Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Gordon e Betty Moore Foundation e pela Iniciativa Ciência UNCF / Merck.

1. Preparação placa de triagem <ol><li> Adicionar meio de crescimento 25g LB, ágar 15g e 1,5 g de carboximetil celulose substrato (CMC) em água destilada 1L, e autoclave para esterilizar. </li><li> Após autoclavagem, permitir que o meio para esfriar e adicione os antibióticos apropriados, e IPTG para uma concentração final de 100μM. </li><li> Despeje 200 ml cada médio em 5 grandes placas de Petri quadrado / bandejas bioensaio (240 x 240 x 20mm ou maior). Permitir que as placas para secar completamente. </li></ol> 2. Endoglucanase geração de biblioteca e tela <ol><li> Gerar uma biblioteca de domínio catalítico endoglucanase (s). Isso pode ser feito de várias maneiras (por exemplo, site direcionado ou mutagênese aleatória, recombinação, etc) e é determinada pelo pesquisador. </li><li> Clone a biblioteca em um vetor tal que eles estão sob o controle do promotor T7 com o operador lac, e contém uma seqüência de sinais pelB para alcançar o alvo para o periplasma. Um exemplo de um vetor adequado é pET22b (+) de Novagen. </li><li> Transformar a biblioteca em endoglucanase E. coli estirpe BL21 (DE3) e placa de colônias único. </li><li> Incubar a transformação durante a noite a 37 ° C. </li><li> Usando palitos de dente estéril, inocular clones em 96 placas de poço profundo bem-contendo meio LB suplementado com 400μL antibióticos apropriados. Incubar a 37 ° C durante a noite com agitação a 250 rpm. </li><li> Adicionar glicerol esterilizado a 96 culturas bem durante a noite para uma concentração final de 10% para armazenamento de longo prazo a -80 ° C. Este será o prato principal. </li><li> Usando um selo de 96 pinos, replicar culturas placa durante a noite sobre os pratos de triagem contendo IPTG e CMC. Até 5 conjuntos de culturas durante a noite pode ser estampada em cada placa de triagem. </li><li> Rótulo as placas de triagem, para que a identidade ea orientação de cada placa de 96 poços é conhecido. </li><li> Incubar as bibliotecas carimbada em temperatura ambiente (17-25 ° C) durante a noite ou até colônias visíveis ter se formado. </li><li> Enxágüe a placa com água destilada até que todos os vestígios das colônias são removidos. </li><li> Despeje Congo Red (CR, 0,5% em água) na placa de lavada. Certifique-se de adicionar apenas o suficiente para cobrir o CR prato. </li><li> Incubar 15 minutos à temperatura ambiente. Não exceder 15 minutos para a incubação CR. Vezes mais tempo de incubação vai resultar em halos menos distintas. </li><li> Deitar fora CR e adicionar uma quantidade generosa (mais do que suficiente para cobrir a placa) de 1M NaCl. </li><li> Incubar 15 minutos à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Deitar fora NaCl para revelar halos de degradação do CMC. Para uma melhor resolução do halos, tempos de incubação mais longo com NaCl ou múltiplas lavagens NaCl pode ser necessária. </li><li> Usando um palito de dente estéril, pick clones ativa enzimas da placa mestre para uma melhor caracterização. </li></ol> 3. Resultados representativos: Um exemplo de leitura para esta tela de alto rendimento é mostrado na Figura 3. Clones podem ser identificados como inativos, pouco activos e altamente ativa com base no tamanho das zonas de degradação. Isto é especialmente útil se uma enzima de actividade conhecida é incluído na biblioteca como uma referência. Como mostrado aqui, a identificação de enzimas ativas é robusto e reprodutível. No entanto, esteja ciente de que a rotulagem adequada das placas de triagem é extremamente importante. O pesquisador deve ser capaz de identificar variantes ativa depois de lavar as colônias de distância, a fim de buscá-las a partir da placa mestre armazenadas a -80 ° C para uma melhor caracterização. Finalmente, é difícil avaliar a priori a relação entre as atividades em substratos artificiais vs natural. Portanto, o pesquisador deve testar todos os clones positivos em material industrialmente relevantes para determinar a aptidão de proteína. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2942/2942fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1. Esboço esquemático do procedimento de triagem. Células são transformados com uma biblioteca de endoglucanase e banhado a seletiva para as colônias individuais. Clones pegou e cresceu durante a noite em 96 poço profundo bem para placas (1) de armazenamento a -80 ° C e (2) chapeamento réplica em placas contendo CMC e IPTG de induzir a expressão endoglucanase. Clones ativos são escolhidos a partir da placa mestre armazenadas a -80 ° C. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2942/2942fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Clonagem e expressão de fungos domínios catalíticos em E. coli. (A) endoglucanase vetor de expressão. Genes foram clonados em pET22b (+) (Novagen) sob controle do promotor T7. (B) Painel direito: endoglucanase expressar-BL21 (DE3) colônias. Painel esquerdo: halos de degradação CMC após a lavagem e desenvolvimento com vermelho Congo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2942/2942fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3"/> Figura 3. Resultados da amostra de CMC / Congo tela Vermelho. Fotos tiradas de placas de triagem após a lavagem e desenvolvimento Congo Vermelho. Todas as colônias em screening placas eram de tamanho similar.

<ol>
	<li>Atsumi, S., Hanai, T., Liao, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-fermentative+pathways+for+synthesis+of+branched-chain+higher+alcohols+as+biofuels.">Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels.</a> Nature. 451, 86-89 (2008).</li><li>Wilson, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellulases+and+biofuels.">Cellulases and biofuels.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 20, 295-299 (2009).</li><li>Qin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+endoglucanase+II+from+Trichoderma+reesei+to+improve+the+catalytic+efficiency+at+a+higher+pH+optimum.">Engineering endoglucanase II from Trichoderma reesei to improve the catalytic efficiency at a higher pH optimum.</a> J Biotechnol. 135, 190-195 (2008).</li><li>Nakazawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+evolution+of+endoglucanase+III+(Cel12A)+from+Trichoderma+reesei.">Directed evolution of endoglucanase III (Cel12A) from Trichoderma reesei.</a> Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 83, 649-657 (2009).</li><li>Heinzelman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+family+of+thermostable+fungal+cellulases+created+by+structure-guided+recombination.">A family of thermostable fungal cellulases created by structure-guided recombination.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 106, 5610-5615 (2009).</li><li>Heinzelman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SCHEMA+recombination+of+a+fungal+cellulase+uncovers+a+single+mutation+that+contributes+markedly+to+stability.">SCHEMA recombination of a fungal cellulase uncovers a single mutation that contributes markedly to stability.</a> J Biol Chem. 284, 26229-26233 (2009).</li><li>Lantz, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypocrea+jecorina+CEL6A+protein+engineering.">Hypocrea jecorina CEL6A protein engineering.</a> Biotechnol Biofuels. 8, 3-20 (2010).</li><li>Mahadevan, S. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Congo+red-polysaccharide+interactions+in+enumeration+and+characterization+of+cellulolytic+bacteria+from+the+bovine+rumen.">Use of Congo red-polysaccharide interactions in enumeration and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from the bovine rumen.</a> Appl Env Microbiol. 43, 777-780 (1982).</li><li>Gilkes, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mode+of+action+and+substrate+specificities+of+cellulases+from+cloned+bacterial+genes.">Mode of action and substrate specificities of cellulases from cloned bacterial genes.</a> J Bio Chem. 259, 10455-10459 (1984).</li></ol>

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O protocolo aqui descrito permite a identificação rápida e alta taxa de transferência de enzimas ativas, com manipulação mínima. Detecção de atividade é bastante sensível, e qualitativamente reflete a quantidade de atividade dentro da célula. Sua facilidade de uso torna este método adequado para uma ampla gama de bibliotecas de enzima, limitado apenas pela expressão funcional em E. coli. Além disso, o rastreio deste tipo de atividade não se restringe a celulases fúngicas, mas pode ser adaptado ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Reagente </th><th> Companhia </th><th> Número do produto </th></tr><tr><td> IPTG </td><td> Sigma </td><td> I1284 </td></tr><tr><td> Congo Red </td><td> Sigma </td><td> C6277 </td></tr><tr><td> Carboximetilcelulose </td><td> Sigma </td><td> 360384 </td></tr><tr><td> NaCl </td><td> Sigma </td><td> S1679 </td></tr><tr><td> Bacto-ágar </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 214030 </td></tr><tr><td> Placas de bioensaio </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> 240845 </td></tr></tbody></table>

high throughput screening of fungal endoglucanase activity in escherichia coli

Celulase enzimas (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases e β-glicosidases) hidrolisar a celulose em açúcares componente, que por sua vez podem ser convertidos em álcoois combustíveis 1. O potencial para hidrólise enzimática da biomassa celulósica para fornecer energia renováveis ​​tem se intensificado os esforços para engenheiro de celulases para 2 econômica de produção de combustíveis. De particular interesse são celulases fúngicas 08/03, que já estão sendo utilizados industrialmente para alimentos e processamento de têxteis. Identificar variantes ativa entre uma biblioteca de celulases mutante é fundamental para o processo de engenharia; mutantes ativa ainda pode ser testado para propriedades melhoradas e / ou sujeitos a mutagênese adicionais. Engenharia eficiente de celulases fúngicas tem sido dificultada pela falta de ferramentas genéticas para os organismos nativos e pelas dificuldades em expressar as enzimas em hospedeiros heterólogos. Recentemente, Morikawa e colaboradores desenvolveram um método para expressar em E. coli os domínios catalíticos de endoglucanases de H. jecorina 3,9, um fungo industrial importante, com a capacidade de secretar celulases em grandes quantidades. Funcional E. expressão coli também foi relatada por celulases de fungos, incluindo Macrophomina phaseolina 10 e Phanerochaete chrysosporium 11-12. Nós apresentamos um método para triagem de alto rendimento da atividade endoglucanase fúngicas em E. coli. (Fig. 1) Este método usa o comum microbiana corante Congo Red (CR) para visualizar a degradação enzimática da carboximetilcelulose (CMC) de células que crescem em meio sólido. O ensaio de atividade requer reagentes de baixo custo, a manipulação mínima, e dá resultados inequívocos como zonas de degradação (&quot;halos&quot;) no local da colônia. Embora uma medida quantitativa da atividade enzimática não pode ser determinado por este método, nós descobrimos que o tamanho do halo se correlaciona com atividade enzimática total do celular. Uma melhor caracterização de cada um dos clones positivos irá determinar, fitness proteína relativa. Tradicionais bacteriana toda célula ensaios CMC / CR 13 envolvem a atividade derramando CMC agar contendo em colônias, que está sujeita a contaminação cruzada, ou culturas incubadas em poços de agar CMC, que é menos passível de experimentação em larga escala. Aqui nós relatamos um protocolo melhorado que modifica métodos de lavagem existentes 14 para atividade da celulase: células cultivadas em placas de ágar CMC são removidos antes da coloração CR. Nosso protocolo reduz significativamente a contaminação cruzada e é altamente escalável, permitindo a avaliação rápida de milhares de clones. Além de H. enzimas jecorina, temos expressa e selecionados variantes endoglucanase do Thermoascus aurantiacus e decumbens Penicillium (mostrado na Figura 2), sugerindo que este protocolo é aplicável às enzimas a partir de uma variedade de organismos.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli at JoVE.com

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

Nós descrevemos um baixo custo, o método de alto rendimento para a tela para a atividade endoglucanase fúngicas em<em&gt; E. coli.</em&gt; O método se baseia em uma leitura visual simples de degradação do substrato, não necessita de purificação de enzimas, e é altamente escalável. Isto permite a avaliação rápida de grandes bibliotecas de variantes da enzima.

High Throughput Screening da atividade endoglucanase de fungos em Escherichia coli</em

Cellulase enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and &beta;-glucosidases) hydrolyze cellulose into component sugars, which in turn can be converted ...

high-throughput-screening-fungal-endoglucanase-activity-escherichia

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

20.5K visualizações.  California Institute of Technology. Nós descrevemos um baixo custo, o método de alto rendimento para a tela para a atividade endoglucanase fúngicas em E. coli. O método se baseia em uma leitura visual simples de degradação do substrato, não necessita de purificação de enzimas, e é altamente escalável. Isto permite a avaliação rápida de grandes bibliotecas de variantes da enzima.

Vídeo: High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium that is capable of growing over a wide range of pH values (pH 5 - 9)1 and, incredibly, is able to survive extreme acid stresses including passage through the mammalian stomach where the pH can fall to as low as pH 1 - 22. To enable such a broad range of acidic pH survival, E. coli possesses four different inducible amino acid decarboxylases that decarboxylate their substrate amino acids in a proton-dependent manner thus raising the internal pH. The decarboxylases include the glutamic acid decarboxylases GadA and GadB3, the arginine decarboxylase AdiA4, the lysine decarboxylase LdcI5, 6 and the ornithine decarboxylase SpeF7. All of these enzymes utilize pyridoxal-5'-phospate as a co-factor8 and function together with inner-membrane substrate-product antiporters that remove decarboxylation products to the external medium in exchange for fresh substrate2. In the case of LdcI, the lysine-cadaverine antiporter is called CadB. Recently, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of LdcI to 2.0 &#197;, and we discovered a novel small-molecule bound to LdcI the stringent response regulator guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) 14. The stringent response occurs when exponentially growing cells experience nutrient deprivation or one of a number of other stresses9. As a result, cells produce ppGpp which leads to a signaling cascade culminating in the shift from exponential growth to stationary phase growth10. We have demonstrated that ppGpp is a specific inhibitor of LdcI 14. Here we describe the lysine decarboxylase assay, modified from the assay developed by Phan et al.11, that we have used to determine the activity of LdcI and the effect of pppGpp/ppGpp on that activity. The LdcI decarboxylation reaction removes the &alpha;-carboxy group of L-lysine and produces carbon dioxide and the polyamine cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane)5. L-lysine and cadaverine can be reacted with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) at high pH to generate N,N'-bistrinitrophenylcadaverine (TNP-cadaverine) and N,N&#8242;-bistrinitrophenyllysine (TNP-lysine), respectively11. The TNP-cadaverine can be separated from the TNP-lysine as the former is soluble in organic solvents such as toluene while the latter is not (See Figure 1). The linear range of the assay was determined empirically using purified cadaverine.

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

The activity of the inducible lysine decarboxylase is monitored by reacting the substrate L-lysine and the product cadaverine with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid to form adducts that have differential solubility in toluene.

Um ensaio para medir a atividade do Escherichia coli Induzível Lisina Decarboxyase

Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium that is capable of growing over a wide range of pH values (pH 5 - 9)1 and, incredibly, is able to survive extreme ...

Biologia

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes. However, many compounds identified in screens using cell culture models are often found to be toxic or pharmacologically inactive in vivo1-2. Screening in whole animal models can help avoid these pitfalls and streamline the path to drug development.
C. elegans is a multicellular model organism well suited for HTS. It is small (&lt;1 mm) and can be economically cultured and dispensed in liquids. C. elegans is also one of the most experimentally tractable animal models permitting rapid and detailed identification of drug mode-of-action3.
We describe a protocol for culturing and dispensing fluorescent strains of C. elegans for high-throughput screening of chemical libraries or detection of environmental contaminants that alter the expression of a specific gene. Large numbers of developmentally synchronized worms are grown in liquid culture, harvested, washed, and suspended at a defined density. Worms are then added to black, flat-bottomed 384-well plates using a peristaltic liquid dispenser. Small molecules from a chemical library or test samples (e.g., water, food, or soil) can be added to wells with worms. In vivo, real-time fluorescence intensity is measured with a fluorescence microplate reader. This method can be adapted to any inducible gene in C. elegans for which a suitable reporter is available. Many inducible stress and developmental transcriptional pathways are well defined in C. elegans and GFP transgenic reporter strains already exist for many of them4. When combined with the appropriate transgenic reporters, our method can be used to screen for pathway modulators or to develop robust biosensor assays for environmental contaminants. 
We demonstrate our C. elegans culture and dispensing protocol with an HTS assay we developed to monitor the C. elegans cap &#x2018;n&#x2019; collar transcription factor SKN-1. SKN-1 and its mammalian homologue Nrf2 activate cytoprotective genes during oxidative and xenobiotic stress5-10. Nrf2 protects mammals from numerous age-related disorders such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and chronic inflammation and has become a major chemotherapeutic target11-13.Our assay is based on a GFP transgenic reporter for the SKN-1 target gene gst-414, which encodes a glutathione-s transferase6. The gst-4 reporter is also a biosensor for xenobiotic and oxidative chemicals that activate SKN-1 and can be used to detect low levels of contaminants such as acrylamide and methyl-mercury15-16.

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

A procedure for liquid-based culturing and dispensing of C. elegans strains expressing fluorescent reporter proteins is described that does not require expensive sorting equipment. This approach can be applied to numerous inducible C. elegans genes for drug discovery or biosensing of contaminants.

Alto rendimento Triagem e Biossensoriais com Fluorescente C. elegans Cepas

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes.  However, many compounds identified in ...

High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and pain1,2. For the most part, however, progress toward understanding their therapeutic potential or even basic physiological functions has been slowed by the lack of good pharmacological tools. Indeed, the molecular pharmacology of the inward rectifier family has lagged far behind that of the S4 superfamily of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, for which a number of nanomolar-affinity and highly selective peptide toxin modulators have been discovered3. The bee venom toxin tertiapin and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of Kir1.1 and Kir3 channels4,5, but peptides are of limited use therapeutically as well as experimentally due to their antigenic properties and poor bioavailability, metabolic stability and tissue penetrance. The development of potent and selective small-molecule probes with improved pharmacological properties will be a key to fully understanding the physiology and therapeutic potential of Kir channels.
The Molecular Libraries Probes Production Center Network (MLPCN) supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund has created opportunities for academic scientists to initiate probe discovery campaigns for molecular targets and signaling pathways in need of better pharmacology6. The MLPCN provides researchers access to industry-scale screening centers and medicinal chemistry and informatics support to develop small-molecule probes to elucidate the function of genes and gene networks. The critical step in gaining entry to the MLPCN is the development of a robust target- or pathway-specific assay that is amenable for high-throughput screening (HTS).
Here, we describe how to develop a fluorescence-based thallium (Tl+) flux assay of Kir channel function for high-throughput compound screening7,8,9,10.The assay is based on the permeability of the K+ channel pore to the K+ congener Tl+. A commercially available fluorescent Tl+ reporter dye is used to detect transmembrane flux of Tl+ through the pore. There are at least three commercially available dyes that are suitable for Tl+ flux assays: BTC, FluoZin-2, and FluxOR7,8. This protocol describes assay development using FluoZin-2. Although originally developed and marketed as a zinc indicator, FluoZin-2 exhibits a robust and dose-dependent increase in fluorescence emission upon Tl+ binding. We began working with FluoZin-2 before FluxOR was available7,8 and have continued to do so9,10. However, the steps in assay development are essentially identical for all three dyes, and users should determine which dye is most appropriate for their specific needs. We also discuss the assay's performance benchmarks that must be reached to be considered for entry to the MLPCN. Since Tl+ readily permeates most K+ channels, the assay should be adaptable to most K+ channel targets.

Methods for developing and validating a quantitative fluorescence assay for measuring the activity of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels for high-throughput compound screening is presented.

High-throughput screening para pequenas moléculas Moduladores de canais de potássio Interiores retificador

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. 293T cells are transiently transfected with plasmids from an arrayed ORF expression library, together with luciferase reporter plasmids, in a one-gene-per-well microplate format. Firefly luciferase activity is assayed after 48 hr to determine the effects of each library gene upon alpha-synuclein transcription, normalized to expression from an internal control construct (a hCMV promoter directing Renilla luciferase). This protocol is facilitated by a bench-top robot enclosed in a biosafety cabinet, which performs aseptic liquid handling in 96-well format. Our automated transfection protocol is readily adaptable to high-throughput lentiviral library production or other functional screening protocols requiring triple-transfections of large numbers of unique library plasmids in conjunction with a common set of helper plasmids. We also present an inexpensive and validated alternative to commercially-available, dual luciferase reagents which employs PTC124, EDTA, and pyrophosphate to suppress firefly luciferase activity prior to measurement of Renilla luciferase. Using these methods, we screened 7,670 human genes and identified 68 regulators of alpha-synuclein. This protocol is easily modifiable to target other genes of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive screening method for identifying transcriptional regulators using high-throughput robotic transfections and a homemade dual-glow luciferase assay. This protocol rapidly generates direct side-by-side functional data for thousands of genes and is easily modifiable to target any gene of interest.

De alta capacidade de Triagem funcional usando um caseiro Dual-brilho ensaio de luciferase

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has become the method of choice for introducing DNA into prokaryotes that are not naturally competent. Electroporation is a rapid, efficient, and streamlined transformation method that, in addition to purified DNA and competent bacteria, requires commercially available gene pulse controller and cuvettes. In contrast to the pulsing step, preparation of electrocompetent cells is time consuming and labor intensive involving repeated rounds of centrifugation and washes in decreasing volumes of sterile, cold water, or non-ionic buffers of large volumes of cultures grown to mid-logarithmic phase of growth. Time and effort can be saved by purchasing electrocompetent cells from commercial sources, but the selection is limited to commonly employed E. coli laboratory strains. We are hereby disseminating a rapid and efficient method for preparing electrocompetent E. coli, which has been in use by bacteriology laboratories for some time, can be adapted to V. cholerae and other prokaryotes. While we cannot ascertain whom to credit for developing the original technique, we are hereby making it available to the scientific community.

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation is a commonly employed method for introducing DNA into bacteria in a process known as transformation. Traditional protocols for the preparation of electrocompetent cells are time consuming and labor intensive. This article describes an alternate, rapid, and efficient method for the preparation of electrocompetent cells presently employed by some laboratories.

Protocolo Rápido para Preparação de electrocompetentes<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; E<em&gt; Vibrio cholerae</em

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has ...

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

A unique open reading frame (ORF) Z3276 was identified as a specific genetic marker for E. coli O157:H7. A qPCR assay was developed for detection of E. coli O157:H7 by targeting ORF Z3276. With this assay, we can detect as low as a few copies of the genome of DNA of E. coli O157:H7. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were confirmed by intensive validation tests with a large number of E. coli O157:H7 strains (n = 369) and non-O157 strains (n = 112). Furthermore, we have combined propidium monoazide (PMA) procedure with the newly developed qPCR protocol for selective detection of live cells from dead cells. Amplification of DNA from PMA-treated dead cells was almost completely inhibited in contrast to virtually unaffected amplification of DNA from PMA-treated live cells. Additionally, the protocol has been modified and adapted to a 96-well plate format for an easy and consistent handling of a large number of samples. This method is expected to have an impact on accurate microbiological and epidemiological monitoring of food safety and environmental source.

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

A qPCR assay was developed for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 targeting a unique genetic marker, Z3276. The qPCR was combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment for live cell detection. This protocol has been modified and adapted to a 96-well plate format for easy and consistent handling of numerous samples

Detecção de Vivo<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; O157: H7 Células por PMA-qPCR

A unique open reading frame (ORF) Z3276 was identified as a specific genetic marker for E. coli O157:H7. A qPCR assay was developed for detection of E. ...

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. However, purifying proteins is sometimes challenging since many proteins are expressed in an insoluble form. When working with difficult or multiple targets it is therefore recommended to use high throughput (HTP) protein expression screening on a small scale (1-4&#160;ml cultures) to quickly identify conditions for soluble expression. To cope with the various structural genomics programs of the lab, a quantitative (within a range of 0.1-100 mg/L culture of recombinant protein) and HTP protein expression screening protocol was implemented and validated on thousands of proteins. The protocols were automated with the use of a liquid handling robot but can also be performed manually without specialized equipment.
Disulfide-rich venom proteins are gaining increasing recognition for their potential as therapeutic drug leads. They can be highly potent and selective, but their complex disulfide bond networks make them challenging to produce. As a member of the FP7 European Venomics project (<a href="http://www.venomics.eu">www.venomics.eu</a>), our challenge is to develop successful production strategies with the aim of producing thousands of novel venom proteins for functional characterization. Aided by the redox properties of disulfide bond isomerase DsbC, we adapted our HTP production pipeline for the expression of oxidized, functional venom peptides in the E. coli cytoplasm. The protocols are also applicable to the production of diverse disulfide-rich proteins. Here we demonstrate our pipeline applied to the production of animal venom proteins. With the protocols described herein it is likely that soluble disulfide-rich proteins will be obtained in as little as a week. Even from a small scale, there is the potential to use the purified proteins for validating the oxidation state by mass spectrometry, for characterization in pilot studies, or for sensitive micro-assays.

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

A protocol for the quantitative, high throughput expression screening and analytical purification of fusion proteins from small-scale Escherichia coli cultures is described and applied to the expression of disulfide-rich animal venom protein targets.

High Throughput Screening expressão quantitativa e Purificação Aplicada à recombinante Dissulfeto ricos em proteínas veneno produzido em<em&gt; E. coli</em

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

Verde Fluorescente à base de proteínas Expressão Rastreio de Proteínas de Membrana em<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

The Multifaceted Benefits of Protein Co-expression in Escherichia coli

We report here that the expression of protein complexes in vivo in Escherichia coli can be more convenient than traditional reconstitution experiments in vitro. In particular, we show that the poor solubility of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III &#949; subunit (featuring 3&#8217;-5&#8217; exonuclease activity) is highly improved when the same protein is co-expressed with the &#945; and &#952; subunits (featuring DNA polymerase activity and stabilizing &#949;, respectively). We also show that protein co-expression in E. coli can be used to efficiently test the competence of subunits from different bacterial species to associate in a functional protein complex. We indeed show that the &#945; subunit of Deinococcus radiodurans DNA polymerase III can be co-expressed in vivo with the &#949; subunit of E. coli. In addition, we report on the use of protein co-expression to modulate mutation frequency in E. coli. By expressing the wild-type &#949; subunit under the control of the araBAD promoter (arabinose-inducible), and co-expressing the mutagenic D12A variant of the same protein, under the control of the lac promoter (inducible by isopropyl-thio-&#946;-D-galactopyranoside, IPTG), we were able to alter the E. coli mutation frequency using appropriate concentrations of the inducers arabinose and IPTG. Finally, we discuss recent advances and future challenges of protein co-expression in E. coli.

The Multifaceted Benefits of Protein Co-expression in Escherichia coli

Protein co-expression is a powerful alternative to the reconstitution in vitro of protein complexes, and is of help in performing biochemical and genetic tests in vivo. Here we report on the use of protein co-expression in Escherichia coli to obtain protein complexes, and to tune the mutation frequency of cells.

As multifacetadas benefícios da proteína Co-expressão em<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

We report here that the expression of protein complexes in vivo in Escherichia coli can be more convenient than traditional reconstitution experiments in ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

Rastreio de alto rendimento para moduladores químicos de Genes Post-transcriptionally Regulamentados

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

High Throughput Screening da atividade endoglucanase de fungos em Escherichia coli

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