Este trabalho é apoiado pela Universidade de Virginia, a Universidade de Virginia Cancer Center e The Thomas F. Miller e Kate Jeffress Memorial Trust. Agradecemos ao James E. Darnell Lab (Rockefeller University), a Robert Ross Lab (Fordham University) para linhas de celular.

PLANEJAMENTO Um dia antes de um experimento ChIP está prevista, as células devem ser cultivadas para que um número suficiente disponível. Suponha que cada ensaio ChIP exigirá ~ 1-1,5 x 10 7 células. Sempre planeje fazer ambos os controles negativo (IgG) e positivo (anticorpo pan histona) e as experiências duplicadas. Dica - Para as células 2FTGH, cada ensaio ChIP requer cerca de 15 centímetros um prato de cultura de tecidos em 80% confluência. PARTE 1: PREPARE cromatina e PERFORM ChIP <ol><li> Remova a mídia de cultura e induzir as células para os tempos necessários com 20 mL de 10% cósmica soro bovino (CCS) / DMEM contendo IFN-gama a 5 ng / mL. Substituir os meios de comunicação sobre as placas uninduced com 20 mL de 10% CCS / DMEM também. </li><li> Em uma capela, adicione 540 mL de formaldeído 37% para 20 mL dos meios de comunicação (1% concentração final) no prato de 15 cm. Dica - placa Tilt e adicione o formaldeído para o pool de mídia - em seguida, placa de rock a se espalhar uniformemente. </li><li> Permitir reticulação para prosseguir por 10 minutos em temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Adicionar glicina a 0,125 M concentração final para parar de reticulação. </li><li> Vácuo aspirar a mídia e lavar as células uma vez com 10 mL de fosfato de gelo frio solução salina tamponada (PBS). </li><li> Coletar células com um raspador de células em ~ 7 mL PBS e combinar células (de 6 placas) que foram tratados de forma idêntica em 50 mL do tubo cônico no gelo. </li><li> Centrifugação (Beckman Coutler Allegra 12-R Centrífuga) a 1800 rpm a 4 ° C por 5 minutos e aspirar o PBS. Dica - Encaixe congelar o pellet celular se parando aqui e armazenar a -80 ° C. </li><li> Ressuspender o pellet celular em 4 mL de buffer Inchaço (25 mM HEPES pH 7,8, 1,5 mM MgCl 2, 10 mM KCl, 0,1% NP40. Adicione 1 mM DTT, os inibidores da protease completa e frio no gelo antes de usar) e transferir para a 15 mL tubo cônico. Dica - Este volume tampão inchaço é apropriado para uma placa de 6 pooling (~ 6-9 x 10 7 células). Buffer de mais ou menos pode mudar a eficiência douncing. </li><li> Incubar a suspensão de células no gelo por 10 minutos. </li><li> Transferência de suspensão para um pré-refrigerados 15 mL douncer (Wheaton) e Dounce 20 cursos com pilão A. </li><li> Transferência dounced células de volta para um tubo cônico de 15 mL no gelo. </li><li> Centrifugar a 2500 rpm por 5 minutos a 4 ° C e desprezar o sobrenadante. </li><li> Ressuspender o pellet nuclear (~ 200 mL de 6 placas) em 3 mL (15 volumes pellet) de tampão de sonicação (50 mM HEPES pH 7,9, 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, desoxicolato de sódio 0,1%, 0,1% SDS. Adicionar inibidores da protease completa e frio no gelo pouco antes de usar). Dica - Este volume tampão de sonicação é apropriado para uma placa de 6 pooling (~ 6-9 x 10 7 células). Buffer de mais ou menos pode mudar a eficiência sonicação. </li><li> Sonicate núcleos suspensão em gelo por 10 ciclos (20 segundos on/40 segundos fora amplitude / configuração de 8) usando um sonicador Misonix 3000 equipado com o MICROTIP. Isso normalmente resulta em fragmentos de cromatina média 200-1000 bps em tamanho. Dica - Como sonicators irá variar, a eficiência sonicação deve ser determinada empiricamente. Para isso, tomar as alíquotas de 20 mL antes de sonicação e após cada ciclo de sonicação. Calor estas amostras a 65 ° C por 4 horas. Adicionar tampão de carregamento DNA e executar um padrão de 1% gel agarose / TBE para visualizar fragmentos de DNA). </li><li> Transferência sonicado material a um tubo de centrífuga SS34 e centrifugar por 20 minutos a 4 ° C a 13000 rpm em um rotor SS34 (Sorvall RC6 Além disso Centrífuga) para pellet o que é geralmente uma pequena quantidade de restos celulares. </li><li> Transferir cuidadosamente o sobrenadante para um tubo cônico de 15 mL no gelo. </li><li> Pré-claro pela adição de 360 ​​mL de esperma de salmão DNA / proteína A ou G agarose slurry contas e balanço a 4 ° C por pelo menos 30 minutos. Dica - Esta etapa diminui o ruído no ensaio que surge da não-específicos eventos de ligação. </li><li> Centrifugar a 1000 rpm a 4 ° C por 5 minutos para agregar as contas de agarose. </li><li> Transferência de pré-limpo sobrenadante para outro tubo cônico de 15 mL no gelo. </li><li> Medir o A260 unidades da cromatina pré-limpo e ajustar o volume com tampão de sonicação para quatro (4) A260 unidades (0,2 mg / mL assumindo uma unidade de A260 = 0,050 mg / ml) Dica - Para medir o A260 unidades, diluir 10 mL de pré-limpo cromatina em 190 mL DDW; espectrofotômetro em branco com 10 mL tampão de sonicação em DDW 190 mL. </li><li> Economize 75 mL da cromatina (em 4 A260 unidades) como a amostra de entrada e armazenar a 20 ° C até que esteja pronto para reverter ligações cruzadas. Dica - Este passo é crucial para a análise de dados. Não negligencie a tomar a alíquota de entrada. </li><li> Alíquota cromatina preparada para 1,7 mL em tubos de microcentrífuga ice como um alíquotas mL. Dica - Se parar aqui, snap congelar a cromatina preparada em gelo seco e armazenar a -80 ° C. NB: cromatina armazenados podem degradar, produzindo menos do que os melhores resultados, por isso evite se possível. </li><li> Adicionar os anticorpos ChIP-grade para as amostras induzido e uninduced conjuntos em duplicata. Adicionar IgG (2 mg) e anticorpo pan H3 Histone (15 mL), como os controles positivos e negativos para conjuntos induzido e uninduced amostras. Dica - A quantidade de anticorpos para o uso deve ser determinada empiricamente, ou ver a folha do fornecedor do produto para quantidades sugeridas. Tipicamente 1-2 mg de um anticorpo ChIP-grade funciona bem. O volume apropriado deve ser determinado empiricamente para anticorpos que são fornecidos como soro. </li><li> Rocha todos os tubos durante a noite a 4 ° C. </li></ol> PARTE 2: COLLECT imunocomplexos <ol><li> Adicionar 60 mL de esperma de salmão A ou proteína G DNA / Protein agarose slurry contas em todos os tubos. Proteína Use Uma dica para o coelho e anticorpos policlonais G proteína de anticorpos monoclonais de rato. </li><li> Rocha a 4 ° C durante pelo menos 60 minutos. </li><li> Pellet a imunocomplexos (contas de agarose) por microfuging delicadamente a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C por 3 minutos. </li><li> Aspirar o sobrenadante. </li><li> Lavar os imunocomplexos com 1 mL de cada um dos Buffers Wash seguintes por 10 minutos com balanço a 4 ° C. Microcentrífuga por 3 minutos a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C entre cada lavagem e aspirar o sobrenadante. Manter as amostras refrigeradas em gelo. Adicionar PMSF pouco antes de usar. <ul><li> Lavar Sal baixo - 0,1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8,0, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF </li><li> Lavar Sal alta - 0,1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8,0, 500 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF </li><li> LiCl Wash - 0,25 M LiCl, 1% NP-40, desoxicolato de sódio 1%, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8,0, 1 mM PMSF </li><li> TE Wash - duas lavagens com tampão TE -10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8,0, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF </li></ul></li><li> Remova o tampão de lavagem final, TE e para as contas, adicionar 500 mL de buffer de eluição (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8,0, 10 mM EDTA, SDS 1%). Dica - O tampão de eluição deve ser preparada imediatamente. </li><li> Vortex para misturar contas agarose em tampão de eluição e calor durante 30 minutos a 65 ° C. Dica - vórtice cada tubo, pelo menos, a cada 10 minutos durante este 30 minutos. </li><li> Microcentrífuga por 30 segundos a 2000 rpm e transferir o eluente a um tubo de microcentrífuga novo. Dica - Durante a eluição, descongelar as amostras de entrada e adicionar 500 mL de buffer de eluição a cada um. Incluir essas amostras em todas as etapas daqui para frente. </li><li> Adicionar 5 M NaCl para uma concentração final de 200 mM para todas as amostras e vortex. </li><li> Incubar a 65 ° C durante a noite (ou pelo menos 4 horas). </li></ol> PARTE 3: ChIP&#39;d purificar e DNA ENTRADA <ol><li> Microcentrífuga todas as amostras por 30 segundos para coletar condensação na tampa. </li><li> Adicionar 1μL de RNAse A (10 U / mL) a cada tubo e incubar à temperatura ambiente por 15 minutos. </li><li> Adicionar 10 mL 0,5 M EDTA, 40 mL 0,5 M Tris-Cl pH 6,5, 2 mL de Proteinase K (10 mg / mL) e incubar a 45 ° C por 60 minutos. Dica Prepare uma mistura mestre destes reagentes e adicionar 52 mL de cada tubo. </li><li> Fenol / clorofórmio / isoamílico extrato de álcool e, em seguida, clorofórmio / álcool isoamílico extrair amostras. </li><li> Adicione 2 mL de glicogênio (25 mcg / mL) e 0,1 volumes de acetato 3M pH 5,2 e Na vortex. </li><li> Adicionar 2,5 volumes de etanol 100% e vortex. </li><li> Incubar a 20 ° C durante a noite. </li></ol> PARTE 4: ChIP&#39;d purificar e DNA ENTRADA CONTINUAÇÃO <ol><li> Amostras de microcentrífuga para um mínimo de 20 minutos a 13000 rpm a 4 ° C para precipitar o DNA / glicogênio pellets. </li><li> Lavar com DNA / glicogênio pellets com 1 ml de etanol 70%. </li><li> Ar seco a pellets ou rapidamente seco em centrífuga a vácuo DNA velocidade Savant. Dica - Não mais seco do DNA. </li><li> Ressuspender DNA / glicogênio pellets em 200 mL de buffer TE. </li><li> DNA (1 mL) está pronto para a quantificação através de PCR em tempo real. DNA loja restantes a 20 ° C. Dica - Usando mais de 1 mL de DNA pode inibir as reações PCR em tempo real, assim que a escala com cautela. </li></ol> Parte 5: resultados representativos: Amostras de DNA ChIP e de entrada são quantificados com o Real-Time PCR 7,8 (Applied Biosystems 7500 Rápido Real-Time PCR System) utilizando primers específicos para o locus do gene de interesse. Primers que seqüência alvo do genoma conhecido por ser enriquecido em falta ou nas modificações das histonas sendo analisadas podem ser usados ​​como controles positivos e negativos também. Os dados são apresentados como percentual de entrada. O procedimento chip deve ser totalmente repeated com três repetições biológicas para garantir mudanças relatadas em modificações das histonas são estatisticamente significativas. Existem várias questões importantes a considerar quando se usa PCR em tempo real para quantificar DNA, incluindo a concepção primer, eficiência da PCR, ea forma adequada para calcular o percentual de procedimentos de entrada e de normalização. Ao perfil de ocupação de modificação das histonas através de um gene, a eficiência da PCR deve ser consistente entre todos os pares de primers. O real-time PCR fabricante do sistema pode fornecer as informações e treinamento necessários. A Figura 1 mostra resultados representativos da cromatina durante immunoprecipitated STAT1 ativação do gene IRF1 9, desencadeada por IFN-γ. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2053/2053fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Ocupação de STAT1, RNA polimerase II e H3K36me3 é dinâmico durante STAT1 ativação do gene IRF1. (A, B, C) ​​chip com α-H3K36me3, α-STAT1 e α-Pol II da cromatina coletados a partir de células 2FTGH induzida com IFN-γ por 30 minutos (quadrados vermelhos), 1,5 horas (círculos azuis), 5 horas ( triângulos verdes) ou uninduced (diamantes negros). IgG é o controle negativo (cinza cruzes). (D) Pan H3 é o controle positivo e mostra a ocupação das histonas em todo o lugar no induzido (círculos azuis) e as condições uninduced (diamantes negros). O mergulho em torno de -5 pb é devido ao esgotamento nucleosome que é encontrado em locais de início da transcrição.

<ol>
	<li>Levy, D., Darnell, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signalling:+Stats:+transcriptional+control+and+biological+impact.">Signalling: Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 3, 651-662 (2002).</li><li>Bromberg, J., Darnell, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+STATs+in+transcriptional+control+and+their+impact+on+cellular+function.">The role of STATs in transcriptional control and their impact on cellular function.</a> Oncogene. 19, 2468-2473 (2000).</li><li>Hu, X., Ivashkiv, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-regulation+of+signaling+pathways+by+interferon-gamma:+implications+for+immune+responses+and+autoimmune+diseases.">Cross-regulation of signaling pathways by interferon-gamma: implications for immune responses and autoimmune diseases.</a> Immunity. 31, 539-550 (2009).</li><li>Campos, E. I., Reinberg, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histones:+annotating+chromatin.">Histones: annotating chromatin.</a> Annu Rev Genet. 43, 559-599 (2009).</li><li>Kouzarides, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+Modifications+and+Their+Function.">Chromatin Modifications and Their Function.</a> Cell. 128, 693-705 (2007).</li><li>Jenuwein, T., Allis, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translating+the+histone+code.">Translating the histone code.</a> Science. 293, 1074-1080 (2001).</li><li>Wittwer, C. T., Herrmann, M. G., Moss, A. A., Rasmussen, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+fluorescence+monitoring+of+rapid+cycle+DNA+amplification.">Continuous fluorescence monitoring of rapid cycle DNA amplification.</a> Biotechniques. 22 (130-131), 134-138 (1997).</li><li>Higuchi, R., Dollinger, G., Walsh, P. S., Griffith, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+amplification+and+detection+of+specific+DNA+sequences.">Simultaneous amplification and detection of specific DNA sequences.</a> Biotechnology (N Y). 10, 413-417 (1992).</li><li>Kroger, A., Koster, M., Schroeder, K., Hauser, H., Mueller, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activities+of+IRF-1.">Activities of IRF-1.</a> J Interferon Cytokine Res. 22, 5-14 (2002).</li><li>Ross, R. A., Spengler, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neuroblastoma+stem+cells.">Human neuroblastoma stem cells.</a> Seminars in cancer biology. 17, 241-247 (2007).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

O protocolo descrito ChIP tem sido usado com sucesso em laboratório para ensaio de mais de vinte diferentes modificações das histonas. Além disso, têm caracterizado as mudanças na ocupação de fatores de transcrição, histonas modificando-enzimas, proteínas que reconhecem modificações das histonas eo RNA polimerase II maquinaria de transcrição, em vários IFN-γ genes induzidos. Temos também o procedimento utilizado para caracterizar as mudanças em modificações das histonas durante a diferenciação de ...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
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<tr>
<td>37% Formaldehyde</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP531-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Acros</td>
<td>AC32715-5000</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Complete Mini Protease Inhibitors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>1836153</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cosmic Calf Serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hyclone</td>
<td>SH30087.04N</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hyclone</td>
<td>SH30243</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DTT</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D0632</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP118-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pharmco</td>
<td>zp1110EP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glycine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>100149</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glycogen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>901393</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEPES</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H3784</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>IFN-gamma</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
<td>285-IF-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>IgG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
<td> 109-005-003</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MP Biologicals</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>LiCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>L4408</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgCl2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M8266</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Acetate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP333-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Deoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP349-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>7647-14-5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NP40</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>US Biological</td>
<td>N3500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Histone H3, CT, pan</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>07-690</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phenol/chloroform/isoamyl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>108-95-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>7647-14-5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PMSF</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>EMD</td>
<td>50-230-0316</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Proteinase K</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>5-Prime</td>
<td>2500140</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RNAse A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>5-Prime</td>
<td>2500130</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Salmon Sperm DNA/Protein A Agarose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>16-157</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Salmon Sperm DNA/Protein G Agaorse</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>16-201</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SDS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP166-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tris-Cl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>T5941</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Triton X-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Acros</td>
<td>327372500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-K36me3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abcam</td>
<td>ab9050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-STAT1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Santa Cruz</td>
<td>sc-345X</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-RNA Polymerase II</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Santa Cruz</td>
<td>sc-899</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) to assay dynamic histone modification in activated gene expression in human cells

Em resposta a uma variedade de ligantes extracelulares, o STAT (transdutor de sinal e ativador de transcrição) fatores de transcrição são rapidamente recrutados a partir de seu estado latente no citoplasma aos receptores da superfície celular, onde elas são ativadas por fosforilação de um resíduo de tirosina único 1. Eles, então, dimerizam e translocar para o núcleo de dirigir a transcrição de genes-alvo, afetando o crescimento, diferenciação homeostase, e da resposta imune. Não é de surpreender, dado o seu envolvimento generalizado nos processos celulares normais, desregulação da função STAT contribui para a doença humana, especialmente para cânceres 2 e doenças auto-imunes 3. Está bem estabelecido que a transcrição é regulada por alterações ao modelo de cromatina 4,5. Essas alterações incluem as atividades de ATP-dependente complexos, bem como modificações covalentes das histonas e metilação do DNA 6. , Pois a ativação STAT da expressão do gene é rápida e transitória, que requer mecanismos específicos para o modelo modular a cromatina em loci STAT-dependente gene. Para definir esses mecanismos, caracterizamos as modificações das histonas e as atividades enzimáticas que gerá-los em loci de genes que respondem a STAT sinalização. Este protocolo descreve imunoprecipitação da cromatina, um método que é valioso para o estudo de sinalização para STAT cromatina na expressão dos genes ativados.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells at JoVE.com

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

Este protocolo descreve como imunoprecipitação da cromatina (chip) é usado para estudar as alterações dinâmicas ao modelo de cromatina que regulam a transcrição induzida por uma via de transdução de sinal.

Cromatina imunoprecipitação (chips) para a Modificação do ensaio dinâmico Histone na expressão dos genes ativados em células humanas

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited ...

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Biology

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

28.5K visualizações.  University of Virginia. Este protocolo descreve como imunoprecipitação da cromatina (chip) é usado para estudar as alterações dinâmicas ao modelo de cromatina que regulam a transcrição induzida por uma via de transdução de sinal.

Vídeo: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Cromatina imunoprecipitação de células estaminais embrionárias humanas

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

Biologia

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Usando o Sistema de Eletroporação Gene Pulser MXcell para transfectar pilhas com Alta Eficiência

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Robotics and Dynamic Image Analysis for Studies of Gene Expression in Plant Tissues

Gene expression in plant tissues is typically studied by destructive extraction of compounds from plant tissues for in vitro analyses. The methods presented here utilize the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene for continual monitoring of gene expression in the same pieces of tissues, over time. The gfp gene was placed under regulatory control of different promoters and introduced into lima bean cotyledonary tissues via particle bombardment. Cotyledons were then placed on a robotic image collection system, which consisted of a fluorescence dissecting microscope with a digital camera and a 2-dimensional robotics platform custom-designed to allow secure attachment of culture dishes. Images were collected from cotyledonary tissues every hour for 100 hours to generate expression profiles for each promoter. Each collected series of 100 images was first subjected to manual image alignment using ImageReady to make certain that GFP-expressing foci were consistently retained within selected fields of analysis. Specific regions of the series measuring 300 x 400 pixels, were then selected for further analysis to provide GFP Intensity measurements using ImageJ software. Batch images were separated into the red, green and blue channels and GFP-expressing areas were identified using the threshold feature of ImageJ. After subtracting the background fluorescence (subtraction of gray values of non-expressing pixels from every pixel) in the respective red and green channels, GFP intensity was calculated by multiplying the mean grayscale value per pixel by the total number of GFP-expressing pixels in each channel, and then adding those values for both the red and green channels. GFP Intensity values were collected for all 100 time points to yield expression profiles. Variations in GFP expression profiles resulted from differences in factors such as promoter strength, presence of a silencing suppressor, or nature of the promoter. In addition to quantification of GFP intensity, the image series were also used to generate time-lapse animations using ImageReady. Time-lapse animations revealed that the clear majority of cells displayed a relatively rapid increase in GFP expression, followed by a slow decline. Some cells occasionally displayed a sudden loss of fluorescence, which may be associated with rapid cell death. Apparent transport of GFP across the membrane and cell wall to adjacent cells was also observed. Time lapse animations provided additional information that could not otherwise be obtained using GFP Intensity profiles or single time point image collections.

We report a method for introduction, tracking and quantitative analysis of GFP expression in plant cells. This method utilizes a custom-designed robotics system for semi-continuous image collection from large numbers of samples, over time. We also demonstrate the use of ImageJ and ImageReady for analysis of image series.

Robótica e Análise de Imagem Dinâmica de Estudos de Expressão Gênica em Tecidos Vegetais

Gene expression in plant tissues is typically studied by destructive extraction of compounds from plant tissues for in vitro analyses. The methods ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Usando um contador de células automatizadas para simplificar Estudos da Expressão Gênica: Knockdown siRNA de Expressão IL-4 Gene Dependente em células NAMALWA

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

The number of significant genetic associations with common complex traits is constantly increasing. However, most of these associations have not been understood at molecular level. One of the mechanisms mediating the effect of DNA variants on phenotypes is gene expression, which has been shown to be particularly relevant for complex traits1.
This method tests in a cellular context the effect of specific DNA sequences on gene expression. The principle is to measure the relative abundance of transcripts arising from the two alleles of a gene, analysing cells which carry one copy of the DNA sequences associated with disease (the risk variants)2,3. Therefore, the cells used for this method should meet two fundamental genotypic requirements: they have to be heterozygous both for DNA risk variants and for DNA markers, typically coding polymorphisms, which can distinguish transcripts based on their chromosomal origin (Figure 1). DNA risk variants and DNA markers do not need to have the same allele frequency but the phase (haplotypic) relationship of the genetic markers needs to be understood. It is also important to choose cell types which express the gene of interest. This protocol refers specifically to the procedure adopted to extract nucleic acids from fibroblasts but the method is equally applicable to other cells types including primary cells.
DNA and RNA are extracted from the selected cell lines and cDNA is generated. DNA and cDNA are analysed with a primer extension assay, designed to target the coding DNA markers4. The primer extension assay is carried out using the MassARRAY (Sequenom)5 platform according to the manufacturer's specifications. Primer extension products are then analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Because the selected markers are heterozygous they will generate two peaks on the MS profiles. The area of each peak is proportional to the transcript abundance and can be measured with a function of the MassARRAY Typer software to generate an allelic ratio (allele 1: allele 2) calculation. The allelic ratio obtained for cDNA is normalized using that measured from genomic DNA, where the allelic ratio is expected to be 1:1 to correct for technical artifacts. Markers with a normalised allelic ratio significantly different to 1 indicate that the amount of transcript generated from the two chromosomes in the same cell is different, suggesting that the DNA variants associated with the phenotype have an effect on gene expression. Experimental controls should be used to confirm the results.

Genetic associations often remain unexplained at a functional level. This method aims to assess the effect of phenotype-associated genetic markers on gene expression by analyzing cells heterozygous for transcribed SNPs. The technology allows accurate measurement by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to quantify allele-specific primer extension products.

Um alelo-específico do ensaio Expressão Gênica para testar as bases funcionais das Associações de Genética

The number of significant genetic associations with common complex traits is constantly increasing. However, most of these associations have not been ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

Clonogênica Ensaio: células aderentes

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This technique has been widely exploited in tissue culture cells, and to a lesser extent, in primary tissue. The application of ChIP to rodent embryonic tissue, especially at early times of development, is complicated by the limited amount of tissue and the heterogeneity of cell and tissue types in the embryo. Here we present a method to perform ChIP using a dissociated embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryo. Sheared chromatin from a single E8.5 embryo can be divided into up to five aliquots, which allows the investigator sufficient material for controls and for investigation of specific protein:chromatin interactions.
We have utilized this technique to begin to document protein:chromatin interactions during the specification of tissue-specific gene expression programs. The heterogeneity of cell types in an embryo necessarily restricts the application of this technique because the result is the detection of protein:chromatin interactions without distinguishing whether the interactions occur in all, a subset of, or a single cell type(s). However, examination of tissue-specific genes during or following the onset of tissue-specific gene expression is feasible for two reasons. First, immunoprecipitation of tissue specific factors necessarily isolates chromatin from the cell type where the factor is expressed. Second, immunoprecipitation of coactivators and histones containing post-translational modifications that are associated with gene activation should only be found at genes and gene regulatory sequences in the cell type where the gene is being or has been activated. The technique should be applicable to the study of most tissue-specific gene activation events.
In the example described below, we utilized E8.5 and E9.5 mouse embryos to examine factor binding at a skeletal muscle specific gene promoter. Somites, which are the precursor tissues from which the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will form, are present at E8.5-9.54,5. Myogenin is a regulatory factor required for skeletal muscle differentiation 6-9. The data demonstrate that myogenin is associated with its own promoter in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Because myogenin is only expressed in somites at this stage of development 6,10, the data indicate that myogenin interactions with its own promoter have already occurred in skeletal muscle precursor cells in E8.5 embryos.

We demonstrate a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method to identify factor interactions at tissue-specific genes during or after the onset of tissue-specific gene expression in mouse embryonic tissue. This protocol should be widely applicable for the study of tissue-specific gene activation as it occurs during normal embryonic development.

Ensaio para imunoprecipitação da cromatina Genes Tissue-específicos usando embriões em início de carreira do rato

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

Na reconstituição in vitro da atividade T. Telomerase castaneum

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using Drosophila tissue

Epigenetics remains a rapidly developing field that studies how the chromatin state contributes to differential gene expression in distinct cell types at different developmental stages. Epigenetic regulation contributes to a broad spectrum of biological processes, including cellular differentiation during embryonic development and homeostasis in adulthood. A critical strategy in epigenetic studies is to examine how various histone modifications and chromatin factors regulate gene expression. To address this, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used widely to obtain a snapshot of the association of particular factors with DNA in the cells of interest.
ChIP technique commonly uses cultured cells as starting material, which can be obtained in abundance and homogeneity to generate reproducible data. However, there are several caveats: First, the environment to grow cells in Petri dish is different from that in vivo, thus may not reflect the endogenous chromatin state of cells in a living organism. Second, not all types of cells can be cultured ex vivo. There are only a limited number of cell lines, from which people can obtain enough material for ChIP assay.
Here we describe a method to do ChIP experiment using Drosophila tissues. The starting material is dissected tissue from a living animal, thus can accurately reflect the endogenous chromatin state. The adaptability of this method with many different types of tissue will allow researchers to address a lot more biologically relevant questions regarding epigenetic regulation in vivo1, 2. Combining this method with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) will further allow researchers to obtain an epigenomic landscape.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP using Drosophila tissue

Recently high-throughput sequencing technology has greatly increased sensitivity of Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment and prompted its application using purified cells or dissected tissue. Here we delineate a method to use ChIP technique with Drosophila tissue, which can address the endogenous chromatin state in a well-characterized biological system.

Cromatina imunoprecipitação (CHIP), utilizando Drosophila Tecido

Epigenetics remains a rapidly developing field that studies how the chromatin state contributes to differential gene expression in distinct cell types at ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Usando Seqüência de Detenção SECM como uma ferramenta para isolar Ribossomos Polipeptídeos encadernados

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...