Agradecemos Paula Cobos e Dr. Evros Vassiliou de assistência laboratório e fornecer os macrófagos de camundongos, respectivamente. Agradecemos também o nosso laboratório gerente Richard Criasia para orientação e ajuda com os materiais. Finalmente, os autores agradecem Ramanpreet Kaur ajuda com produção de vídeo.

1. Cultura de Tecidos <ol><li> Use Mus musculus macrófagos (BALB / c) para as determinações da toxina da cólera. Inicialmente cultura todos M. células musculus seguindo as instruções do fornecedor. </li><li> Propaga BALB / c células ratos em Meio de Eagle Modificado por Dulbecco com L-glutamina completado com 10% de soro fetal bovino, e antibióticos / antimicóticos ou meio RPMI 1640 de base de 1% completado com 10% de soro fetal bovino, 5% de L-glutamina, e 1 % de reagente de antibiótico / antimicótico. </li><li> Cultivar células em 75 cm 2 frascos corning com tampas com respiradouros, a 37 ° C, 95% de ar e 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Levar-se as células epiteliais intestinais humanas no prazo de 24 horas da entrega, conforme instrues do fabricante para a determinação das determinações de ácidos gordos. </li><li> Propagação de células epiteliais intestinais humanas em 75 cm 2 frascos corning com tampas ventiladas em meios HybriCare completados com 10% de FBS e 30 ng / ml de EGF humano a 37 ° C. Não use antibióticosReagentes / antimicóticos conforme instruções do fabricante. </li><li> Dividir todas as células (1:3) a cerca de 70% de confluência. </li><li> Congelar e trazer todas as células ao longo do estudo por meio de protocolos de congelamento padrão. </li><li> Nota: Para a determinação da concentração de escala maior de ácidos gordos, a utilização de crescimento mais rápido e mais fácil de manter, inicialmente, os macrófagos do rato. Para a determinação da concentração de ácido graxo fina escala, usar células epiteliais humanas. Use macrófagos de camundongos para todos os tratamentos toxina da cólera (ver discussão). </li></ol> 2. Ácidos graxos e tratamentos toxina da cólera <ol><li> Transferência de ácidos oléico, linoléico e linolênico de empresa, desde ampolas de vidro para frascos de vidro esterilizados. </li><li> Transferência de cada ácido gordo para um tubo Eppendorf esterilizado em separado e dissolvê-lo em primeiro lugar em etanol a 100% a uma diluição de 1:06, e, em seguida, em meio RPMI 1640 incompletos para uma concentração final de 10 ug / ul. </li><li> Vortex cada solução e transfer-o para frascos de vidro para armazenamento no congelador (-20 ° C). </li><li> As células em placas a 2500 células / poço em placas de 96 poços de cultura de tecido. </li><li> Adicionar os meios completos adequados para levar o volume total a 200 bem ul para o tratamento de células com ácidos gordos na preparação para os ensaios MTT. </li><li> Depois de um período de proliferação 24 horas, remova a mídia e substituí-lo com novas mídias. </li><li> Adicionar as concentrações apropriadas de cada ácido gordo a ser testado para os poços (ver resultados). Adicionar meio completo para assim trazer os volumes totais de 200 ul. </li><li> Incubar as placas tratadas por 24 horas antes de se iniciar o ensaio de MTT. </li><li> Dissolve-se a toxina de cólera em PBS a uma concentração de 1 mg / ml e alíquotas da solução em criotubos e armazenar os criotubos a 2-8 ° C. </li><li> Para os tratamentos de células, dilui-se a toxina de 1:100 em PBS esterilizado (pH 7,4) ou DMEM incompleto para uma concentração de trabalho final de 1 ng / ul. </li><li> Para o tratamento de células com a toxina da cólera nopreparação para ensaios de MTT, as células da placa, tal como descrito acima. </li><li> Depois de um período de proliferação de 24 h, adicionar as concentrações apropriadas de toxina da cólera (por nossos concentrações, ver resultados) a serem ensaiadas às cavidades seguindo os procedimentos utilizados em aplicações de ácidos gordos (de cima). </li><li> Incubar as placas tratadas por 24 horas antes de se iniciar o ensaio de MTT. </li><li> Como (c positivo ao longo do papel) positivo e de controlo negativo (negativo c), para ambos os tratamentos ácido gordo e a toxina da cólera, as células a incubar com meio completo e etanol a 70%, respectivamente. </li><li> Para todas as amostras e tratamentos utilizar um mínimo de três repetições (n = 3), com mais repetições de controlos positivos (n = 6 neste estudo). </li></ol> 3. MTT Assay <ol><li> Adicione uma solução de MTT a uma concentração de 2,5 mg / ml. </li><li> Remover a solução em cada poço da placa de 96 poços a serem testados e substituí-la com 200 ml de solução de meio completo fresco. </li><li> Anúnciod 10 uL da solução de MTT a cada poço. </li><li> Incubar a placa a 37 ° C durante 3-4 horas. </li><li> Descartar a solução meios e adicionar 100 ul de 0,04 M de HCl em isopropanol a cada poço. </li><li> Incubar a placa a temperatura ambiente durante cinco minutos. </li><li> Transferir a solução de cada poço para um novo tubo de centrífuga. </li><li> Centrifugar a 20.000 x g, à temperatura ambiente, durante 1 min, ou até que um precipitado foi formado. </li><li> Transferência entre 20-40 mL de cada amostra de um leitor de microplacas. </li><li> Ler a absorvância a 570 nm utilizando um espectrofotómetro. </li></ol>

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Os autores deste estudo não têm qualquer interesse financeiro a partir dos resultados deste estudo. O financiamento para este estudo foi fornecido para FT pela Universidade Kean, no entanto, FT é atualmente um funcionário Kingsborough Community College.

Sugestão de concentração de ácidos graxos e toxina da cólera Embora o mecanismo exato de como ácidos graxos aumentar a imunidade da mucosa é desconhecida, vários estudos têm tentado investigar os seus efeitos benéficos. Este estudo tem como objectivo proporcionar o método para determinar a concentração máxima de ácidos gordos que as células podem tolerar bem como a concentração máxima de toxina da cólera que as células podem tolerar sem uma influência significativa sobre a...

Os benefícios de saúde de ácidos graxos, como o oléico, linoléico e linolênico têm sido e continuam a ser documentado. Por exemplo, o ácido oleico ajuda a facilitar a penetração dos fármacos lipofílicos no 1,2 corpo, a doença cardíaca coronária reduz em 24% quando substituídos por ácidos gordos saturados 3, e é utilizada para o tratamento de doenças metabólicas como a adrenoleucodistrofia 4 que é um X-ligados distúrbio genético do metabolismo dos ácidos gordos. . Enquanto um precursor necessário para o ácido araquidónico em mamíferos, o ácido linoleico (ao contrário do ácido oleico) não é sintetizada pelo corpo e devem ser obtidos através de fontes externas, tais como o consumo de semente de linho 5 Estudos mostram vários efeitos benéficos à saúde de ácido linoleico, tais como: propriedades anti-envelhecimento para a pele; seis propriedades anti-inflamatórias; 7 reduziu a proliferação de células de carcinoma colorretal e próstata; 8 ea capacidade para combater a obesidade e promoção o9. linolênico f saúde cardiovascular desempenha um papel na redução da inflamação periodontal, tromboxano 10 e modulando a biossíntese da prostaciclina e 11. Arpita 12 estudaram a influência dos ácidos graxos biliares e colesterol em V. expressão de fatores de virulência e motilidade cholerae &#39;s. Yamasaki 13 indicaram que o extrato de metanol a partir de pimentas vermelhas, e outros compostos extraídos naturalmente, pode, potencialmente, diminuir a produção de toxina da cólera. É concebível a considerar a utilização de produtos alimentares que são ricos em ácidos gordos superiores (tais como sementes de linho) na prevenção e alívio de doenças infecciosas tais como a cólera através do fornecimento de imunidade da mucosa. Foi realizado investigações para solubilizar os ácidos gordos e para determinar, usando testes de proliferação de células, a concentração máxima de ácidos gordos que as células epiteliais intestinais humanas pode tolerar sem efeitos prejudiciais sobre a ceviabilidade ll. Colocámos a hipótese de que os ácidos oleico, linoleico e linolénico, proporcionar um efeito benéfico sobre a viabilidade das células em concentrações mais baixas, mas que, em concentrações mais elevadas que são tóxicos para as células. Também solubilizado a toxina da cólera e determinada a concentração máxima de toxina da cólera que BALB / C de rato macrófagos pode tolerar sem uma diminuição significativa da viabilidade celular. Nossa hipótese é um efeito tóxico da toxina da cólera na viabilidade celular, mesmo em nível muito baixo. O método de solubilização de uma toxina da cólera e utilizá-la para determinar a quantidade máxima da toxina que as células podem tolerar sem uma diminuição significativa na capacidade de sobrevivência proporciona uma vantagem para estudos futuros. Por exemplo, uma combinação das metodologias acima podem ser utilizadas para determinar se os ácidos gordos de fornecer células com a imunidade da mucosa contra a infecção de cólera. Para o melhor de nosso conhecimento, esta metodologia racional e não foi explorado. Nós discuss como os nossos dados preliminares podem ser utilizados em investigações posteriores para determinar se o oleico, linoleico e linolénico fornecer células com a imunidade da mucosa contra a infecção de cólera.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cells/Reagent</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mus musculus macrophages</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC RAW 264.7</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2002</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2115</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum </td>
			<td>Bio-west</td>
			<td>S0250</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Antibiotic/antimycotic </td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SV3007901</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Human intestinal epithelial cells </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATTC CCL-241</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>HybriCare media </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>46-X</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Oleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O1008</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linoleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-1376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linolenic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8052</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BD Falcon 96-Well Cell Culture Plates</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences </td>
			<td>351172</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer with Dynex Revelations 4.22 software</td>
			<td>Dynex</td>
			<td>91000101</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

determination of tolerable fatty acids and cholera toxin concentrations using human intestinal epithelial cells and balb/c mouse macrophages

O papel positivo dos ácidos graxos na prevenção e combate de doenças não-humanos e humanos têm sido e continuam a ser amplamente documentado. Essas funções incluem influências sobre doenças infecciosas e não infecciosas, incluindo a prevenção da inflamação, bem como a imunidade da mucosa para doenças infecciosas. A cólera é uma doença intestinal aguda causada pela bactéria Vibrio cholerae. Ela ocorre em países em desenvolvimento e se não tratada, pode resultar em morte. Embora existam vacinas para a cólera, eles nem sempre são eficazes e são necessários outros métodos preventivos. Partimos para determinar as concentrações toleráveis ​​de três ácidos graxos (ácidos oléico, linoléico e linolênico) e toxina da cólera usando o mouse BALB / C macrófagos e células epiteliais intestinais humanas, respectivamente. Nós solubilizado os ácidos gordos superiores e os ensaios de proliferação de células utilizadas para determinar as gamas de concentração e concentrações específicas dos ácidos gordos que não estãot prejudiciais para a viabilidade da célula epitelial intestinal humana. Nós solubilizado a toxina da cólera e utilizado num ensaio para determinar as gamas de concentração e concentrações específicas de que a toxina da cólera não é estatisticamente diminuir a viabilidade celular em ratinhos BALB / C macrófagos. Encontrámos as concentrações óptimas de ácidos gordos para estar entre 1-5 ng / mL, e que, para a toxina da cólera de ser &lt;30 ng por tratamento. Estes dados podem ajudar estudos futuros que visem encontrar um papel mucosa protetora para os ácidos graxos na prevenção ou alívio de infecções de cólera.

Determinação da concentração ótima de Ácidos Graxos A concentração óptima de ácidos gordos é definida como a concentração máxima em que o crescimento celular é comparável ou superior à das células de controlo, com relativamente baixa variabilidade nos resultados. Para determinar a concentração óptima de oleico, células de ácidos linoleico e linolénico, foram inicialmente tratadas com várias concentrações de cada ácido gordo em grandes incrementos e depois com pequeno...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages at JoVE.com

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Partimos para determinar as concentrações toleráveis ​​de três ácidos graxos (ácidos oléico, linoléico e linolênico) e toxina da cólera que não significativamente e adversamente afetar a sobrevivência da célula por solubilização dos ácidos graxos e da toxina e usá-los em ensaios de sobrevivência celular.

Determinação de ácidos graxos tolerável e Concentrações toxina da cólera Usando Humanos células epiteliais intestinais e BALB / c mouse macrófagos

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and  human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. ...

determination-tolerable-fatty-acids-cholera-toxin-concentrations

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.9K visualizações.  Kingsborough Community College. Partimos para determinar as concentrações toleráveis ​​de três ácidos graxos (ácidos oléico, linoléico e linolênico) e toxina da cólera que não significativamente e adversamente afetar a sobrevivência da célula por solubilização dos ácidos graxos e da toxina e usá-los em ensaios de sobrevivência celular.

Vídeo: Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&amp;#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

Aplicação de um rato ligado patch Peyer Assay alça intestinal para avaliar absorção pelas células bacterianas M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

Isolamento e caracterização de células dendríticas e macrófagos a partir do intestino do rato

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell culture assays are performed under aerobic conditions, these in vitro models may not accurately represent the in vivo environment in which the host-pathogen interactions take place. We have developed an in vitro model of infection that permits the coculture of bacteria and host cells under different medium and gas conditions. The Vertical Diffusion Chamber (VDC) model mimics the conditions in the human intestine where bacteria will be under conditions of very low oxygen whilst tissue will be supplied with oxygen from the blood stream. Placing polarized intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers grown in Snapwell inserts into a VDC creates separate apical and basolateral compartments. The basolateral compartment is filled with cell culture medium, sealed and perfused with oxygen whilst the apical compartment is filled with broth, kept open and incubated under microaerobic conditions. Both Caco-2 and T84 IECs can be maintained in the VDC under these conditions without any apparent detrimental effects on cell survival or monolayer integrity. Coculturing experiments performed with different C. jejuni wild-type strains and different IEC lines in the VDC model with microaerobic conditions in the apical compartment reproducibly result in an increase in the number of interacting (almost 10-fold) and intracellular (almost 100-fold) bacteria compared to aerobic culture conditions1. The environment created in the VDC model more closely mimics the environment encountered by C. jejuni in the human intestine and highlights the importance of performing in vitro infection assays under conditions that more closely mimic the in vivo reality. We propose that use of the VDC model will allow new interpretations of the interactions between bacterial pathogens and host cells.

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

Performing cell culture assays for investigating bacterial adhesion and invasion under aerobic conditions is usually unrepresentative of the in vivo environment. A Vertical Diffusion Chamber model allows study of interactions of the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni with intestinal epithelial cells under more in vivo-like conditions, resulting in enhanced bacterial invasion.

Entérico invasão bacteriana de células epiteliais intestinais<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; É dramaticamente aumentada usando um Vertical Modelo câmara de difusão

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

O isolamento de células dendríticas mielóides e células epiteliais de timo humano

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.

In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect murine macrophage cell lines with siRNAs using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System, stimulate the macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, and monitor the effects on inflammatory cytokine production.

Usando RNA-interferência para investigar a imunitário inatas de resposta em macrófagos

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Stress Granule Formation After Bacterial Challenge of Mammalian Cells

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of infected cells, including organelle ultrastructure, cytoskeletal network organization, as well as cellular processes such as Stress Granule (SG) formation. The characterization of how pathogens subvert host processes is an important and integral part of the field of pathogenesis. While variable phenotypes may be readily visible, the precise analysis of the qualitative and quantitative differences in the cellular structures induced by pathogen challenge is essential for defining statistically significant differences between experimental and control samples. SG formation is an evolutionarily conserved stress response that leads to antiviral responses and has long been investigated using viral infections1. SG formation also affects signaling cascades and may have other still unknown consequences2. The characterization of this stress response to pathogens other than viruses, such as bacterial pathogens, is currently an emerging area of research3. For now, quantitative and qualitative analysis of SG formation is not yet routinely used, even in the viral systems. Here we describe a simple method for inducing and characterizing SG formation in uninfected cells and in cells infected with a cytosolic bacterial pathogen, which affects the formation of SGs in response to various exogenous stresses. Analysis of SG formation and composition is achieved by using a number of different SG markers and the spot detector plug-in of ICY, an open source image analysis tool.

We describe a method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of stress granule formation in mammalian cells after the cells are challenged with bacteria and a number of different stresses. This protocol can be applied to investigate the cellular stress granule response in a wide range of host-bacterial interactions.

Análise de imunofluorescência da formação de grânulos de estresse após o desafio bacteriano de células de mamífero

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of ...

Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which might play a critical role in regulating their immune functions. Numerous studies have shown that various fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, may possess different impacts on cell growth and function. However, the approaches used for fatty acid preparation vary, which may lead to non-physiological results. Serum albumin, a natural carrier for fatty acids in mammalian peripheral blood, is recommended for forming a conjugate complex with the sodium salt of fatty acids to study fatty acid function in mammalian cells, thus minimizing the toxicity of fatty acid soap. Thus, a simple, relatively quick heating and sonicating method is developed and presented here for BSA-fatty acid conjugate formation. We describe a protocol using saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acids to induce severe cell death in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages. We further demonstrate that saturated fatty acid-induced cell death is positively associated with accumulated cellular ceramide levels. This method can be extended for studies of the impact of fatty acid on other mammalian cells.

We illustrate a straight-forward method to derive murine primary macrophages from bone marrow cells and a simple method to prepare BSA-fatty acid conjugates. Then we demonstrate that saturated fatty acids can induce macrophage cell death, and such cell death is positively associated with cellular accumulation of ceramide levels.

Ácidos graxos saturados induzir a morte celular de macrófagos associada a ceramida

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated ...

Mouse- and Human-derived Primary Gastric Epithelial Monolayer Culture for the Study of Regeneration

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and migration. One critical limitation of such assays, however, is their homogenous assortment of cellular types. Repair is a complex process which demands the interaction of several cell types. Therefore, to study a culture devoid of cellular subtypes, is a concern that must be overcome if we are to understand the repair process. The gastric organoid model may alleviate this issue whereby the heterogeneous collection of cell types closely reflects that of the gastric epithelium or other native tissues in vivo. Demonstrated here is a novel, in vitro scratch-wound assay derived from human or mouse 3-dimensional organoids which can then be transferred to a gastric epithelial monolayer as either intact organoids or as a single cell suspension of dissociated organoids. The goal of the protocol is to establish organoid-derived gastric epithelial monolayers that can be used in a novel scratch-wound assay system to study gastric regeneration.

Here we describe a protocol for establishing and culturing human- and mouse-derived 3-dimensional (3D) gastric organoids, and the method for the transfer of 3D organoids to a 2-dimensional monolayer. The use of the gastric epithelial monolayer as a novel scratch-wound assay for regeneration studies is also described.

Mouse e humanos derivada de cultura de monocamada epitelial gástrica primária para o estudo da regeneração

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and ...

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The overwhelming majority of patients with DIH are women. The underlying mechanisms of these sex differences in prevalence are unclear because of the paucity of animal models that mimic human disease. Even so, underlying mechanisms are widely believed to be associated with human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and sex hormones. In contrast, using a DIH mouse model, we have uncovered that IL-4 initiated&#160;CD4+ T cells directed against an epitope of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces influx of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells into the livers of female BALB/c mice. Using this model, we have also shown that IL-33-induced FoxP3+regulatory T cells confer protection against DIH in female and male mice. This DIH model is induced by immunizing mice with an epitope of CYP2E1 that has been covalently altered with a drug metabolite that has been associated with DIH. This epitope is recognized by patients with DIH. Our method induces robust and reproducible hepatitis and autoantibodies that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of DIH. While in vivo studies can cause undue pain and distress in mice when done improperly, the advantage of an in vivo model is the ability to evaluate the pathogenesis of disease in a large number of mice. Additionally, biological effects of the altered liver proteins can be studied using invasive procedures. The addition of in vitro studies to the experimental design allows rapid repetition and mechanistic analysis at a cellular level. Thus, we will demonstrate our model protocol and how it can be utilized to study in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DIH.

We describe an in vivo immunization, translational hepatitis model in BALB/c mice that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis including sex differences seen in this disease. We will describe how this model demonstrates reproducible analyses using in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques.

Indução de Hepatite Autoimune Induzida por Drogas em CAMUNDONGOS BALB/c para o Estudo de Seus Mecanismos Patogênicos

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and maintained in culture, provides an exciting opportunity to facilitate the modeling of the epithelial response to enteric infections. In vivo, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and may directly inhibit pathogens, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully elucidated. The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been shown to play a role in the maintenance and defense of the gut epithelial barrier, including inducing a release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines in response to infection.
We describe the differentiation of healthy control hiPSCs into iHOs via the addition of specific cytokine combinations to their culture medium before embedding them into a basement membrane matrix-based prointestinal culture system. Once embedded, the iHOs are grown in media supplemented with Noggin, R-spondin-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), CHIR99021, prostaglandin E2, and Y-27632 dihydrochloride monohydrate. Weekly passages by manual disruption of the iHO ultrastructure lead to the formation of budded iHOs, with some exhibiting a crypt/villus structure. All iHOs demonstrate a differentiated epithelium consisting of goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, and polarized enterocytes, which can be confirmed via immunostaining for specific markers of each cell subset, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). To model infection, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 are microinjected into the lumen of the iHOs and incubated for 90 min at 37 &#176;C, and a modified gentamicin protection assay is performed to identify the levels of intracellular bacterial invasion. Some iHOs are also pretreated with recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) prior to infection to establish whether this cytokine is protective against Salmonella infection.

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal organoids offer exciting opportunities to model enteric diseases in vitro. We demonstrate the differentiation of hiPSCs into intestinal organoids (iHOs), the stimulation of these iHOs with cytokines, and the microinjection of Salmonella Typhimurium into the iHO lumen, enabling the study of an epithelial invasion by this pathogen.

Usando organóides intestinais derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas por humanos para estudar e modificar a proteção de células epiteliais contra Salmonella e outros patógenos

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...