Nous remercions Paula Cobos et le Dr Evros Vassiliou à l&#39;aide de laboratoire et de fournir les macrophages de souris, respectivement. Nous remercions également notre laboratoire directeur Richard Criasia de conseils et d&#39;aide avec les matériaux. Enfin, les auteurs remercient Ramanpreet Kaur de l&#39;aide à la production vidéo.

1. Tissue Culture <ol><li> Utilisez Mus musculus macrophages (BALB / c) pour les déterminations de la toxine du choléra. Initialement culture tout de M. cellules musculus en suivant les instructions du fournisseur. </li><li> Propager BALB / c cellules de souris dans du milieu de Eagle modifié par Dulbecco avec L-glutamine complété avec 10% de sérum de veau fœtal et 1% 1640 de base antibiotique / antifongique ou RPMI complété avec 10% de sérum de veau foetal, 5% de L-glutamine et 1 % réactif antibiotique / antifongique. </li><li> Cultiver les cellules dans 75 cm 2 Corning flacons avec des bouchons ventilés à 37 ° C, 95% d&#39;air et 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Amener les cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines dans les 24 heures de la livraison que les instructions du fabricant pour la détermination des déterminations d&#39;acides gras. </li><li> Propager les cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines en 75 cm 2 Corning flacons avec des bouchons ventilés dans les médias HybriCare complété avec 10% de FBS et 30 ng / ml d&#39;EGF humain à 37 ° C. Ne pas utiliser des antibiotiquesRéactifs / antimycosiques selon les instructions du fabricant. </li><li> Fractionner les cellules (1:3) à la confluence d&#39;environ 70%. </li><li> Congeler et mettre en place toutes les cellules tout au long de l&#39;étude en utilisant des protocoles de congélation standard. </li><li> Note: Pour la détermination de la concentration plus grande échelle des acides gras, utilisez la croissance plus rapide, plus facile à entretenir, les macrophages de souris initialement. Pour la détermination de la concentration d&#39;acides gras à fine échelle, utiliser des cellules épithéliales humaines. Utilisez des macrophages de souris pour tous les traitements de la toxine cholérique (voir discussion). </li></ol> 2. Acides gras et des traitements de la toxine cholérique <ol><li> Transfert acides oléique, linoléique et linolénique de la compagnie fournis par des ampoules de verre dans des flacons en verre stérilisés. </li><li> Transférer chaque acide gras dans un tube Eppendorf stérile séparée et dissoudre d&#39;abord dans l&#39;éthanol à 100% à une dilution de 1:6, puis en milieu RPMI 1640 incomplètes pour une concentration finale de 10 pg / pl. </li><li> Vortex chaque solution et transfer à des flacons en verre pour le stockage dans le congélateur (-20 ° C). </li><li> Cellules de la plaque au niveau des cellules 2500 / puits dans 96 des plaques de culture de tissus ainsi. </li><li> Ajouter le média complètes appropriées pour porter le volume total du puits de 200 pi pour le traitement des cellules avec des acides gras dans la préparation pour les tests MTT. </li><li> Après une période de prolifération 24 heures, retirez le support et remplacez-le par du milieu frais. </li><li> Ajouter les concentrations appropriées de chaque acide gras à tester dans les puits (voir les résultats). Ajouter des milieux complets pour amener les volumes nombre total de puits de 200 pi. </li><li> Incuber les plaques traitées pendant 24 heures avant de commencer le test MTT. </li><li> Dissoudre la toxine du choléra dans du PBS à une concentration de 1 mg / ml et aliquote de la solution dans cryovials et stocker les flacons cryogéniques à 2-8 ° C. </li><li> Pour les traitements de cellules, diluer la toxine 1:100 dans du PBS stérile (pH 7,4) ou incomplet du DMEM pour une concentration de travail finale de 1 ng / ul. </li><li> Pour traiter les cellules avec la toxine du choléra danspréparation pour les tests MTT, les cellules de la plaque comme décrit ci-dessus. </li><li> Après une période de prolifération 24 h, ajouter les concentrations appropriées de la toxine cholérique (pour nos concentrations, voir les résultats) à tester dans les puits en suivant les procédures utilisés dans les applications d&#39;acides gras (ci-dessus). </li><li> Incuber les plaques traitées pendant 24 heures avant de commencer le test MTT. </li><li> En (c positif tout le papier) positive et négative de contrôle (négatif c), à la fois d&#39;acides gras et les traitements de la toxine du choléra, les cellules incuber avec du milieu complet et l&#39;éthanol à 70%, respectivement. </li><li> Pour tous les échantillons et les traitements utilisent un minimum de trois répétitions (n ​​= 3), avec plus de répétitions pour les contrôles positifs (n = 6 dans cette étude). </li></ol> 3. MTT <ol><li> Faire une solution de MTT à une concentration de 2,5 mg / ml. </li><li> Retirez la solution dans chaque puits de la plaque de 96 puits à tester et remplacez-le par 200 pi de solution média complète fraîche. </li><li> Annonced 10 pl de la solution MTT à chaque puits. </li><li> Incuber la plaque à 37 ° C pendant 3-4 heures. </li><li> Jeter la solution des médias et ajouter 100 ul de 0,04 M HCl dans l&#39;isopropanol à chaque puits. </li><li> Incuber la plaque à la température ambiante pendant cinq minutes. </li><li> Transvaser la solution à partir de chaque puits pour un nouveau tube de centrifugation. </li><li> Centrifuger à 20000 x g, à température ambiante, pendant 1 min, ou jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;un culot a été formé. </li><li> Transfert entre 20-40 pi de chaque échantillon à un lecteur de microplaques. </li><li> Lire l&#39;absorbance à 570 nm à l&#39;aide d&#39;un spectrophotomètre. </li></ol>

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Les auteurs de cette étude n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier à partir des résultats de cette étude. Le financement de cette étude a été fourni à FT par l&#39;Université de Kean, mais FT est actuellement employé à Kingsborough Community College.

Suggestion de concentration des acides gras et la toxine du choléra Bien que le mécanisme exact de la façon dont les acides gras améliorent l&#39;immunité muqueuse est inconnue, plusieurs études ont tenté d&#39;étudier leurs effets bénéfiques. Notre étude vise à fournir une méthodologie pour déterminer la concentration maximale d&#39;acides gras que les cellules peuvent tolérer ainsi que la concentration maximale de la toxine cholérique que les cellules peuvent tolérer sans une...

Les avantages pour la santé des acides gras comme l&#39;acide oléique, linoléique et linolénique ont été et continuent d&#39;être documentés. Par exemple, l&#39;acide oléique permet de faciliter la pénétration des médicaments lipophiles dans l&#39;1,2 corporel, réduit de maladie coronarienne de 24% lorsqu&#39;ils sont substitués pour les acides gras saturés 3, et est utilisé pour traiter les maladies métaboliques telles que l&#39;adrénoleucodystrophie 4 qui est un lié à l&#39;X trouble génétique du métabolisme des acides gras. . Même si un précurseur nécessaire pour l&#39;acide arachidonique chez les mammifères, l&#39;acide linoléique (contrairement à l&#39;acide oléique) n&#39;est pas synthétisée par l&#39;organisme et doit être obtenue par des sources extérieures telles que la consommation de graines de lin 5 études montrent plusieurs effets bénéfiques sur la santé de l&#39;acide linoléique telles que: propriétés anti-âge pour la peau; 6 propriétés anti-inflammatoires; 7 prolifération réduite des cellules carcinome colorectal et de la prostate; 8 et la capacité de lutter contre l&#39;obésité et la promotion o9 acide linolénique f de la santé cardiovasculaire. joue un rôle dans la réduction de l&#39;inflammation du parodonte, thromboxane 10 et la modulation et la biosynthèse de la prostacycline. 11 Arpita 12 a étudié l&#39;influence des acides gras biliaires et du cholestérol sur V. expression des facteurs de virulence et la motilité de l &#39;cholerae. Yamasaki 13 a indiqué que l&#39;extrait de méthanol à partir de piments rouges et d&#39;autres composés naturellement extraites, peut potentiellement diminuer la production de la toxine du choléra. Il est concevable d&#39;envisager l&#39;utilisation de produits alimentaires qui sont riches en acides gras ci-dessus (comme les graines de lin) dans la prévention et la lutte contre des maladies infectieuses telles que le choléra en offrant une immunité mucosale. Nous avons mené des enquêtes pour solubiliser les acides gras et de déterminer, en utilisant des tests de prolifération cellulaire, la concentration maximale d&#39;acides gras que les cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines peuvent tolérer sans effets néfastes sur la CEll viabilité. Nous avons supposé que les acides oléique, linoléique et linolénique ont un effet bénéfique sur la viabilité cellulaire à des concentrations plus faibles, mais que des concentrations plus élevées ils vont être toxiques pour les cellules. Nous avons également SOLUBILISE la toxine cholérique et déterminé la concentration maximale de la toxine cholérique qui BALB / C macrophages de souris peuvent tolérer sans une diminution significative de la viabilité cellulaire. Nous émettons l&#39;hypothèse d&#39;un effet toxique de la toxine cholérique sur la viabilité des cellules, même à très faible niveau. La méthode de solubiliser une toxine cholérique et l&#39;utiliser pour déterminer le montant maximum de la toxine que les cellules peuvent tolérer sans une diminution significative de la survie constitue un avantage pour les études futures. Par exemple, une combinaison des méthodes ci-dessus peut être utilisé pour déterminer si les acides gras fournissent des cellules de l&#39;immunité des muqueuses contre les infections de choléra. Au meilleur de notre connaissance, cette méthodologie rationnelle et n&#39;a pas été explorée. Nous discuss comment nos données préliminaires peuvent être utilisés dans de futures investigations afin de déterminer si les acides oléique, linoléique et linolénique fournir des cellules de l&#39;immunité muqueuse contre l&#39;infection par le choléra.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cells/Reagent</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mus musculus macrophages</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC RAW 264.7</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2002</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2115</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum </td>
			<td>Bio-west</td>
			<td>S0250</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Antibiotic/antimycotic </td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SV3007901</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Human intestinal epithelial cells </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATTC CCL-241</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>HybriCare media </td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>46-X</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Oleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O1008</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linoleic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-1376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Linolenic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8052</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BD Falcon 96-Well Cell Culture Plates</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences </td>
			<td>351172</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer with Dynex Revelations 4.22 software</td>
			<td>Dynex</td>
			<td>91000101</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

determination of tolerable fatty acids and cholera toxin concentrations using human intestinal epithelial cells and balb/c mouse macrophages

Le rôle positif des acides gras dans la prévention et la lutte contre les maladies non humains et humains ont été et continuent d&#39;être largement documentés. Ces rôles incluent influences sur les maladies infectieuses et non infectieuses, y compris la prévention de l&#39;inflammation, ainsi que l&#39;immunité des muqueuses aux maladies infectieuses. Le choléra est une maladie intestinale aiguë causée par la bactérie Vibrio cholerae. Il se produit dans les pays en développement et si elle n&#39;est pas traitée, peut entraîner la mort. Bien qu&#39;il existe des vaccins contre le choléra, ils ne sont pas toujours efficaces et d&#39;autres méthodes de prévention sont nécessaires. Nous avons cherché à déterminer les concentrations tolérables de trois acides gras (acides oléique, linoléique et linolénique) et la toxine du choléra en utilisant respectivement souris BALB / C macrophages et les cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines. Nous SOLUBILISE les acides gras ci-dessus et des essais de prolifération des cellules utilisées pour déterminer les gammes de concentration et les concentrations spécifiques des acides gras qui ne sontt préjudiciables à la viabilité des cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines. Nous SOLUBILISE toxine cholérique et utilisé dans un essai pour déterminer les gammes de concentration et les concentrations spécifiques de la toxine cholérique qui ne sont pas statistiquement diminue la viabilité des cellules dans des souris BALB / C macrophages. Nous avons trouvé les concentrations d&#39;acides gras optimale à entre 1-5 ng / ul, et que pour la toxine cholérique être &lt;30 ng par traitement. Ces données peuvent aider les futures études visant à trouver un rôle muqueuse protectrice pour les acides gras dans la prévention ou l&#39;atténuation des infections de choléra.

Détermination de la concentration optimale en acides gras La concentration optimale d&#39;acides gras est définie comme étant la concentration maximale à laquelle la croissance des cellules est comparable ou supérieure à celle des cellules de contrôle, avec relativement faible variabilité des résultats. Pour déterminer la concentration optimale d&#39;acide oléique, les cellules des acides linoléique et linolénique ont d&#39;abord été traités avec des concentrations variables de ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages at JoVE.com

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Nous avons cherché à déterminer les concentrations tolérables de trois acides gras (acides oléique, linoléique et linolénique) et la toxine du choléra qui n&#39;a pas incidence défavorable importante sur la survie des cellules de solubiliser les acides gras et les toxines et leur utilisation dans des essais de survie cellulaire.

Détermination des acides gras tolérables et concentrations de toxine du choléra en utilisant des cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines et BALB / c macrophages de souris

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and  human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. ...

determination-tolerable-fatty-acids-cholera-toxin-concentrations

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Immunology and Infection

9.9K vues.  Kingsborough Community College. Nous avons cherché à déterminer les concentrations tolérables de trois acides gras (acides oléique, linoléique et linolénique) et la toxine du choléra qui n'a pas incidence défavorable importante sur la survie des cellules de solubiliser les acides gras et les toxines et leur utilisation dans des essais de survie cellulaire.

Vidéo: Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes1, 2. To initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. This antigen transcytosis is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells3, 4. M cells are atypical epithelial cells that actively phagocytose macromolecules and microbes. Unlike dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, which target antigens to lysosomes for degradation, M cells mainly transcytose the internalized antigens. This vigorous macromolecular transcytosis through M cells delivers antigen to the underlying organized lymphoid follicles and is believed to be essential for initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake by M cells are largely unknown. We have previously reported that glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane 5. Here, we present a method for the application of a mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by M cells. This method is an improved version of the mouse intestinal loop assay previously described 6, 7. The improved points are as follows: 1. Isoflurane was used as an anesthetic agent. 2. Approximately 1 cm ligated intestinal loop including Peyer's patch was set up. 3. Bacteria taken up by M cells were fluorescently labeled by fluorescence labeling reagent or by overexpressing fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). 4. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer's patch were detected by whole-mount immunostainig with anti Gp2 antibody. 5. Fluorescent bacterial transcytosis by M cells were observed by confocal microscopic analysis. The mouse Peyer's patch intestinal loop assay could supply the answer what kind of commensal or pathogenic bacteria transcytosed by M cells, and may lead us to understand the molecular mechanism of how to stimulate mucosal immune system through M cells.

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&amp;#8217;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

M cells in a specialized follicle-associated epithelium covering Peyer&#x2019;s patches play an important role for the mucosal immunosurveillance in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Here we described the evaluation method for bacterial transcytosis by M cells in vivo. This method provides a method to understand M-cell function in the immune system.

Application d&#39;une souris ligaturés Assay Peyer Patch anse intestinale pour évaluer absorption par les cellules bactériennes M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

L&#39;isolement et la caractérisation des cellules dendritiques et les macrophages de l&#39;intestin de souris

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell culture assays are performed under aerobic conditions, these in vitro models may not accurately represent the in vivo environment in which the host-pathogen interactions take place. We have developed an in vitro model of infection that permits the coculture of bacteria and host cells under different medium and gas conditions. The Vertical Diffusion Chamber (VDC) model mimics the conditions in the human intestine where bacteria will be under conditions of very low oxygen whilst tissue will be supplied with oxygen from the blood stream. Placing polarized intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers grown in Snapwell inserts into a VDC creates separate apical and basolateral compartments. The basolateral compartment is filled with cell culture medium, sealed and perfused with oxygen whilst the apical compartment is filled with broth, kept open and incubated under microaerobic conditions. Both Caco-2 and T84 IECs can be maintained in the VDC under these conditions without any apparent detrimental effects on cell survival or monolayer integrity. Coculturing experiments performed with different C. jejuni wild-type strains and different IEC lines in the VDC model with microaerobic conditions in the apical compartment reproducibly result in an increase in the number of interacting (almost 10-fold) and intracellular (almost 100-fold) bacteria compared to aerobic culture conditions1. The environment created in the VDC model more closely mimics the environment encountered by C. jejuni in the human intestine and highlights the importance of performing in vitro infection assays under conditions that more closely mimic the in vivo reality. We propose that use of the VDC model will allow new interpretations of the interactions between bacterial pathogens and host cells.

Enteric Bacterial Invasion Of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Dramatically Enhanced Using a Vertical Diffusion Chamber Model

Performing cell culture assays for investigating bacterial adhesion and invasion under aerobic conditions is usually unrepresentative of the in vivo environment. A Vertical Diffusion Chamber model allows study of interactions of the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni with intestinal epithelial cells under more in vivo-like conditions, resulting in enhanced bacterial invasion.

Entérique invasion bactérienne des cellules épithéliales intestinales<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Est considérablement améliorée en utilisant une chambre diffusion verticale du modèle

The interactions of bacterial pathogens with host cells have been investigated extensively using in vitro cell culture methods. However as such cell ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

Isolement des cellules dendritiques myéloïdes et les cellules épithéliales du thymus humain

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.

In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect murine macrophage cell lines with siRNAs using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System, stimulate the macrophages with lipopolysaccharide, and monitor the effects on inflammatory cytokine production.

En utilisant l&#39;ARN interférence pour étudier la réponse immunitaire innée dans les macrophages de souris

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Stress Granule Formation After Bacterial Challenge of Mammalian Cells

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of infected cells, including organelle ultrastructure, cytoskeletal network organization, as well as cellular processes such as Stress Granule (SG) formation. The characterization of how pathogens subvert host processes is an important and integral part of the field of pathogenesis. While variable phenotypes may be readily visible, the precise analysis of the qualitative and quantitative differences in the cellular structures induced by pathogen challenge is essential for defining statistically significant differences between experimental and control samples. SG formation is an evolutionarily conserved stress response that leads to antiviral responses and has long been investigated using viral infections1. SG formation also affects signaling cascades and may have other still unknown consequences2. The characterization of this stress response to pathogens other than viruses, such as bacterial pathogens, is currently an emerging area of research3. For now, quantitative and qualitative analysis of SG formation is not yet routinely used, even in the viral systems. Here we describe a simple method for inducing and characterizing SG formation in uninfected cells and in cells infected with a cytosolic bacterial pathogen, which affects the formation of SGs in response to various exogenous stresses. Analysis of SG formation and composition is achieved by using a number of different SG markers and the spot detector plug-in of ICY, an open source image analysis tool.

We describe a method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of stress granule formation in mammalian cells after the cells are challenged with bacteria and a number of different stresses. This protocol can be applied to investigate the cellular stress granule response in a wide range of host-bacterial interactions.

Analyse d&#39;immunofluorescence de la formation de granules de stress après le dépistage bactérien des cellules de mammifères

Fluorescent imaging of cellular components is an effective tool to investigate host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens can affect many different features of ...

Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which might play a critical role in regulating their immune functions. Numerous studies have shown that various fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, may possess different impacts on cell growth and function. However, the approaches used for fatty acid preparation vary, which may lead to non-physiological results. Serum albumin, a natural carrier for fatty acids in mammalian peripheral blood, is recommended for forming a conjugate complex with the sodium salt of fatty acids to study fatty acid function in mammalian cells, thus minimizing the toxicity of fatty acid soap. Thus, a simple, relatively quick heating and sonicating method is developed and presented here for BSA-fatty acid conjugate formation. We describe a protocol using saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acids to induce severe cell death in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages. We further demonstrate that saturated fatty acid-induced cell death is positively associated with accumulated cellular ceramide levels. This method can be extended for studies of the impact of fatty acid on other mammalian cells.

We illustrate a straight-forward method to derive murine primary macrophages from bone marrow cells and a simple method to prepare BSA-fatty acid conjugates. Then we demonstrate that saturated fatty acids can induce macrophage cell death, and such cell death is positively associated with cellular accumulation of ceramide levels.

Acides gras saturés induit la mort des cellules macrophages associées aux céramides

Macrophages highly express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein and adipose fatty acid-binding protein. They actively uptake saturated and unsaturated ...

Mouse- and Human-derived Primary Gastric Epithelial Monolayer Culture for the Study of Regeneration

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and migration. One critical limitation of such assays, however, is their homogenous assortment of cellular types. Repair is a complex process which demands the interaction of several cell types. Therefore, to study a culture devoid of cellular subtypes, is a concern that must be overcome if we are to understand the repair process. The gastric organoid model may alleviate this issue whereby the heterogeneous collection of cell types closely reflects that of the gastric epithelium or other native tissues in vivo. Demonstrated here is a novel, in vitro scratch-wound assay derived from human or mouse 3-dimensional organoids which can then be transferred to a gastric epithelial monolayer as either intact organoids or as a single cell suspension of dissociated organoids. The goal of the protocol is to establish organoid-derived gastric epithelial monolayers that can be used in a novel scratch-wound assay system to study gastric regeneration.

Here we describe a protocol for establishing and culturing human- and mouse-derived 3-dimensional (3D) gastric organoids, and the method for the transfer of 3D organoids to a 2-dimensional monolayer. The use of the gastric epithelial monolayer as a novel scratch-wound assay for regeneration studies is also described.

Souris - et anthropique de Culture monocouche épithéliales gastriques primaire pour l’étude de la régénération

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and ...

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. The overwhelming majority of patients with DIH are women. The underlying mechanisms of these sex differences in prevalence are unclear because of the paucity of animal models that mimic human disease. Even so, underlying mechanisms are widely believed to be associated with human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and sex hormones. In contrast, using a DIH mouse model, we have uncovered that IL-4 initiated&#160;CD4+ T cells directed against an epitope of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces influx of neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells into the livers of female BALB/c mice. Using this model, we have also shown that IL-33-induced FoxP3+regulatory T cells confer protection against DIH in female and male mice. This DIH model is induced by immunizing mice with an epitope of CYP2E1 that has been covalently altered with a drug metabolite that has been associated with DIH. This epitope is recognized by patients with DIH. Our method induces robust and reproducible hepatitis and autoantibodies that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of DIH. While in vivo studies can cause undue pain and distress in mice when done improperly, the advantage of an in vivo model is the ability to evaluate the pathogenesis of disease in a large number of mice. Additionally, biological effects of the altered liver proteins can be studied using invasive procedures. The addition of in vitro studies to the experimental design allows rapid repetition and mechanistic analysis at a cellular level. Thus, we will demonstrate our model protocol and how it can be utilized to study in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DIH.

We describe an in vivo immunization, translational hepatitis model in BALB/c mice that can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis including sex differences seen in this disease. We will describe how this model demonstrates reproducible analyses using in vivo and in vitro experimental techniques.

Induction d’une hépatite auto-immune induite par des médicaments chez des souris BALB/c pour l’étude de ses mécanismes pathogènes

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIH) is the most common hepatic drug-induced hypersensitization process observed in approximately 9 to 12% of patients ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and maintained in culture, provides an exciting opportunity to facilitate the modeling of the epithelial response to enteric infections. In vivo, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and may directly inhibit pathogens, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully elucidated. The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been shown to play a role in the maintenance and defense of the gut epithelial barrier, including inducing a release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines in response to infection.
We describe the differentiation of healthy control hiPSCs into iHOs via the addition of specific cytokine combinations to their culture medium before embedding them into a basement membrane matrix-based prointestinal culture system. Once embedded, the iHOs are grown in media supplemented with Noggin, R-spondin-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), CHIR99021, prostaglandin E2, and Y-27632 dihydrochloride monohydrate. Weekly passages by manual disruption of the iHO ultrastructure lead to the formation of budded iHOs, with some exhibiting a crypt/villus structure. All iHOs demonstrate a differentiated epithelium consisting of goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, and polarized enterocytes, which can be confirmed via immunostaining for specific markers of each cell subset, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). To model infection, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 are microinjected into the lumen of the iHOs and incubated for 90 min at 37 &#176;C, and a modified gentamicin protection assay is performed to identify the levels of intracellular bacterial invasion. Some iHOs are also pretreated with recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) prior to infection to establish whether this cytokine is protective against Salmonella infection.

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal organoids offer exciting opportunities to model enteric diseases in vitro. We demonstrate the differentiation of hiPSCs into intestinal organoids (iHOs), the stimulation of these iHOs with cytokines, and the microinjection of Salmonella Typhimurium into the iHO lumen, enabling the study of an epithelial invasion by this pathogen.

Utilisation d’organoïdes intestinaux dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites par l’homme pour étudier et modifier la protection des cellules épithéliales contre la salmonelle et d’autres agents pathogènes

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...