Os autores gostariam de agradecer G. Shambat, C. Phillips, K. Aghaei para discussões inestimáveis, F. Afshinmanesh para SEM imagens, T. Marvdashti de apoio experimental, e MF Churbanov e GE Snopatin do Instituto de Química de alta pureza Substâncias e VG Plotnichenko e EM Dianov do Centro de Pesquisa de Fibra Óptica da Academia de Ciências da Rússia para fornecer o As 2 S 3 fibra. Agradecemos também o apoio do Escritório de Pesquisa Naval, NASA, o Instituto de Investigação Científica, Agilent, eo Technologies Escritório Conjunto da Força Aérea.

1. Afinando Fabricação de Instalação (Consulte Configuração montado na Figura 1) <ol><li> Fixar as fases lineares motorizados na placa de montagem (aproximadamente centrado), de modo que as fases estão em contacto e, se traduzirá em direcção e para longe uma da outra </li><li> Preparar e colocar os suportes de fibra <ol><li> Anexar dois postos ópticas para as placas de fase lineares motorizados (um de cada), utilizando os furos mais próximos uns dos outros. </li><li> Fixe os suportes de fibra óptica nua para os topos dos postes. Certifique-se de que o V-grooves para a fibra estão alinhados. (Nota: a altura das montagens de fibra óptica nua dá mais ou menos a altura do feixe do sistema Escolher o futuro pós e alturas pedestal em conformidade.). </li></ol></li><li> Preparar e colocar a entrada e saída de elementos de acoplamento <ol><li> Prenda as etapas de tradução lineares para as fases lineares motorizados (uma para entrada e outra para o lado da saída) com as placas adaptadoras. </li><li> Coloque a AR revestido ZnSe entrada acoplamento lens (montado em um suporte óptico com x e y tradução em um pedestal) na fase de tradução de entrada. Escolher uma distância focal, que dá acoplamento óptima a partir da fonte da bomba para o núcleo da fibra. Certifique-se o centro da lente está na mesma altura que o V-ranhuras das braçadeiras de fibras. </li><li> Coloque o ZnSe lente de acoplamento de saída não revestido (montado em um suporte óptico com x e y tradução em um pedestal) na fase de tradução de saída. Certifique-se o centro da lente está na mesma altura que o v-ranhura. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar e colocar o elemento de aquecimento (conforme mostrado na Figura 2) <ol><li> Máquina o bloco de alumínio com as dimensões desejadas (~ 6 milímetros x 25,4 mm x 17,5 mm), com furos para a fibra (com uma fenda para a inserção e remoção da fibra) e para a monitorização da temperatura da fibra, furos para os aquecedores de cartucho, e 8 / 32 bateu furos na parte superior e inferior para montagem e fixação das resistências. </li><li> Insira os aquecedores de cartucho de tele apropriados furos do bloco de alumínio e prenda-os com 8/32 parafusos. </li><li> Anexar um posto de cerâmica para o parafuso superior 8/32 set para o isolamento térmico. </li><li> Anexar uma pós óptico para o posto de cerâmica e usar um poste de fixação do ângulo direito com um posto óptico adicional para garantir um aquecedor para a fase linear XYZ. </li><li> Fixar a fase linear XYZ à placa de montagem de modo a que o orifício para o S 2 A 3 de fibra no aquecedor de alumínio pode ser centrada com o V-ranhuras das braçadeiras de fibras. </li><li> Traduzir o aquecedor de alumínio com a fase linear XYZ, de modo que o aquecedor não está mais perto dos grampos de fibras ópticas nus, permitindo que a fibra a ser assegurado sem obstrução. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Chalcogenide Preparação Fiber <ol><li> Embebe-se um comprimento desejado do encamisado A fibra 2 S 3 (devem ser mais longos do que 8,5 centímetros de comprimento o-encamisado fibra necessária para cada cone da fibra) em acetona durante cerca de 10 minutos ou até que ocasaco torna-se macio. (Utilize-se o solvente adequado para o revestimento se utilizando uma fibra diferente). </li><li> Suavemente remover o revestimento amolecido com um Kimwipe, a remoção de uma secção de não mais que 5 cm de cada vez. </li><li> Limpar a fibra nua com isopropanol numa kimwipe. </li><li> Utilizar a beavertail talhador para clivar uma extremidade do A fibra 2 S 3. Imagem da ponta da fibra descartado para inspecionar a qualidade decompor. </li><li> Medir e quebrar pelo menos um de 6,35 cm pedaço de fibra de comprimento. Este comprimento da fibra tem de ser aproximadamente 2 cm de comprimento do que o comprimento necessário para a fibra para apenas ficar fora das presilhas de fibra. </li><li> Utilizar a beavertail talhador para clivar a segunda extremidade da fibra. Imagem da ponta da fibra descartado para inspecionar a qualidade decompor. Evitar o contacto com a primeira extremidade clivada da fibra. </li><li> Coloque a fibra nos grampos de fibras de configuração afilada. Evitar tocar no centro da fibra (em que a fibra será aquecida). </li></ol> 3. Torneira fibra in siturando Procedimento <ol><li> Par a fonte bomba meados de IR para o modo fundamental da fibra com a lente de ZnSe revestido AR (f = 12,7 mm). Utilizar a lente ZnSe revestidos (f = 20 mm) para a imagem da faceta da fibra com o Pyrocam para assegurar a alimentação é principalmente no modo fundamental de saída. Certifique-se de que a bomba está a propagação do feixe ao longo do eixo da fibra. Se não é, o acoplamento vai mudar quando as fases motorizadas começam a mover-se. </li><li><ol><li> Coloque um triturador em frente à fonte de bomba. (Este passo é necessário para AC detectores acoplados). </li><li> Acoplar a saída da fibra através do monocromador e do detector utilizando os InSb CAF não revestidos duas lentes (f = 20 mm), antes e depois do monocromador. </li><li> Girar a grade do monocromador para permitir que o lado mais longo do espectro de comprimento de onda para passar através do monocromador até que o sinal transmitido é pouco acima do ruído de fundo (em ~ 3,9 mm). Em vez de filtroção com o monocromador (passos 3.2.2 e 3.2.3), um filtro óptico adequado pode ser usado para medir a potência de comprimentos de onda detectáveis ​​mais longo que o comprimento de onda mais longo que o conteúdo mensurável da bomba. </li></ol></li><li> Traduzir o aquecedor de alumínio, até a fibra desliza através da fenda e é centrado no furo da fibra do aquecedor de alumínio. </li><li> Coloque o nível sensor RTD com um dos aquecedores de cartucho. Pressionar suavemente o sensor RTD contra o aquecedor de alumínio de modo que ele fica em contacto com o bloco como mostrado na Figura 2. Se o RTD não está em contacto com o aquecedor de forma (ou não de uma forma reproduzível), a temperatura do bloco irá ser desconhecido e provocar a ruptura da fibra durante afilamento. Certifique-se de que o sinal para o monocromador não diminuiu. <ol><li> Uma pequena RTD pode ser colocado dentro do outro orifício do bloco de aquecimento para controlar a temperatura no buraco. (Opcional) </li></ol></li><li> Use o microscópio digital para imago fibra no bloco aquecedor para permitir a monitorização da fibra durante o processo de afunilamento. (Opcional) </li><li> Cubra com a configuração de uma caixa (com orifícios para a entrada e saída de feixes), para reduzir o fluxo de ar e permitem a temperatura afilando estábulo. </li><li> Com os aquecedores de IDT e cartucho conectado, ligue o controlador de temperatura. Ajustar a temperatura para aproximadamente 200 ° C, onde a fibra começa a amolecer (a temperatura exacta depende das dimensões do aquecedor, a temperatura ambiente, e o fluxo de ar em torno da fibra). </li><li> Quando a temperatura é estável em torno do ponto de ajuste, iniciar o programa Labview que traduz os estágios motorizados longe um do outro em ~ 10 mM / s em cada direção. </li><li> Monitoriza o sinal do detector de InSb, que é o sinal de medição espectral. Uma vez que o sinal do detector atinge o seu valor máximo (tome cuidado para não saturar o detector), pare os estágios motorizados e desligar os aquecedores de cartucho (controlador de temperatura). </li><li> Aguardar ~ 10 min para a fibra para solidificar (o sinal do detector irá diminuir um pouco durante este processo, o mais provável devido à dependência da temperatura do índice de refracção ou contracção térmica). </li><li> Traduzir o bloco aquecedor ao longo da fibra no sentido de uma braçadeira de fibra em que a fibra é cilíndrica. Em seguida, a traduzir o bloco aquecedor de distância a partir da fibra através da fenda no bloco de aquecimento para permitir que a fibra de passar. </li><li> Caracterizar a SCG através de medidas espectrais com o monocromador. Um filtro de InAs pode ser necessária para medir com precisão a parcela de longo comprimento de onda do espectro. </li><li> Remover a fibra, se desejado. </li></ol>

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A patente dos Estados Unidos provisório foi apresentado proteger a tecnologia divulgada neste artigo.

Demonstrámos a novel procedimento afilamento fibra e verificada a sua validade efectuando SCG em meados da década de IR. Para o melhor de nosso conhecimento, o método alternativo para essa aplicação se baseia na determinação do comprimento puxando fibra necessário para criar um diâmetro da fibra cônico que acrescenta bastante dispersão de guia de onda para otimizar SCG no cone de fibra através de cálculo, no entanto, uma vez que o comprimento puxando necessário para maximizar o alargamento espectral para u...

Depois de ter sido produzido pela primeira vez no intervalo de comprimento de onda visível 1,7 fontes SCG têm se deslocado para o meio-IR, em grande parte impulsionado por aplicações em espectroscopia. 3, 4 fibras chalcogenide, que incluem sulfetos, selenetos e teluretos, ter sido um material popular para meados da década de IR devido à sua baixa perda de propagação e alta não-linearidade, 18 a menos de 100 dB / km e 19 ~ 200 vezes maior que a de sílica para As 2 S 3, 20 respectivamente. No entanto, o comprimento de onda da maioria dos GVD nulo calcogenetos localiza-se em meados da década de IR, para além do centro do comprimento de onda da maioria das fontes disponíveis bombas ultra-rápida, tornando SCG desafio num material a granel ou a um único modo de fibra calcogeneto padrão. Dispersão de guia de onda pode ser utilizado para modificar o ponto de GVD zero para a SCG. 7 Métodos para a introdução da dispersão de guia de onda de fibra forte incluem afilada, 8, 21, usando fibras, 22-24 ou microestruturadasainda uma combinação dos dois. 10 Ao deslocar o comprimento de onda abaixo de zero GVD o comprimento de onda da bomba, a bomba vai experimentar dispersão anómala na fibra. No regime de dispersão anômala, formação soliton ocorre por meio de equilibrar o chirp linear causada por modulação de fase eu eo chirp linear causada por GVD. Para uma fonte de bomba femtosecond, alargamento espectral é normalmente dominado por cisão ou quebra de soliton pulso, que ocorre depois de uma compressão temporal do impulso inicial, como se propaga ao longo da fibra. 7 No caso da fibra de afunilamento, o cálculo do total de GVD, incluindo tanto material quanto dispersão da guia de onda pode fornecer uma aproximação do diâmetro do cone final necessário para produzir um espectro significativamente alargado. Devido a forte dependência da GCS em GVD e flutuações entre ensaios experimentais, incluindo alterações no comprimento da fibra antes da região afunilada e o acoplamento da bomba com a fibra, a aproximação de f calculado não é suficienteou alcançar um cone otimizado em um único julgamento. Monitoramento espectral permite essas variações na configuração experimental a serem observadas e contabilizadas em afinando in-situ. Além disso, a geração de um supercontínuo eficiente (SC) numa fibra curta afunilado reduz a quantidade de ruído a amplificação não linear preservar a coerência do SCG e as propriedades da fonte de bomba de comb frequência. 25-27 gestão adequada dispersão e, portanto, a necessidade de, em situ afilada, torna-se ainda mais crítica quando o comprimento da fibra é curto, tal como as escalas de tolerância SCG com comprimento. A configuração afilada in situ começa com a fonte da bomba, que é a subharmônica de um mode-locked de fibra dopada com Er, 9, acoplado ao núcleo da A 2 S 3 fibra que vai ser afunilada. A saída da fibra é então acoplado a um dispositivo que caracteriza o perfil espectral. Nas experiment, de um detector de InSb após um monocromador com ~ 20 nm de resolução é usado para monitorar uma porção do espectro de saída, onde não existe inicialmente um sinal muito baixo a partir da fonte da bomba (em ~ 3,9 mm) de modo a que a fibra pode ser monitorizada, enquanto afinando. Quando a fibra é afunilada e alarga o espectro, a medição do espectro de sinal aumenta medida que a dispersão é optimizado para a experiência individual. Através da monitorização do espectro, durante o processo de afunilamento, afilada pode ser parada no momento em que o alargamento espectral foi maximizada. Afilamento in situ permite a gestão optimizada de dispersão para a SCG eficiente num cone de fibra. Afinando com uma zona de calor estreito estática produz um cone de fibra curta de cintura, 28, que permite a SCG baixo nível de ruído. Juntos, estática in-situ afinando pode ativar coerente, de baixo ruído, oitava-medindo SCG em meados da década de IR.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Linear Stages</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>MFA-PPD</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>ESP301</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aluminum Block</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dimensions will vary depending on desired taper length.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RTD Sensor</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>1PT100GX1510</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cartridge Heaters</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSS-01115/120V</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSC32</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>CVI</td>
			<td>07TXS224</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>422-1S</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>XYZ Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>461</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Optical Breadboard</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MB12</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AL72512-E</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Input coupling focal length depends on pump source and fiber mode field diameter.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>NT62-961</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Box</td>
			<td>Any type will do.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Must be large enough to allow stage movement. Needs apertures for input and output coupling of light.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ceramic Optical Post</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Digital Microscope</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Table Clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CL5</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bare Fiber clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>HFF003</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 1. Tapering Setup Materials.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>As2S3 Optical Fiber</td>
			<td>Fiber Optics Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors, such as CorActive. </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Beavertail Cleaver</td>
			<td>Fiber Network Tools</td>
			<td>S-315</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Hand cleaving or polishing fiber tips can also produce high quality fiber tips.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>KimWipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetone, Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 2. Materials for Chalcogenide Fiber Preparation.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pyrocam</td>
			<td>Ophir Photonics</td>
			<td>Pyrocam III Series</td>
			<td>Any camera with sensitivity at pump wavelength will work.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Monochromator</td>
			<td>Photon Technology International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A 100 line/mm grating was used. Any spectral measurement device will work (e.g. longpass filter). </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CaF2 Lenses</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LB5922</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>InAs Filter</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Amplified InSb Detector</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>P4631-03</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DAQ</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>USB X Series</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for motorized stages</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for collecting detector data</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1" Gold mirrors</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chopper and controller</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td>SRS Model SR540</td>
			<td>Optional. Depends on detector being used.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 3. Materials for In-situ Tapering Procedure.</td>
	 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

in-situ tapering of chalcogenide fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

Supercontínuo geração (SCG) em uma fibra chalcogenide cônico é desejável para a ampliação do infravermelho médio (ou mid-IR, aproximadamente o comprimento de onda 2-20 mm) pentes de freqüência 1, 2 para aplicações como fingerprinting molecular, 3 de detecção de gases, 4 aceleração de partículas a laser orientado, 5 e de raios-x de produção por meio de geração de harmónicas de alta 6. Atingir SCG eficiente numa fibra óptica afunilada requer um controlo preciso da dispersão da velocidade de grupo (GVD) e as propriedades temporais dos impulsos ópticos no início do fibra de 7, o que depende fortemente da geometria do cone. 8 Devido a variações na configuração e afilar procedimento para a SCG experiências sucessivas, tais como comprimento das fibras, afilando temperatura ambiente, ou da potência acoplado à fibra, a monitorização in situ espectral de o SCG é necessário otimizar o espectro de saída para um único experimento. Fibra in situ afilada para a SCG consiste no acoplamento da fonte de bomba através da fibra a ser afunilada para um dispositivo de medição espectral. A fibra é então afunilada enquanto que o sinal de medição espectral é observada em tempo real. Quando o sinal atinge o seu pico, a redução gradual está parado. O processo de afunilamento in situ permite a geração de um, oitava-medindo, pente de frequência média-IR estável do sub harmónica de um pente de frequência infravermelho próximo disponível comercialmente. 9 Este método reduz os custos, devido à redução do tempo e materiais necessários para o fabrico de um cone com um comprimento óptimo da cintura de apenas 2 mm. A técnica de afilamento in situ pode ser estendido para optimizar fibra óptica microtexturizada (MOF) para a SCG 10 ou a sintonização de banda passante de MOF, 11 pares de fibras optimização afuniladas para acopladores de fibra fundida 12 e multiplexadores de divisão de comprimento de onda (WDMs), 13ou modificação de compensação de dispersão para compressão ou alongamento de pulsos ópticos. 14-16

Após a conclusão do processo de afunilamento in situ, o espectro ampliado para cobrir bomba 2,2-5 um (a ~ 40 dB abaixo do pico), como pode ser visto na Figura 3. A energia de pulso da bomba no As 2 S 3 da fibra foi de ~ 250 pJ com um comprimento de pulso inicial abaixo de 100 FSEC. A curta duração da cintura afilada, ~ 2,1 milímetros, permite a geração de uma banda larga, SC coerente. Isso preserva as propriedades da fonte de bomba de comb frequência. Mais informa?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation at JoVE.com

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

Descreve-se um método para<em&gt; In-situ</em&gt; Afinando de Como<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Fibras para alcançar geração supercontínuo infravermelho médio eficiente. Por afinando enquanto monitora o espectro do supercontínuo, a largura espectral pode ser maximizada por um cone de fibra.<em&gt; In-situ</em&gt; Fibra afilamento pode ser aplicado para optimizar o desempenho de outros dispositivos de fibra óptica.

In-situ Tapering de fibra chalcogenide para Geração supercontinuum infravermelho médio

Supercontinuum  generation (SCG) in a tapered chalcogenide fiber is desirable for broadening mid-infrared  (or mid-IR, roughly the 2-20 &mu;m wavelength ...

in-situ-tapering-chalcogenide-fiber-for-mid-infrared-supercontinuum

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

12.2K visualizações.  Stanford University. Descreve-se um método para In-situ Afinando de Como 2 S 3 Fibras para alcançar geração supercontínuo infravermelho médio eficiente. Por afinando enquanto monitora o espectro do supercontínuo, a largura espectral pode ser maximizada por um cone de fibra. In-situ Fibra afilamento pode ser aplicado para optimizar o desempenho de outros dispositivos de fibra óptica.

Vídeo: In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric vehicles.1,2 However, many challenges, such as energy density and battery lifetimes, need to be overcome before this particular battery technology can be widely implemented in such applications.3 This research is challenging, and we outline a method to address these challenges using in situ NPD to probe the crystal structure of electrodes undergoing electrochemical cycling (charge/discharge) in a battery. NPD data help determine the underlying structural mechanism responsible for a range of electrode properties, and this information can direct the development of better electrodes and batteries.
We briefly review six types of battery designs custom-made for NPD experiments and detail the method to construct the &#8216;roll-over&#8217; cell that we have successfully used on the high-intensity NPD instrument, WOMBAT, at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The design considerations and materials used for cell construction are discussed in conjunction with aspects of the actual in situ NPD experiment and initial directions are presented on how to analyze such complex in situ data.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

We describe the design and construction of an electrochemical cell for the examination of electrode materials using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD). We briefly comment on alternate in situ NPD cell designs and discuss methods for the analysis of the corresponding in situ NPD data produced using this cell.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction uso das baterias de íon-lítio sob medida

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Engenharia

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 &#176;C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

We demonstrate use of a fiber optic distributed sensor for mapping the temperature field of mixing air jets. The Rayleigh scattering-based sensor generates thousands of data points along a single fiber to provide exceptional spatial resolution that is unattainable with traditional sensors such as thermocouples.

Fibra Óptica sensores distribuídos para High-resolution Mapeamento Temperatura campo

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

Electrospray Deposição de espessura uniforme, Ge<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt; Sb<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt; E Como<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt; Films vidro chalcogenide

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

Fabricação de alta temperatura de nanoestruturado ria-Stabilized Zirconia-Scaffolds (ZEI) pela<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Carbono Templating xerogéis

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and forging. Adoption of this technique is proceeding despite disagreement concerning the underlying mechanism responsible for EAD. The experimental procedure described herein enables a more explicit study compared to previous EAD research by removing thermal effects, which are responsible for disagreement in interpreting previous EAD results. Furthermore, as the procedure described here enables EAD observation in situ and in real time in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is superior to existing post-mortem methods that observe EAD effects post-test. Test samples consist of a single crystal copper (SCC) foil having a free-standing tensile test section of nanoscale thickness, fabricated using a combination of laser and ion beam milling. The SCC is mounted to an etched silicon base that provides mechanical support and electrical isolation while serving as a heat sink. Using this geometry, even at high current density (~3,500 A/mm2), the test section experiences a negligible temperature increase (&#60;0.02 &#176;C), thus eliminating Joule heating effects. Monitoring material deformation and identifying the corresponding changes to microstructures, e.g. dislocations, are accomplished by acquiring and analyzing a series of TEM images. Our sample preparation and in situ experiment procedures are robust and versatile as they can be readily utilized to test materials with different microstructures, e.g., single and polycrystalline copper.

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Isolating electrical and thermal effects on electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is very difficult using macroscopic samples. Metallic sample micro- and nanostructures together with a custom test procedure have been developed to evaluate the impact of applied current on the formation without joule heating and evolution of dislocations on these samples.

Um novo método para<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Caracterização eletromecânica de amostras de nanoescala

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, a number of setbacks prevent their integration into commercial devices. The main limiting factor is due to nanoscale phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, ultimately leading to degradation of battery operation. These key problems are highly challenging to observe and characterize as these batteries contain multiple buried interfaces. One approach for direct observation of interfacial phenomena in thin film batteries is through the fabrication of electrochemically active nanobatteries by a focused ion beam (FIB). As such, a reliable technique to fabricate nanobatteries was developed and demonstrated in recent work. Herein, a detailed protocol with a step-by-step process is presented to enable the reproduction of this nanobattery fabrication process. In particular, this technique was applied to a thin film battery consisting of LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si, and has further been previously demonstrated by in situ cycling within a transmission electron microscope.

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

A protocol for the fabrication of electrochemically active LiPON-based solid-state lithium-ion nanobatteries using a focused ion beam is presented.

Fabricação de feixe de íon focalizado de estado sólido baseados em LiPON de lítio-íon Nanobatteries para In Situ testes

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they can delay or even prevent debonding failure. However, a major concern faced by designers is the premature failure of the anchors due to stress concentration. Poor installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes can result in stress concentration that provokes this premature failure. This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole. The method involves three parts: the drilling and cleaning of the holes, the smoothing of the hole edges with a customized drill bit, and the installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion. Anchor fans (the free length of the spikes) are then bonded to the external FRP reinforcement. For the end anchorage, and in the case of reinforcements with multiple plies, it is recommended that the anchor fan be inserted between two plies to assist the stress-transfer mechanism. 
The proposed procedure is complemented with a design approach for spike anchors, based on an extensive database. It is proposed that the design follow a number of steps, namely: selection of the anchor diameter and subsequent tensile strength of the connector (that is to say, the anchor before fanning out the free end), evaluation of the reduction in the tensile strength due to bending, provision of enough embedment to prevent slippage failure, and consideration of the number and spacing of anchors for a given reinforcement. In this sense, it should be noted that further research is needed in order to obtain a general expression for the contribution of spike anchors to overall bond strength of FRP reinforcements.

This manuscript presents a method for controlling the quality of installation for spike anchors designed to delay delamination of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers. The protocol includes the preparation of the drill hole and the insertion process. The most influential parameters on the efficiency of the anchors are discussed.

Método de instalação para aprimorar o controle de qualidade para a fibra reforçado polímero Spike âncoras

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

Agulha de ultra-som tridimensional dica de rastreamento com um receptor de ultra-som de fibra óptica

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory setups is presented. The experiments are easily repeatable compared to operational scale experiments (pool diameter &#8805;2 m), while still featuring quite realistic in situ burning conditions of crude oil on water. Experimental conditions include a flowing water sub-layer that cools the oil slick and an external heat flux (up to 50 kW/m2) that simulates the higher heat feedback to the fuel surface in operational scale crude oil pool fires. These conditions enable a controlled laboratory study of the burning efficiency of crude oil pool fires that are equivalent to operational scale experiments. The method also provides quantitative data on the requirements for igniting crude oils in terms of the critical heat flux, ignition delay time as a function of the incident heat flux, the surface temperature upon ignition, and the thermal inertia. This type of data can be used to determine the required strength and duration of an ignition source to ignite a certain type of fresh or weathered crude oil. The main limitation of the method is that the cooling effect of the flowing water sub-layer on the burning crude oil as a function of the external heat flux has not been fully quantified. Experimental results clearly showed that the flowing water sub-layer does improve how representative this setup is of in situ burning conditions, but to what extent this representation is accurate is currently uncertain. The method nevertheless features the most realistic in situ burning laboratory conditions currently available for simultaneously studying the flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil on water.

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Here, we present a protocol to simultaneously study the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil under conditions that simulate in situ burning operations on the sea.

Procedimento Experimental para Estudos Laboratoriais de Queima In Situ: Inflamabilidade e Eficiência de Queima do Petróleo Bruto

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

Projeto e fabricação de uma fibra óptica feito de água

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...