Os autores gostariam de agradecer Technologies Mauna Kea para suporte técnico. Os autores também agradecem Shelly Hsiao para assistência técnica e E. Kathleen Mach para a revisão crítica. Este trabalho foi financiado em parte pelo NIH R01CA160986 a JCL

1. Preparação do paciente <ol><li> Paciente consentimento prevista para cistoscopia de diagnóstico e outros procedimentos endourological como a ressecção transuretral de tumor de bexiga (TURBT) para CLE. Incluir na autorização uma descrição da utilização de fluoresceína intravesical e / ou por via intravenosa, como agente de contraste. Informe história de reação de hipersensibilidade a fluoresceína. </li><li> Paciente é posicionado por cistoscopia (normalmente na posição de litotomia) e preparada de um modo estéril. </li><li> Prossiga com o padrão de luz branca cistoscopia (WLC) com um cistoscópio rígido ou flexível através da uretra. </li><li> Examinar todas as regiões da bexiga sob luz branca (Figura 1), e observar as regiões de interesse para uma investigação CLE. </li><li> Além de WLC, a bexiga pode ser trabalhada com outras modalidades de imagem ópticos macroscópicos incluindo cistoscopia fluorescência (Figura 2A) ou imagiologia de banda estreita (Figura 2B) a identify áreas adicionais de suspeita seguido de caracterização com CLE. </li><li> Use um eletrodo cauterização ou ressecção laço para colocar uma marca cautério pequena adjacente às regiões de interesse que ambos serão analisados ​​e biópsia para confirmação patológica. A marca de cautério facilita re-localização para posterior CLE de imagem e biópsia. </li></ol> 2. Agente de contraste <ol><li> Instilação intravesical de agente de contraste <ol><li> Preparar por diluição de sódio fluoresceína clínico grau de 10% em solução salina normal estéril (NaCl a 0,9%) até à concentração desejada. Por exemplo, preparar 400 ml de fluoresceína de 0,1% por diluição de 4 ml de fluoresceína a 10% em 396 ml de solução salina normal. </li><li> Inserir um cateter estéril na bexiga urinária e instilar agente de contraste diluído por acção da gravidade através de uma seringa de 60 ml da ponta do cateter. </li><li> Prenda o cateter urinário para manter habitação agente de contraste para 5 min. </li><li> Drenar agente de contraste a partir da bexiga. Use o 60 ml cacath ponta seringa para lavar contraste residual da bexiga com solução salina normal, cerca de 240-300 ml. </li><li> Proceder à CLE imagem. </li></ol></li><li> Injeção endovenosa de fluoresceína <ol><li> Desenhar 1,0 ml de fluoresceína em seringa. Anexar uma seringa para injectar o acesso intravenoso e 0,5-1,0 ml de fluoresceína por via intravenosa na forma de bolus. Lave linha com solução salina normal. Isso geralmente é feito pela equipe de anestesia na sala de cirurgia. </li><li> Proceder à CLE imagem. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. CLE imagem <ol><li> Retire a esterilizados CLE imagens da sonda (Cellvizio) da embalagem e ligá-lo para a unidade de varredura a laser (Mauna Kea Technologies, Paris, França) </li><li> Aqueça-se e calibrar a sonda imagens seguindo as instruções do fabricante. </li><li> Volte a introduzir o cistoscópio ou ressectoscópio para a bexiga. Use uma lente com o grau 0 cistoscópio rígido. </li><li> Avançar o CLE imagem sonda ao longo do working canal do cistoscópio com a ponta um pouco além do cistoscópio. </li><li> Sob luz branca, localizar as regiões previamente marcados de interesse. Use irrigação normal salina adicional conforme necessário para a visualização da mucosa e manter distensão moderada da bexiga. </li><li> CLE manipular imagens da sonda com a mão do operador para o contato direto en face das regiões de interesse. Para o seccionamento óptico das regiões de interesse, suavemente aumentar e diminuir a pressão da sonda de imagiologia, mantendo o contacto directo. <ol><li> Para alcançar tumores localizados na bexiga anterior, um padrão Albarran ponte pode ajudar a facilitar a deflexão da sonda de imagiologia para o contacto directo com a região de interesse (Figura 2C). </li></ol></li><li> Regiões de interesse comuns incluem tumor papilar, não papilar tumor, de transição entre aparentemente normal da mucosa e do tumor, e manchas eritematosas, que podem ser visualizados usando endovenosoSICAL ou administração de fluoresceína intravenosa. Fluoresceína intravenosa é necessária para a imagiologia do leito de ressecção, uretra prostática e uretra peniana. </li><li> Como a sonda imagem verifica região de imagens de juros, recorde para análise futura. Nota morfologia celular geral, limite, organização e presença de angiogênese-neo. </li><li> Após a conclusão da imagem, remover CLE imagens da sonda de trabalhar canal. </li><li> Se desejar, obter frio copo-biópsias de regiões correspondentes de interesse que foram digitalizadas por CLE. Use marcas cautério como marcos para a co-registro das áreas imaginadas que são submetidos a biópsia. </li><li> Conclua TURBT por rotina. Nos pacientes que receberam a fluoresceína intravenosa, considerar o uso de ressectoscópios de fluxo contínuo para melhorar a visualização durante a ressecção, como fluoresceína é excretada pelos rins na bexiga aproximadamente 5 minutos após a administração intravenosa. </li><li> Recuperar gravações de imagens salvas do processador confocal e conduct análise de imagem. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Hepatol. 6, 1057-1060 (2008).</li><li>Wu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+real-time+microscopy+of+the+urinary+tract+using+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy.">Dynamic real-time microscopy of the urinary tract using confocal laser endomicroscopy.</a> Urology. 78, 225-231 (2011).</li><li>Sonn, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+biopsy+of+human+bladder+neoplasia+with+in+vivo+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy.">Optical biopsy of human bladder neoplasia with in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy.</a> J. Urol. 182, 1299-1305 (2009).</li><li>Sonn, G. 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Endourol. 25, 917-921 (2011).</li><li>Wiesner, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+for+the+diagnosis+of+urothelial+bladder+neoplasia:+a+technology+of+the+future?.">Confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of urothelial bladder neoplasia: a technology of the future?.</a> BJU Int. 107, 399-403 (2011).</li><li>Wallace, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+safety+of+intravenous+fluorescein+for+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+in+the+gastrointestinal+tract.">The safety of intravenous fluorescein for confocal laser endomicroscopy in the gastrointestinal tract.</a> Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 31, 548-552 (2010).</li><li>Konda, V. J. 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Alcançar e manter contato face sólida en entre a sonda de imagem e da mucosa da bexiga é a etapa mais importante em adquirir melhor qualidade de imagem. Existe cerca de 3-5 curva de aprendizagem do paciente desenvolver a destreza para manipular a sonda de geração de imagens e para manter a sonda estável durante a aquisição de imagem. Além disso, dado que este procedimento é realizado in vivo, os movimentos do paciente (isto é, respiratória) e pulsações vasculares podem a...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentários (opcional) </td></tr><tr><td> Cellvizio Série 100 </td><td> Mauna Kea Technologies </td><td> Série 100 </td><td> Inclui processador confocal e LSU: F400-v2 a 488 nm </td></tr><tr><td> Cellvizio Confocal Miniprobe </td><td> Mauna Kea Technologies </td><td> Gastroflex UHD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> AK-FLUOR 10% </td><td> Akorn, Inc. </td><td> NDC 17478-253-10 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy of the urinary tract: the technique

Sonda baseada confocal a laser endomicroscopy (CLE) é uma tecnologia de imagem óptico emergente que permite em tempo real em microscopia in vivo de superfícies mucosas durante padrão endoscopia. Com aplicações actualmente nos tractos respiratório e gastrointestinal 1, 2-6 CLE também tem sido explorada no trato urinário para o diagnóstico do cancro da bexiga. Morfologia celular 7-10 e micro-arquitectura do tecido pode ser resolvido com a escala mícron resolução em tempo real, para além imagens dinâmicas da vasculatura normal e patológico. 7 A sonda baseada CLE sistema (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, França) é constituído por uma sonda de imagiologia reutilizável fibra óptica acoplada a uma unidade de varrimento 488 nm do laser. A sonda de imagiologia é inserida nos canais de trabalho do padrão de endoscópios flexíveis e rígidos. Um endoscópio baseado CLE sistema (Optiscan, Austrália), em que o functionalit endomicroscopy confocaly é integrado para o endoscópio, é também utilizado no tracto gastrointestinal. Dado que o diâmetro maior alcance, contudo, a aplicação no tracto urinário está actualmente limitada a utilização ex vivo. 11 de aquisição de imagem confocal é feito através do contacto directo da sonda de imagiologia com o tecido alvo e registada como sequências de vídeo. Tal como no tracto gastrointestinal, endomicroscopy do trato urinário requer um agente de contraste exogenenous mais comumente de fluoresceína, que pode ser administrado por via intravenosa ou intravesical. Administração intravesical é um método bem estabelecido para introduzir agentes farmacológicos localmente, com o mínimo de toxicidade sistêmica, que é exclusivo para o trato urinário. Fluoresceína rapidamente manchas da matriz extracelular e tem um perfil de segurança estabelecido. 12 testes de imagem de vários diâmetros habilitar a compatibilidade com endoscópios de diferentes calibres. Até o momento, 1,4 e 2,6 milímetros sondas têm sido avaliadas com flexível e rigid cistoscopia. recente disponibilidade de 10 a &lt;1 mm de imagens da sonda 13 abre a possibilidade do LEC no trato urinário superior durante ureteroscopia. Fluorescência cistoscopia (diagnóstico fotodinâmica, por exemplo) e imagens de banda estreita são adicionais endoscópio baseados em métodos de imagem óptica 14 que podem ser combinados com CLE para conseguir imagens multimodal do trato urinário. No futuro, a CLE pode ser acoplado com agentes de contraste molecular, tais como péptidos marcados fluorescentemente 15 e de anticorpos para imagiologia endoscópica de processos de doenças com especificidade molecular.

CLE imagens são salvos como arquivos em tons de cinza seqüência de vídeo em 12 frames por segundo. A interpretação das imagens é feita em tempo real, e pode ser utilizada para influenciar a decisão clínica sob um protocolo experimental. Análise off-line, o qual inclui a revisão da sequência de vídeo, processamento de imagem adicional, tal como mosaicos, 7 e comparação com o padrão de patologia, são importantes durante a fase de curva de aprendizagem associada com a tecnologia. Figuras 1B e 1C...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique at JoVE.com

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Sonda baseada endomicroscopy laser confocal permite microscopia em tempo real do aparelho urinário humano durante cistoscopia, fornecendo imagens, dinâmico intravital de estados patológicos tais como o cancro da bexiga, com resolução celular. Endomicroscopy pode aumentar a precisão do diagnóstico do padrão de luz branca endoscopia intra-operatória e fornecer orientação imagem para melhorar a ressecção cirúrgica.

Sonda baseada Endomicroscopy Laser Confocal do Trato Urinário: A Técnica

Probe-based  confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology  that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces ...

probe-based-confocal-laser-endomicroscopy-urinary-tract

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

20.7K visualizações.  Stanford University School of Medicine. Sonda baseada endomicroscopy laser confocal permite microscopia em tempo real do aparelho urinário humano durante cistoscopia, fornecendo imagens, dinâmico intravital de estados patológicos tais como o cancro da bexiga, com resolução celular. Endomicroscopy pode aumentar a precisão do diagnóstico do padrão de luz branca endoscopia intra-operatória e fornecer orientação imagem para melhorar a ressecção cirúrgica.

Vídeo: Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of them being fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).1,2 We performed a pilot study in which oral biofilm samples collected from fixed orthodontic appliances (palatal expanders) were stained by FISH, the objective being to assess the three-dimensional organization of natural biofilm and plaque accumulation.3,4 FISH creates an opportunity to stain cells in their native biofilm environment by the use of fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeting probes.4-7,19 Compared to alternative techniques like immunofluorescent labeling, this is an inexpensive, precise and straightforward labeling technique to investigate different bacterial groups in mixed biofilm consortia.18,20 General probes were used that bind to Eubacteria (EUB338 + EUB338II + EUB338III; hereafter EUBmix),8-10 Firmicutes (LGC354 A-C; hereafter LGCmix),9,10 and Bacteroidetes (Bac303).11 In addition, specific probes binding to Streptococcus mutans (MUT590)12,13 and Porphyromonas gingivalis (POGI)13,14 were used. The extreme hardness of the surface materials involved (stainless steel and acrylic resin) compelled us to find new ways of preparing the biofilm. As these surface materials could not be readily cut with a cryotome, various sampling methods were explored to obtain intact oral biofilm. The most workable of these approaches is presented in this communication. Small flakes of the biofilm-carrying acrylic resin were scraped off with a sterile scalpel, taking care not to damage the biofilm structure. Forceps were used to collect biofilm from the steel surfaces. Once collected, the samples were fixed and placed directly on polysine coated glass slides. FISH was performed directly on these slides with the probes mentioned above. Various FISH protocols were combined and modified to create a new protocol that was easy to handle.5,10,14,15 Subsequently the samples were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Well-known configurations3,4,16,17 could be visualized, including mushroom-style formations and clusters of coccoid bacteria pervaded by channels. In addition, the bacterial composition of these typical biofilm structures were analyzed and 2D and 3D images created.

We present a protocol for structural and compositional analysis of natural oral biofilm from orthodontic appliances with in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oral biofilm samples were collected from palatal expanders, scraping acrylic-resin flakes off their surface and referring them for molecular processing.

Análise de biofilme oral de Palatal Expansores por fluorescência de hibridização in situ e microscopia confocal a laser Scanning

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of ...

Medicina

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e. smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.

This manuscript presents a simple, yet powerful, in vitro method for evaluating smooth muscle contractility in response to pharmacological agents or nerve stimulation. Main applications are drug screening and understanding tissue physiology, pharmacology,&#160;and pathology.

Músculo liso da bexiga Faixa Contractility como um método para avaliar do trato urinário inferior Farmacologia

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties ...

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo: A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to image cellular events in an intact animal. Additionally, the ability to induce physiological disease states such as stroke in vivo increases its utility. The technique described herein allows for physiological assessment of cellular responses within the CNS following a stroke and can be adapted for other pathological conditions being studied. The technique presented uses laser excitation of the photosensitive dye Rose Bengal in vivo to induce a focal ischemic event in a single blood vessel. 
The video protocol demonstrates the preparation of a thin-skulled cranial window over the somatosensory cortex in a mouse for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic event keeping injury to the underlying dura matter and brain at a minimum. Surgical preparation is initially performed under a dissecting microscope with a custom-made surgical/imaging platform, which is then transferred to a confocal microscope equipped with an inverted objective adaptor. Representative images acquired utilizing this protocol are presented as well as time-lapse sequences of stroke induction. This technique is powerful in that the same area can be imaged repeatedly on subsequent days facilitating longitudinal in vivo studies of pathological processes following stroke.

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo:  A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

Here, we describe a semi-invasive optical microscopy approach for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic clot in the somatosensory cortex of a mouse in vivo. The technical aspects of the imaging procedure are described from induction of a photothrombotic event to application and data collection.

Rosa Bengala Fototrombose por imageamento óptico confocal<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt;: Um Modelo de curso Veículo Individual

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to ...

Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera

The sclera is a dense connective tissue that covers and protects the eye. It mainly consists of dense collagen bundles (types I, III, IV, V, VI, and VII). Due to its autofluorescence, opaqueness, and thickness, it has not been found suitable for confocal microscopy. An alternative approach to the one presented here, which uses formalin-fixed sclera embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry, has technical challenges, especially when preheating the tissue for antigen retrieval. Since the sclera is relatively poor in both cells and vessels, the use of larger tissue samples was explored to help prevent overlooking cells and to understand their localization in relation to vessels and other anatomical sites. To allow for the analysis of larger tissue samples under the confocal microscope, a laminating technique was performed to create thin layers from the sclera. Following the analysis of results of CD31 blood vessels and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE1) positive cells, for which approval for scientific examination was obtained, the advantages and limitations of this method are discussed.

Human sclera tissue is mainly collagen; therefore, it is not easily usable for immunohistochemistry. To achieve the goal of performing immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopy of scleral tissue, a laminating technique was used.

Usando uma técnica de estratificação para executar microscopia confocal da esclera humana


The sclera is a dense connective tissue that covers and protects the eye. It mainly consists of dense collagen bundles (types I, III, IV, V, VI, and ...

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a specific anatomical region. Within the brain, metals have a highly compartmentalized distribution, depending on the primary function they play within the central nervous system. Imaging the spatial distribution of metals has provided unique insight into the biochemical architecture of the brain, allowing direct correlation between neuroanatomical regions and their known function with regard to metal-dependent processes. In addition, several age-related neurological disorders feature disrupted metal homeostasis, which is often confined to small regions of the brain that are otherwise difficult to analyze. Here, we describe a comprehensive method for quantitatively imaging metals in the mouse brain, using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and specially designed image processing software. Focusing on iron, copper and zinc, which are three of the most abundant and disease-relevant metals within the brain, we describe the essential steps in sample preparation, analysis, quantitative measurements and image processing to produce maps of metal distribution within the low micrometer resolution range. This technique, applicable to any cut tissue section, is capable of demonstrating the highly variable distribution of metals within an organ or system, and can be used to identify changes in metal homeostasis and absolute levels within fine anatomical structures.

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry LA-ICP-MS

Quantitatively mapping metals in tissue by laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a sensitive analytical technique that can provide new insight into how metals participate in normal function and disease processes. Here, we describe a protocol for quantitatively imaging metals in thin sections of mouse neurological tissue.

Metais de imagem no tecido cerebral por Laser Ablation - plasma indutivamente acoplado - Espectrometria de Massa (LA-ICP-MS)

Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a ...

Spatial Quantification of Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lesions by Laser Capture Microdissection Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCM-LC/MS)

Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improvements to existing drug regimens and the development of novel therapeutics are urgently required. The ability of dosed TB drugs to reach and sterilize bacteria within poorly-vascularized necrotic regions (caseum) of pulmonary granulomas is crucial for successful therapeutic intervention. Effective therapeutic regimens must therefore contain drugs with favorable caseum penetration properties. Current LC/MS methods for quantifying drug levels in biological tissues have limited spatial resolution capabilities, making it difficult to accurately determine absolute drug concentrations within small tissue compartments such as those found within necrotic granulomas. Here we present a protocol combining laser capture microdissection (LCM) of pathologically-distinct tissue regions with LC/MS quantification. This technique provides absolute quantification of drugs within granuloma caseum, surrounding cellular lesion and uninvolved lung tissue and, therefore, accurately determines whether bactericidal concentrations are being achieved. In addition to tuberculosis research, the technique has many potential applications for spatially-resolved quantification of drugs in diseased tissues.

Spatial Quantification of Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lesions by Laser Capture Microdissection Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry LCM-LC/MS

Here, we describe a protocol using laser capture microdissection coupled with LC/MS analysis to spatially-quantify drug distributions within pulmonary tuberculosis granulomas. The approach has broad applicability to quantifying drug concentrations within tissues at high spatial detail.

Spatial quantificação de drogas em lesões de tuberculose pulmonar por Laser capturar Microdissection líquido cromatografia de espectrometria de massa (LCM-LC/MS)

Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improvements to existing drug regimens and the development of novel ...

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting in a significant economic and quality of life burden. Transgenic and other mouse models have been developed to recreate various aspects of this multifactorial disease; however, methods to accurately quantitate urinary dysfunction and the effectiveness of new therapeutic options are lacking. Here, we describe a method that can be used to measure bladder volume and detrusor wall thickness, urinary velocity, void volume and void duration, and urethral diameter. This would allow for the evaluation of disease progression and treatment efficacy over time. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, and the bladder was visualized by ultrasound. For non-contrast imaging, a 3D image was taken of the bladder to calculate volume and evaluate shape; the bladder wall thickness was measured from this image. For contrast-enhanced imaging, a catheter was placed through the dome of the bladder using a 27-gauge needle connected to a syringe by PE50 tubing. A bolus of 0.5 mL of contrast was infused into the bladder until a urination event occurred. Urethral diameter was determined at the point of the Doppler velocity sample window during the first voiding event. Velocity was measured for each subsequent event yielding a flow rate. In conclusion, high frequency ultrasound proved to be an effective method for assessing bladder and urethral measurements during urinary function in mice. This technique may be useful in the assessment of novel therapies for BPH/LUTS in an experimental setting.

We describe the use of high frequency ultrasound with contrast imaging as a method to measure bladder volume, bladder wall thickness, urine velocity, void volume, void duration, and urethral diameter. This strategy can be used to assess voiding dysfunction and treatment efficacy in various mouse models of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD).

Ultrassonografia do trato urinário masculino adulto para testes funcionais urinários

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting ...

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) accounts for 5%&ndash;10% of all urothelial tumors. Radical nephroureterectomy is the standard treatment procedure. At present, different choices still exist for treating the ureteral end during laparoscopic ureteral bladder sleeve resection. Our center has adopted a new method for treating the ureteral end. This new method can increase the operating space and reduce the difficulty of the surgery compared with current methods.

Here, we present a protocol to increase the surgical field of view and reduce the difficulty of total transperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy surgery by precutting the umbilical ligament before treating the terminal ureter.

Modificação técnica do Terminal Ureter durante a Nefrologia Laparoscópica Total Transperitoneal para o Carcinoma Urotelial do Trato Superior

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) accounts for 5%&ndash;10% of all urothelial tumors. Radical nephroureterectomy is the standard treatment ...

Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in the Mouse Hindlimb

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is a common, noninvasive, repeatable method for assessing blood flow recovery. The technique calculates overall blood flow in the sampled tissue from the Doppler shift in frequency caused when a laser hits moving red blood cells. Measurements are expressed in arbitrary perfusion units, so the contralateral non-intervened upon leg is usually used to help control measurements. Measurement depth is in the range of 0.3-1 mm; for hindlimb ischemia, this means that dermal perfusion is assessed. Dermal perfusion is dependent on several factors&#8212;most importantly skin temperature and anesthetic agent, which must be carefully controlled to result in reliable readings. Furthermore, hair and skin pigmentation can alter the ability of the laser to either reach or penetrate to the dermis. This article demonstrates the technique of LDPI in the mouse hindlimb.

Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates the technique and necessary controls for Laser Doppler perfusion imaging to measure blood flow in the mouse hindlimb.

Imagem de perfusão doppler laser no hindlimb mouse

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is ...

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Previous human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) models have utilized detached retinas; however, without the structural support conferred by retinal pigment epithelium-choroid (RPE-choroid) and sclera, the integrity of the fragile retina can easily be compromised. The aim of this study was to develop a novel HORC model that contains the retina, RPE-choroid and sclera to maintain retinal integrity when culturing retinal explants.
After cutting circumferentially along the limbus to remove iris and lens, four deep incisions were made to flatten the eyecup. In contrast to previous HORC protocols, a trephine was used to cut through not only the retina but also the RPE-choroid and sclera. The resultant triple-layered explants were cultured for 72 h. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&#38;E) was used to assess anatomical structures and retinal explants were further characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for apoptosis, M&#252;ller cell integrity and retinal inflammation. To confirm the possibility of disease induction, explants were exposed to high glucose (HG) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Cyt), to mimic diabetic retinopathy (DR). The Luminex magnetic bead assay was used to measure DR-related cytokines released into the culture medium.
H&#38;E staining revealed distinct retinal lamellae and compact nuclei in retinal explants with the underlying RPE-choroid and sclera, while retinas without the underlying structures exhibited reduced thickness and severe nuclei loss. IHC results indicated absence of apoptosis and retinal inflammation as well as preserved M&#252;ller cell integrity. The Luminex&#160;assays showed significantly increased secretion of DR-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines in retinal explants exposed to HG + Cyt relative to baseline levels at 24 h.
We successfully developed and characterized a novel HORC protocol in which retinal integrity was preserved without apoptosis or retinal inflammation. Moreover, the induced secretion of DR-associated pro-inflammatory biomarkers when exposing retinal explants to HG + Cyt suggests that this model could be used for clinically translatable retinal disease studies.

This study aims to develop a novel human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) model that prevents compromising retinal integrity during explant handling. This is achieved by culturing the retina with the overlying vitreous and the underlying retinal pigment&#160;epithelium-choroid (RPE-choroid) and sclera.

Caracterização de uma nova técnica de cultura de retina organotipípica humana

Previous human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) models have utilized detached retinas; however, without the structural support conferred by retinal ...