-12. Actualmente, é uma prática padrão para diagnosticar neuropatias fibra pequenos usando IENFD determinada pela coloração PGP com brightfield microscopia 6. Além disso, vários grupos de pesquisa têm utilizaram protocolos de imunofluorescência para o PGP imunohistoquímica 7-9. Neuropatia fibra pequeno é comumente associado com dor neuropática. A fim de entender melhor o papel do IENF essencial para o processamento da dor, foi desenvolvida uma técnica para co-label IENF total, com fibras que geram dor. Nociceptiva IENF, especificamente Aδ e fibras C, pode ser estudada através da co-rotulagem de IENF com PGP e o marcador nociceptiva, tropomyosin-receptor-quinase A (Trk A) 5. Trk A é o receptor de elevada afinidade para o factor de crescimento do nervo, que é essencial para o desenvolvimento de nocicepção. As fibras nervosas nociceptivas A positivas Trk são fibras peptidérgicas que expressam a substância P (SP) e peptídeo relacionado com gene da calcitonina (CGRP). Anteriormente, Lauria e colegas aplicaram a técnica de dupla marcação para estudar PN, co-rotulagem IENF PGP positivo com um marcador nociceptivo 10. No nosso estudo anterior, foi demonstrado que IENF Trk A-positivos, mas não IENF Trk A-negativos, foram regulada positivamente num modelo animal de neuropatia diabética dolorosa 5. Esta técnica de co-rotulagem fornece a capacidade de comparar a quantificação de IENFD nociceptiva totalizar IENFD ea capacidade de estudar alterações morfológicas associadas à PN. A capacidade de visualizar nociceptiva IENF e compare quantificação de IENFD total IENFD nociceptiva poderia fornecer provas objectivas para a presença da dor, e possivelmente percepção da intensidade da dor associada com PN. Esta técnica é também aplicável para a pele de modelos animais. Em comparação com estudos anteriores, o protocolo actual descreve métodos para análise de imagem 3D, criando a possibilidade de evitar os erros que possam ocorrer na análise da imagem 2D.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP399-4</td>
			<td>To make up 1X PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image-IT FX Signal</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>I36933</td>
			<td>Image-IT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein Gene Product 9.5 (Polyclonal rabbit)</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec</td>
			<td>7863-0504</td>
			<td>PGP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tropomyosin Related-Kinase A (Polyclonal goat)</td>
			<td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
			<td>AF1056</td>
			<td>Trk A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 donkey &alpha;-rabbit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21206</td>
			<td>AF488 donkey &alpha;-goat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 donkey &alpha;-goat</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21447</td>
			<td>AF647 donkey &alpha;-goat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin, from Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906-100</td>
			<td>BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X- 100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td>TX-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-calibrated Loop</td>
			<td>LeLoop</td>
			<td>MP 199025</td>
			<td>inoculating Loop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well assay plate</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td>3603</td>
			<td>Well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Cover Glass 22x22 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-541-B</td>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Fluoview Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV500</td>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimum Cutting Temperature</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>OCT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1850</td>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional imaging of nociceptive intraepidermal nerve fibers in human skin biopsies

Uma biópsia da pele é geralmente utilizado para quantificar intraepidérmicos densidades de fibras nervosas (IENFD) para o diagnóstico de 1,2 polineuropatia periférica. Actualmente, é prática comum para recolher três milímetros biópsias de pele a partir da perna distal (DL) e na coxa proximal (PT) para a avaliação de polineuropatias comprimento dependentes 3. No entanto, devido à natureza de IENFs multidireccional, é um desafio para examinar sobreposição estruturas nervosas através da análise de imagem bidimensional (2D). Alternativamente, tridimensional de imagem (3D) poderia fornecer a melhor solução para este dilema. No relatório atual, apresentamos métodos para aplicar imagens em 3D para estudar neuropatia dolorosa (PN). A fim de identificar IENFs, amostras de pele são processadas para análise de imunofluorescência de produto do gene da proteína 9.5 (PGP), um marcador neuronal panela. Actualmente, é uma prática padrão para diagnosticar neuropatias fibra pequenos usando IENFD determinada por imuno-histoquímica PGP usando microscopia de campo claro 4. No presente estudo, aplicou-se análise de imunofluorescência dupla para identificar IENFD total, utilizando o PGP, e IENF nociceptiva, através da utilização de anticorpos que reconhecem a tropomiosina-receptor-quinase A (Trk A), o receptor de alta afinidade para o factor de crescimento do nervo 5. As vantagens do IENF co-coloração com PGP e Trk anticorpos se beneficia do estudo de PN através da coloração claramente fibras PGP-positivas, nociceptivos. Estes sinais de fluorescência pode ser quantificada para determinar as alterações morfológicas e IENFD nociceptivos do IENF associados PN. As imagens fluorescentes são obtidas por microscopia confocal e processadas para análise 3D. 3D-imaging fornece capacidades de rotação para analisar mais alterações morfológicas associadas à PN. Tomados em conjunto, co-coloração fluorescente, imagem confocal e análise 3D beneficiar claramente o estudo de PN.

Foi aplicado o protocolo atual para estudar a morfologia do IENF na PT e DL biópsias de pele de pacientes com PN. A pele, a partir de três indivíduos, foi recolhido da Universidade de Utah, para demonstrar a Pathomorphology associado PN. Os temas incluem: Caso 1: um homem de 51 anos com uma história de PN de diabetes tipo 2 (duração: 14 meses; escore de dor: 51); Caso 2: um homem de 56 anos com uma história de PN de diabetes tipo 2 (duração: 108 meses; escore de dor: 47), e Caso 3: um homem de 66 anos de idade,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Imaging of Nociceptive Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers in Human Skin Biopsies at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Imaging of Nociceptive Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers in Human Skin Biopsies

A fim de estudar as alterações de fibras nervosas intra-epidérmica nociceptivos (IENFs) em neuropatias dolorosas (PN), protocolos que nós desenvolvemos pode examinar directamente as alterações morfológicas observadas tridimensionais em IENFs nociceptivos. Análise tridimensional de IENFs tem o potencial de avaliar as alterações morfológicas de IENF na PN.

Imagem tridimensional de nociceptivos Fibras Nervosas intraepidérmicos em biópsias de pele humana

A punch biopsy of the skin is commonly used to quantify intraepidermal nerve fiber densities (IENFD) for the diagnosis of peripheral polyneuropathy 1,2. ...

three-dimensional-imaging-nociceptive-intraepidermal-nerve-fibers

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K visualizações.  University of Michigan. A fim de estudar as alterações de fibras nervosas intra-epidérmica nociceptivos (IENFs) em neuropatias dolorosas (PN), protocolos que nós desenvolvemos pode examinar directamente as alterações morfológicas observadas tridimensionais em IENFs nociceptivos. Análise tridimensional de IENFs tem o potencial de avaliar as alterações morfológicas de IENF na PN.

Vídeo: Three-dimensional Imaging of Nociceptive Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers in Human Skin Biopsies

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

Humanos Linhas tumor neuroendócrino de células como um modelo tridimensional para o estudo da terapia de tumores humanos Neuroendócrino

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Medicina

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

A Cultura de Tecidos modelo tridimensional para estudar primária da medula óssea humana e suas Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Tridimensional (3D) Tumor Esferóide Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells

A three-dimensional culture method is described in which primary pituitary adenoma cells are grown in alginate beads. Alginate is a polymer derived from brown sea algae. Briefly, the tumor tissue is cut into small pieces and submitted to an enzymatic digestion with collagenase and trypsin. Next, a cell suspension is obtained. The tumor cell suspension is mixed with 1.2% sodium alginate and dropped into a CaCl2 solution, and the alginate/cell suspension is gelled on contact with the CaCl2 to form spherical beads. The cells embedded in the alginate beads are supplied with nutrients provided by the culture media enriched with 20% FBS. Three-dimensional culture in alginate beads maintains the viability of adenoma cells for long periods of time, up to four months. Moreover, the cells can be liberated from the alginate by washing the beads with sodium citrate and seeded on glass coverslips for further immunocytochemical analyses. The use of a cell culture model allows for the fixation and visualization of the actin cytoskeleton with minimal disorganization. In summary, alginate beads provide a reliable culture system for the maintenance of pituitary adenoma cells.

Three-dimensional culture in alginate beads, due to its simplicity and reproducibility, was chosen to maintain the pituitary adenoma cells. The procedures included an initial enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation of the tumor tissue, and the subsequent cell suspension was encapsulated in alginate beads.

Tridimensional Cultura alginato-talão de células humanas adenoma pituitário

A three-dimensional culture method is described in which primary pituitary adenoma cells are grown in alginate beads. Alginate is a polymer derived from ...

Quantitative Visualization of Leukocyte Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Fulminant Myocarditis by Light Sheet Microscopy

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently labelled structures in large biological specimens, and is down to cellular resolution. Meanwhile, the constant refinement of underlying protocols and the enhanced availability of specialized commercial systems enable us to investigate the microstructure of whole mouse organs and even allow for the characterization of cellular behavior in various live-cell imaging approaches. Here, we describe a protocol for the spatial whole-mount visualization and quantification of the CD45+ leukocyte population in inflamed mouse hearts. The method employs a transgenic mouse strain (CD11c.DTR)that has recently been shown to serve as a robust, inducible model for the study of the development of fulminant fatal myocarditis, characterized by lethal cardiac arrhythmias. This protocol includes myocarditis induction, intravital antibody-mediated cell staining, organ preparation, and LSFM with subsequent computer-assisted image post-processing. Although presented as a highly-adapted method for our particular scientific question, the protocol represents the blueprint of an easily adjustable system that can also target completely different fluorescent structures in other organs and even in other species.

Here, we describe a light-sheet microscopy approach to visualize the cardiac CD45+ leukocyte infiltrate in a murine model of aseptic fulminant myocarditis, which is induced by the intratracheal diphtheria toxin treatment of CD11c.DTR mice.

Visualização Quantitativa de Infiltrado de Leucócitos em um Modelo Murino de Miocardite Fulminante por Microscopia de Folha de Luz

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently ...

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and long-term consequences of unresolved pain or excessive analgosedation, adequate nociceptive monitoring remains challenging in non-communicative, critically ill adults. In the intensive care unit (ICU), routine nociceptive evaluation is carried out by the attending nurse using the Behavior Pain Scale (BPS) in mechanically ventilated patients. This assessment is limited by medication use (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and the inherent subjective character of nociceptive evaluation by third parties.
Here, we describe the use of two nociceptive reflex testing devices as tools for objective pain evaluation: the pupillary dilation reflex (PDR) and nociception flexion reflex (NFR). These measurement tools are non-invasive and well tolerated, providing clinicians and researchers with objective information regarding two different nociceptive processing pathways: (1)&#160;the pain-related autonomic reactivity&#160;and (2) the ascending component of the somatosensory system. The use of PDR and NFR measurements are currently limited to specialized pain clinics and research institutions because of impressions that these are technically demanding or time-consuming procedures, or even because of a lack of knowledge regarding their existence.
By focusing on the two abovementioned nociceptive reflex assessments, this study evaluated their feasibility as a physiological pain measurement method in daily practice. Pursuing novel technologies for evaluating the analgesia level in unconscious patients may further improve individual pharmacological treatment and patient related outcome measures. Therefore, future research must include large well-designed clinical trials in a real-life environment.

Pain assessment in anesthetized patients who cannot communicate with the outside world in any way remains challenging despite the development of innovative objective pain evaluation tools. In this project, the pupillary dilation reflex and the nociception flexion reflex are assessed in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adult patients.

Avaliação nociceptiva objectiva em pacientes de UTI ventilado: um estudo de viabilidade usando o Pupillometry e o reflexo de flexão nociceptiva

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and ...

Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complex Aortic Anomaly

Complex congenital aortic anomalies include diverse types of malformations that may be clinically asymptomatic or present with respiratory or esophageal symptoms. These anomalies may be associated with other congenital heart diseases. It is hard to identify the accurate anatomic vessel location from two-dimensional imaging data, such as computed tomography. As an additive manufacturing method, three-dimensional (3-D) printing can covert the acquired imaging data into 3-D physical models. This protocol describes the procedure for modeling the volumetric DICOM imaging into 3-D data and printing it as an anatomically realistic 3-D model. Using this model, surgeons can identify the vessel location of complex aortic anomalies, which is helpful for pre-operative planning and intra-operative guidance.

Here, we present a protocol to use three dimensional printed models for pre-operative planning and intra-operative reorganization of complicated vascular locations when handling a congenital aortic anomaly.

Impressão tridimensional de uma anomalia complexa da aorta

Complex congenital aortic anomalies include diverse types of malformations that may be clinically asymptomatic or present with respiratory or esophageal ...

Refined CLARITY-Based Tissue Clearing for Three-Dimensional Fibroblast Organization in Healthy and Injured Mouse Hearts

Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of mortality worldwide and is often marked by heightened cardiac fibrosis that can lead to increased ventricular stiffness with altered cardiac function. This increase in cardiac ventricular fibrosis is due to activation of resident fibroblasts, although how these cells operate within the 3-dimensional (3-D) heart, at baseline or after activation, is not well understood. To examine how fibroblasts contribute to heart disease and their dynamics in the 3-D heart, a refined CLARITY-based tissue clearing and imaging method was developed that shows fluorescently labeled cardiac fibroblasts within the entire mouse heart. Tissue resident fibroblasts were genetically labeled using Rosa26-loxP-eGFP florescent reporter mice crossed with the cardiac fibroblast expressing Tcf21-MerCreMer knock-in line. This technique was used to observe fibroblast localization dynamics throughout the entire adult left ventricle in healthy mice and in fibrotic mouse models of heart disease. Interestingly, in one injury model, unique patterns of cardiac fibroblasts were observed in the injured mouse heart that followed bands of wrapped fibers in the contractile direction. In ischemic injury models, fibroblast death occurred, followed by repopulation from the infarct border zone. Collectively, this refined cardiac tissue clarifying technique and digitized imaging system allows for 3-D visualization of cardiac fibroblasts in the heart without the limitations of antibody penetration failure or previous issues surrounding lost fluorescence due to tissue processing.

A refined method of tissue clearing was developed and applied to the adult mouse heart. This method was designed to clear dense, autofluorescent cardiac tissue, while maintaining labeled fibroblast fluorescence attributed to a genetic reporter strategy.

Clareza refinada baseada em clareza para organização de fibroblasto tridimensional em corações de rato saudáveis e feridos

Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of mortality worldwide and is often marked by heightened cardiac fibrosis that can lead to increased ...

High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Footpad Vasculature in a Murine Hindlimb Gangrene Model

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant cause of morbidity resulting from chronic exposure to atherosclerotic risk factors. Patients suffering from its most severe form, chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), face substantial impairments to daily living, including chronic pain, limited walking distance without pain, and nonhealing wounds. Preclinical models have been developed in various animals to study PAD, but mouse hindlimb ischemia remains the most widely used. There can be significant variation in response to ischemic insult in these models depending on the mouse strain used and the site, number, and means of arterial disruption. This protocol describes a unique method combining femoral artery and vein electrocoagulation with the administration of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor to reliably induce footpad gangrene in Friend Virus B (FVB) mice that resembles the tissue loss of CLTI. While traditional means of assessing reperfusion such as laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) are still recommended, intracardiac perfusion of the lipophilic dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) is used to label the vasculature. Subsequent whole-mount confocal laser scanning microscopy allows for high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of footpad vascular networks that complements traditional means of assessing reperfusion in hindlimb ischemia models.

The present protocol describes a unique, clinically relevant model of peripheral arterial disease that combines femoral artery and vein electrocoagulation with the administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor to induce hindlimb gangrene in FVB mice. Intracardiac DiI perfusion is then used for high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of the footpad vasculature.

Imagem tridimensional de alta resolução da Vasculatura do Footpad em um Modelo de Gangrena Hindlimb Murine

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant cause of morbidity resulting from chronic exposure to atherosclerotic risk factors. Patients suffering ...

Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities

Pulp canal obliterations (PCO) are often a consequence of dental trauma, such as luxation injuries. Even though dentin apposition is a sign of vital pulp, pulpitis or apical periodontitis may develop in the long term. Root canal treatment of teeth with severe PCO and pulpal or periapical pathosis is challenging for general practitioners and even for well-equipped endodontic specialists. To ensure detection of the calcified root canal and avoid excessive loss of tooth structure or root perforation, static navigation using templates ("Guided Endodontics") was introduced a few years ago. The general workflow includes three-dimensional imaging using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), a digital surface scan, and superimposition of both in a planning software. This is followed by virtual planning of the access cavity and the design of a template that will guide the drill to the desired target point. To do this, a true-to-scale virtual image of the drill must be placed in a way that the tip of the drill reaches the orifice of the calcified root canal. Once the template has been fabricated using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) or a 3D printer, guided preparation of the access cavity can be performed clinically. For research purposes, a postoperative CBCT image can be used to quantify the accuracy of the access cavity performed. This work aims to present the technique of static guided endodontics from imaging to clinical implementation.

Guided endodontics describes a template-aided approach for access cavity preparation. The procedure requires cone-beam computed tomography and a surface scan to produce a template. An incorporated sleeve guides the drill to the target point. This allows the preparation of minimally invasive endodontic access cavities in calcified teeth.

Endodontia Guiada: Planejamento Tridimensional e Preparação Auxiliada por Modelos de Cavidades de Acesso Endodôntico

Pulp canal obliterations (PCO) are often a consequence of dental trauma, such as luxation injuries. Even though dentin apposition is a sign of vital pulp, ...