Name: cell death associated with abnormal mitosis observed by confocal imaging in live cancer cells
Uploaded: 2013-08-21T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Death Associated with Abnormal Mitosis Observed by Confocal Imaging in Live Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

Funding sources of this research: a joint fund of Tel Aviv University's technology transfer company, RAMOT and the Sheba-Medical Center (M. C-A. and S.I.), ICRF - Israeli Cancer research foundation (M. C-A.) and Israel science Foundation (S.I.).

1. Cell Culture Preparation
MDA-MB-231 cells were purchased from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) and stored in liquid nitrogen.
<ol>
	<li>Seed 106 MDA-MB-231 cells in 92 mm diameter Petri dish in 10 ml complete medium containing Dulbeco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), 10% horse serum, 1% L-glutamine, and 1% Penstrep-Amphotericine B. Allow cells to proliferate to about 80-100% confluence.</li>
	<li>Remove culture medium from dish and discard.</li>
	<li>Wash the cell ...

<ol>
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G., Aneja, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Let's+huddle+to+prevent+a+muddle:+centrosome+declustering+as+an+attractive+anticancer+strategy.">Let's huddle to prevent a muddle: centrosome declustering as an attractive anticancer strategy.</a> Cell Death Differ. 19, 1255-1267 (2012).</li><li>Kramer, A., Anderhub, S., Maier, B., Schatten, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+and+Consequences+of+centrosomes+clustering+in+cancer+cells.">Mechanisms and Consequences of centrosomes clustering in cancer cells.</a> The Centrosome: Cell and Molecular mechanisms of functions and disfunctions in disease. , 255-277 (2012).</li><li>Galimberti, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaphase+Catastrophe+Is+a+Target+for+Cancer+Therapy.">Anaphase Catastrophe Is a Target for Cancer Therapy.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 1218-1222 (2011).</li><li>Kanai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haploinsufficiency+of+poly(ADP-ribose)+polymerase-1-mediated+poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation+for+centrosome+duplication.">Haploinsufficiency of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation for centrosome duplication.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 359, 426-430 (2007).</li><li>Gartner, E. M., Burger, A. M., Lorusso, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(ADP-ribose)+polymerase+inhibitors:+a+novel+drug+class+with+a+promising+future.">Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: a novel drug class with a promising future.</a> Cancer J. 16, 83-90 (2010).</li><li>Wahlberg, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Family-wide+chemical+profiling+and+structural+analysis+of+PARP+and+tankyrase+inhibitors.">Family-wide chemical profiling and structural analysis of PARP and tankyrase inhibitors.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 30, 283-288 (2012).</li><li>Rouleau, M., Patel, A., Hendze, M. J., Kaufmann, S. H., Poirier, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PARP+inhibition:+PARP1+and+beyond.">PARP inhibition: PARP1 and beyond.</a> Nature Rev. Cancer. 10, 293-301 (2010).</li><li>Leber, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteins+Required+for+Centrosome+Clustering+in+Cancer+Cells.">Proteins Required for Centrosome Clustering in Cancer Cells.</a> Sci. Transl. Med. 2 (33), 33-38 (2010).</li><li>Kwon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+to+suppress+multipolar+division+in+cancer+cells+with+extra+centrosomes.">Mechanisms to suppress multipolar division in cancer cells with extra centrosomes.</a> Gene Dev. 22, 2189-2203 (2008).</li></ol>

Live confocal imaging provided a real-time documentation of the cytotoxic effect of PJ-34 in live multi-centrosomal cells during mitosis (Figure 3 and Supplementary information). This was the first live documentation attributing the cytotoxicity of PJ-34 in human cancer cells to extra centrosomes de-clustering and cell death, suggesting induction of Mitotic Catastrophe cell death by PJ-345-9. In contrast, bi-focal clustering of super-numerary centrosomes was observed in live untreated MDA-MB-2...

Phenanthrene derived PARP1 inhibitors, including PJ-34, were designed to protect quiescent cells from apoptotic cell death induced by the energy consuming PARP1 mediated DNA-repair under stress conditions (stroke or myocardial infarction)1. However, recently we discovered that PJ-34, at twice higher concentration than that inducing PARP1 inhibition, can exclusively cause cell death in human cancer cells2,3. The more rapid the proliferation of the cell was, the more efficient the eradication of the cells was. The cytotoxic activity of PJ-34 was attributed to extra-centrosomes de-clustering in mitosis2. Many human cancer cells harbor multicentrosomes4,5. Incubation of human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231, which harbor supernumerary centrosomes, with 20 &mu;M PJ-34 efficiently eradicated these cells within 72-96 hr without impairing quiescent cells or some benign proliferating cells harboring two centrosomes in mitosis2,3. Benign cells included human mammary epithelial cells MCF-10, Human endothelial cells (huvec) and primary mesenchymal cells prepared from human thymus. These cells were resistant to the cytotoxic activity of PJ-34. PJ-34 did not interfere with their cell cycle during 96 hr incubation or affect their centrosomes and bi-focal spindle formation2,3.
Bipolar centrosome assembly is crucial for bipolar spindle formation in mitosis4,5. Therefore, cells with more than two centrosomes have developed a scarcely understood molecular mechanism, clustering their extra centrosomes at two poles 4-9. Failure of bipolar assembly of their centrosomes may cause multipolar distorted spindles and aberrant chromosomes segregation that arrests the cell-cycle in G2/M arrest, and leads to cell death attributed to mitotic failure4,5. The molecular mechanisms underlying extra-centrosomes de-clustering are intensively investigated10. Understanding this death mechanism will enable exclusive eradication of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues 5,10.
Thus, compounds that activate mitotic catastrophe cell death offer a new mode of a selective cancer therapy, which may be efficient in a wide range of human solid cancers.Our results suggest that confocal imaging can be used to identify molecules affecting extra-centrosomes clustering in mitosis2,3, rendering these compounds cancer targeting drug candidates.
We have documented the cytotoxic activity of the phenanthridine PJ-34 by scanning fixed and live human cancer cells (with high occurrence of extra-centrosomes in mitosis) versus normal cells. A step-by step description of the imaging procedures used to identify the cytotoxic activity of PJ-34 in human cancer cells is included below.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>REAGENTS </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>41965</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>12657</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen-Strep-Ampho solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>03-033-1B</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Tripsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>25200</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>92 mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Nunc,Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>150350</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm poly-D-lysine coated glass bottom culture dishes</td>
			<td>MatTek Corporation, USA</td>
			<td>P35GC-0-14-C</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminescent ATP detection assay kit</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab113849</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NDS (Normal Donkey Serum)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>017-000-121</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti &alpha;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9026</td>
			<td>1:250 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti &gamma;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5192</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11017</td>
			<td>1:1,000 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 568 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-10042</td>
			<td>1:1,000 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (mounting)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JetPEI (liposomal transfection reagent )</td>
			<td>Polyplus</td>
			<td>101-10</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica (Mannheim, Germany)</td>
			<td>TCS SP5II</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell death associated with abnormal mitosis observed by confocal imaging in live cancer cells

Phenanthrene derivatives acting as potent PARP1 inhibitors prevented the bi-focal clustering of supernumerary centrosomes in multi-centrosomal human cancer cells in mitosis. The phenanthridine PJ-34 was the most potent molecule. Declustering of extra-centrosomes causes mitotic failure and cell death in multi-centrosomal cells. Most solid human cancers have high occurrence of extra-centrosomes. The activity of PJ-34 was documented in real-time by confocal imaging of live human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with vectors encoding for fluorescent &gamma;-tubulin, which is highly abundant in the centrosomes and for fluorescent histone H2b present in the chromosomes. Aberrant chromosomes arrangements and de-clustered &gamma;-tubulin foci representing declustered centrosomes were detected in the transfected MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with PJ-34. Un-clustered extra-centrosomes in the two spindle poles preceded their cell death. These results linked for the first time the recently detected exclusive cytotoxic activity of PJ-34 in human cancer cells with extra-centrosomes de-clustering in mitosis, and mitotic failure leading to cell death. According to previous findings observed by confocal imaging of fixed cells, PJ-34 exclusively eradicated cancer cells with multi-centrosomes without impairing normal cells undergoing mitosis with two centrosomes and bi-focal spindles. This cytotoxic activity of PJ-34 was not shared by other potent PARP1 inhibitors, and was observed in PARP1 deficient MEF harboring extracentrosomes, suggesting its independency of PARP1 inhibition. Live confocal imaging offered a useful tool for identifying new molecules eradicating cells during mitosis.

PJ-34 is a stable water soluble phenanthridine1 (Figure 1). Our previous results revealed cell death and de-clustered extra-centrosomes in several types of fixed multi-centrosomal cancer cells that were treated with PJ-34. In contrast, normal proliferating cells were not impaired2,3. Centrosomes were identified by double labeling with antibodies directed against centrine1 and &gamma;-tubulin in the fixed extra-centrosomal cells2.
Here, the cyto...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Death Associated with Abnormal Mitosis Observed by Confocal Imaging in Live Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

Cell Death Associated with Abnormal Mitosis Observed by Confocal Imaging in Live Cancer Cells

The cytotoxic activity of the phenanthridine PJ-34 in cancer cells undergoing mitosis was documented in real time by live confocal imaging. PJ-34 eradicated human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells harboring extra-centrosomes in mitosis. Unlike normal bi-focal mitosis, the extra-centrosomes were not clustered in the two spindle poles in the presence of PJ-34.

Phenanthrene derivatives acting as potent PARP1 inhibitors prevented the bi-focal clustering of supernumerary centrosomes in multi-centrosomal human ...

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