Este trabalho foi financiado pela Fundação de Israel Ciência (concessão n º 1118-1108 e concessão n º 1146/12) e do Fundo de Investigação Kroll Memorial Minna. ES agradece o apoio financeiro do Instituto de Nanotecnologia Russell Berrie.

1. Preparação de Oxidado poroso SiO2 <ol><li> Bolachas de Si (Etch único lado polido sobre o &lt;100&gt; rosto e fortemente dopado tipo p, 0,0008 Ω · cm) de uma solução 3:1 (v / v) de HF aquoso e de etanol absoluto durante 30 segundos a uma corrente constante densidade de 385 mA / cm 2. Por favor, note que a IC é um líquido altamente corrosivo e deve ser manuseado com cuidado extremo. </li><li> Lavar a superfície do Si (psi) película porosa resultante com etanol absoluto várias vezes; secar as películas sob uma atmosfera de azoto seco. </li><li> Oxidar as amostras recém-psi-gravados em um forno tubular a 800 ° C durante 1 h em ar ambiente (colocar a amostra no forno à temperatura ambiente, o calor do forno para 800 ° C, deixar no forno durante 1 hora, desligar o fornalha e retirar as amostras do forno apenas à temperatura ambiente). </li></ol> 2. Biofunctionalization de Psio 2 Andaimes <ol><li> Incubar uma PSi oxidada (PSiO 2) da amostra durante 1 hora em mercaptopropil (solução trimetoxi-3) 95% (MPTS) (108 mM em tolueno). </li><li> Lavar o psio 2 amostra tratada com silano com tolueno, metanol e acetona, seco sob uma atmosfera de azoto seco. </li><li> Incubar a amostra Psio 2 modificado com silano durante 30 min em 1 ml de solução de biotina 100 mM de PEO-iodoacetilo. </li><li> Lavar o psio 2 amostra tratada com a biotina, com 0,1 (PBS) M de fosfato salina tamponada várias vezes. </li><li> Incubar a amostra Psio 2 modificado com biotina durante 30 minutos em 1 ml de solução de 100 ug / ml de estreptavidina (SA). </li><li> Lavar o tratado-SA Psio 2 amostra com 0,1 M PBS solução várias vezes. </li><li> Incubar a SA-2 modificado Psio amostra resultante durante 30 min em 1 ml de 100 ug / ml E. biotinilado A solução de anticorpo monoclonal de E. coli (imunoglobulina G, IgG), ou com 100 ug / ml de IgG de coelho biotinilado (como um modelo para um anticorpo monoclonal). </li></ol> 3. Labeling fluorescentes e microscopia de fluorescência <ol><li> Incubar as superfícies de IgG modificadas com 15 ug / ml de fluoresceína (ITCF) marcado anti-IgG de coelho durante 40 min e com 15 ug / ml de fluoresceína (ITCF) marcado anti IgG de rato como controlo. </li><li> Lavar as amostras modificadas com 0,1 M PBS solução várias vezes. </li><li> Examine as amostras sob um microscópio de fluorescência. </li></ol> 4. Cultura de bactérias <ol><li> Cultive E. bactérias coli K12 em um tubo de 10 ml com 5 ml de Luria Bertani (LB) (composição do meio em 1 litro de água desionizada: 5 g de NaCl, 5 g de extracto de levedura e 10 g de triptona). Incubar as bactérias durante a noite com agitação a 37 ° C. </li><li> Monitorar a concentração de bactérias através da leitura da densidade óptica (DO) a um comprimento de onda de 600 nm. Após crescimento durante a noite em meio LB, ler a DO600 utilizando um espectrofotómetro para determinar a concentração bacteriana. O número de células é extremactly proporcional para as medições de OD 600 (1 OD 600 = 10 8 células / ml). </li></ol> 5. Bactérias Sensing <ol><li> Coloque o psio IgG-2 modificado e limpo Psio 2 (como o controlo) em amostras de uma célula de fluxo feito por encomenda de Plexiglas. Fixar a célula de fluxo para assegurar que a reflectividade da amostra é medido no mesmo ponto durante todas as medições. </li><li> Incubar as amostras com E. coli K12 suspensão (10 4 células / ml) durante 30 minutos à temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, remover a suspensão de bactérias através de lavagem da célula com 0.85% w / v de solução salina durante 30 minutos. </li><li> Monitorar as mudanças nos dados de refletividade em todo o experimento. Todas as medições ópticas devem ser realizados num meio aquoso circundante. Espectros devem ser coletados por meio de um espectrômetro de CCD e analisadas aplicando transformada de Fourier rápida (FFT), como descrito anteriormente 25,26. </li><li> Confirmar a presença da bactéria nasuperfície do biossensor, por observação das amostras sob um microscópio de luz vertical imediatamente após a experiência biosensing. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Os autores declaram não haver interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Um imunossensor óptica livre de etiqueta, com base em um Psio 2 nanoestrutura (um filme fino de Fabry-Perot) é fabricada, e a sua aplicabilidade potencial como um biosensor para a detecção de bactérias é confirmada. Modificações e solução de problemas Uma das principais preocupações na concepção de um imunossensor é a susceptibilidade de anticorpos a sofrer alterações de conformação indesejáveis ​​durante a deposição e modelaçã...

Precoce e preciso de identificação de bactérias patogênicas é extremamente importante para a segurança alimentar e água, monitoramento ambiental, e de ponto-de-cuidados diagnósticos 1. Como técnicas de microbiologia tradicionais são demorados, trabalhoso, e não têm a capacidade de detectar microorganismos em &quot;tempo real&quot; ou fora do ambiente de laboratório, biossensores estão evoluindo para enfrentar esses desafios 2-5. Nos últimos anos, o Si poroso (psi) tem emergido como uma plataforma promissora para o desenho de sensores e biossensores 6-20. Na última década, vários estudos sobre sensores e biossensores ópticos baseados em psi foram publicados 21,22. A camada nanoestruturado PSi normalmente é fabricado por ataque anódico eletroquímica de um único cristal de Si wafer. Os nanomateriais PSI resultantes exibem muitas características vantajosas, como grande superfície e volume livre, pore tamanhos que podem ser controlados e sintonizável optipropriedades cal 10,16. As propriedades ópticas da camada PSi, como fotoluminescência 8,11 e luz branca à base de reflectância interferometria 7,19, são fortemente influenciados pelas condições ambientais. Captura de hóspedes analitos moléculas / alvo dentro da camada porosa em resultados de uma mudança no índice de refracção médio do filme, observada como uma modulação em espectro de fotoluminescência, ou como um desvio de comprimento de onda no espectro de reflectividade 10. Embora a grande inovação em tecnologia de biosensor óptico PSi, só há poucos relatos sobre plataformas baseadas em PSI para bactérias detecção 6,8,20,23-29. Além disso, a maioria desses estudos de prova de conceito demonstraram &quot;indireta&quot; de detecção de bactérias. Assim, em geral, antes de lise das células é necessário para extrair os fragmentos de proteína / ADN-alvo, característicos para as bactérias estudadas 29. Nossa abordagem é captar diretamente a bactéria alvocélulas para o biossensor psi. Portanto, os anticorpos monoclonais, que são específicos para alvejar as bactérias, são imobilizadas sobre a superfície porosa. A ligação de células de bactérias, através de interacções anticorpo-antigénio, para a superfície do biossensor induzir alterações na amplitude (intensidade) do espectro de reflectividade 24-26. Neste trabalho, relatamos a construção de um biossensor à base de PSi óptica e demonstrar a sua aplicação como uma plataforma biosensing livre-label para a detecção de Escherichia coli (E. coli) bactérias K12 (usado como um modelo de microorganismos). The monitorados sinal óptica é a luz reflectida a partir da nanoestrutura PSi devido Fabry-Perot de interferência de película fina (Figura 1A). As alterações na amplitude de luz / intensidade são correlacionados para imobilização específica das células de bactérias alvo para a superfície do biossensor, permitindo a rápida detecção e quantificação das bactérias.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Si wafer</td>
			<td>Siltronix Corp.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Highly-B-doped, p-type, 0.0008 &#937;-cm resistivity, &#60;100&#62; oriented</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqueous HF (48%)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>101513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>818760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS buffer solution (pH 7.4)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>prepared by dissolving 50 mM Na2HPO4, 17 mM NaH2PO4, and 68 mM NaCl in Milli-Q water (18.2 M&#937;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline 0.85% w/v</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>prepared by dissolving 0.85 g NaCl in 100 ml Milli-Q water (18.2 M&#937;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich Chemicals</td>
			<td>175617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEO-iodoacetyl biotin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich Chemicals</td>
			<td>B2059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin (SA)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>016-000-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein (DTAF)-streptavidin</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>016-010-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>011-060-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescently tagged anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>111-095-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescently tagged anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>115-095-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated E. coli antibody</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>1007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli (K-12)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>was generously supplied by Prof. Sima Yaron, Technion</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optical detection of e. coli bacteria by mesoporous silicon biosensors

<html> Um biossensor óptico livre de rótulo com base em uma nanoestruturada Si poroso foi concebido para a captura rápida e detecção de bactérias de Escherichia coli K12, tal como um modelo de microorganismo. O biossensor se baseia em ligação directa das células das bactérias alvo na sua superfície, enquanto que nenhum pré-tratamento (por exemplo, através de lise celular), da amostra em estudo é necessário. Uma película fina mesoporoso Si é utilizada como o elemento de transdutor óptico do biossensor. Sob iluminação com luz branca, a camada porosa mostra bem resolvidas padrões de franjas de Fabry-Perot em seu espectro de reflectividade. Aplicando uma transformação rápida de Fourier (FFT) para reflectividade resultados dados em um único pico. As alterações na intensidade do pico da FFT são monitorados. Assim, as bactérias alvo capturar sobre a superfície do biossensor, através de interacções anticorpo-antigénio, induz alterações mensuráveis ​​na intensidade dos picos de FFT, que permitem uma observação &quot;tempo real&quot; de fixação das bactérias. nt &quot;&gt; O filme mesoporoso Si, fabricado por um processo de anodização electroquímica, é conjugado com anticorpos monoclonais, específicos para as bactérias alvo. A imobilização, imunoactividade e especificidade dos anticorpos são confirmadas por experiências de marcação fluorescentes. Assim que o biossensor é exposta ao bactérias alvo, as células são directamente capturado na superfície de Si poroso com a modificação de anticorpos. Estes eventos de captura específicas resultar em alterações de intensidade na película fina do espectro de interferência óptica do biossensor. Nós demonstramos que estes biossensores podem detectar concentrações relativamente baixas de bactérias (detecção limite de 10 4 células / mL) em menos de uma hora.

PSi oxidada (psio 2) filmes são preparados como descrito na secção de texto protocolo. Figura 1B mostra uma alta resolução de micrografia electrónica de varrimento da película resultante PSi após a oxidação térmica. A camada Psio 2 é caracterizada por poros cilíndricos bem definidos, com um diâmetro na gama de 30-80 nm. O anticorpo monoclonal (IgG) moléculas são enxertadas sobre as duas superfícies de psio, utilizando uma tec...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Detection of E. coli Bacteria by Mesoporous Silicon Biosensors at JoVE.com

Optical Detection of E. coli Bacteria by Mesoporous Silicon Biosensors

Um biossensor ótico sem rótulo para detecção de bactérias rápidas é introduzido. O biossensor é baseado num nanoestruturada de Si poroso, que se destina a captar directamente as células de bactérias alvo na sua superfície. Usamos os anticorpos monoclonais imobilizados, para o transdutor poroso, como as sondas de captura. Os nossos estudos demonstram a aplicabilidade destes biosensores para a detecção de concentrações baixas de bactérias dentro de minutos, sem processamento prévio da amostra (tal como a lise das células).

A detecção óptica de<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Bactérias por mesoporosos Silicon Biossensores

A label-free optical biosensor based on a nanostructured porous Si is designed for rapid capture and detection of Escherichia coli K12 bacteria, as a ...

optical-detection-of-e-coli-bacteria-by-mesoporous-silicon-biosensors

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Optical Detection of E. coli Bacteria by Mesoporous Silicon Biosensors

16.8K visualizações.  Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.  Um biossensor ótico sem rótulo para detecção de bactérias rápidas é introduzido. O biossensor é baseado num nanoestruturada de Si poroso, que se destina a captar directamente as células de bactérias alvo na sua superfície. Usamos os anticorpos monoclonais imobilizados, para o transdutor poroso, como as sondas de captura. Os nossos estudos demonstram a aplicabilidade destes biosensores para a detecção de concentrações baixas de bactérias dentro de minutos,...

Vídeo: Optical Detection of E. coli Bacteria by Mesoporous Silicon Biosensors

Fabrication of Electrochemical-DNA Biosensors for the Reagentless Detection of Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Small Molecules

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. Many patients would be better served by rapid, bedside tests. To this end our laboratory and others have developed a versatile, reagentless 
biosensor platform that supports the quantitative, reagentless, electrochemical detection of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins (including antibodies) and small 
molecules analytes directly in unprocessed clinical and environmental samples. In this video, we demonstrate the preparation and use of several biosensors in this 
"E-DNA" class. In particular, we fabricate and demonstrate sensors for the detection of a target DNA sequence in a polymerase chain reaction mixture, an HIV-specific antibody and the drug cocaine. The preparation procedure requires only three hours of hands-on effort followed by an overnight incubation, and their use requires only minutes.

"E-DNA" sensors, reagentless, electrochemical biosensors that perform well even when challenged directly in blood and other complex matrices, have been adapted to the detection of a wide range of nucleic acid, protein and small molecule analytes. Here we present a general procedure for the fabrication and use of such sensors.

Fabricação de Eletroquímica-DNA Biossensores para Detecção Reagentless de ácidos nucléicos, proteínas e pequenas moléculas

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. ...

Bioengenharia

A Cre-Lox P Recombination Approach for the Detection of Cell Fusion In Vivo

The ability of two or more cells of the same type to fuse has been utilized in metazoans throughout evolution to form many complex organs, including skeletal muscle, bone and placenta. Contemporary studies demonstrate fusion of cells of the same type confers enhanced function. For example, when the trophoblast cells of the placenta fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblast, the syncytiotrophoblast is better able to transport nutrients and hormones across the maternal-fetal barrier than unfused trophoblasts1-4. More recent studies demonstrate fusion of cells of different types can direct cell fate. The "reversion" or modification of cell fate by fusion was once thought to be limited to cell culture systems. But the advent of stem cell transplantation led to the discovery by us and others that stem cells can fuse with somatic cells in vivo and that fusion facilitates stem cell differentiation5-7. Thus, cell fusion is a regulated process capable of promoting cell survival and differentiation and thus could be of central importance for development, repair of tissues and even the pathogenesis of disease.
Limiting the study of cell fusion, is lack of appropriate technology to 1) accurately identify fusion products and to 2) track fusion products over time. Here we present a novel approach to address both limitations via induction of bioluminescence upon fusion (Figure 1); bioluminescence can be detected with high sensitivity in vivo8-15. We utilize a construct encoding the firefly luciferase (Photinus pyralis) gene placed adjacent to a stop codon flanked by LoxP sequences. When cells expressing this gene fuse with cells expressing the Cre recombinase protein, the LoxP sites are cleaved and the stop signal is excised allowing transcription of luciferase. Because the signal is inducible, the incidence of false-positive signals is very low. Unlike existing methods which utilize the Cre/LoxP system16, 17, we have incorporated a "living" detection signal and thereby afford for the first time the opportunity to track the kinetics of cell fusion in vivo.
To demonstrate the approach, mice ubiquitously expressing Cre recombinase served as recipients of stem cells transfected with a construct to express luciferase downstream of a floxed stop codon. Stem cells were transplanted via intramyocardial injection and after transplantation intravital image analysis was conducted to track the presence of fusion products in the heart and surrounding tissues over time. This approach could be adapted to analyze cell fusion in any tissue type at any stage of development, disease or adult tissue repair.

A Cre-Lox P Recombination Approach for the Detection of Cell Fusion In Vivo

A method to track cell fusion in living organisms over time is described. The approach utilizes Cre-LoxP recombination to induce luciferase expression upon cell fusion. The luminescent signal generated can be detected in living organisms using biophotonic imaging systems with a sensitivity of detection of &tilde;1,000 cells in peripheral tissues.

A Cre-Lox Abordagem Recombinação P para Detecção de fusão celular In Vivo</em

The ability of two or more cells of the same type to fuse has been utilized in metazoans throughout evolution to form many complex organs, including ...

Attaching Biological Probes to Silica Optical Biosensors Using Silane Coupling Agents

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique), make use of various surface modification techniques, that can, for example, prevent surface fouling, tune the hydrophobicity / hydrophilicity of the surface, adapt to a variety of electronic environments, and most frequently, induce specificity towards a target of interest.1-5 These techniques extend the functionality of otherwise highly sensitive biosensors to real-world applications in complex environments, such as blood, urine, and wastewater analysis.2,6-7 While commercial biosensing platforms, such as Biacore, have well-understood, standard techniques for performing such surface modifications, these techniques have not been translated in a standardized fashion to other label-free biosensing platforms, such as Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) optical resonators.8-9
WGM optical resonators represent a promising technology for performing label-free detection of a wide variety of species at ultra-low concentrations.6,10-12 The high sensitivity of these platforms is a result of their unique geometric optics: WGM optical resonators confine circulating light at specific, integral resonance frequencies.13 Like the SPR platforms, the optical field is not totally confined to the sensor device, but evanesces; this "evanescent tail" can then interact with species in the surrounding environment. This interaction causes the effective refractive index of the optical field to change, resulting in a slight, but detectable, shift in the resonance frequency of the device. Because the optical field circulates, it can interact many times with the environment, resulting in an inherent amplification of the signal, and very high sensitivities to minor changes in the environment.2,14-15
To perform targeted detection in complex environments, these platforms must be paired with a probe molecule (usually one half of a binding pair, e.g. antibodies / antigens) through surface modification.2 Although WGM optical resonators can be fabricated in several geometries from a variety of material systems, the silica microsphere is the most common. These microspheres are generally fabricated on the end of an optical fiber, which provides a "stem" by which the microspheres can be handled during functionalization and detection experiments. Silica surface chemistries may be applied to attach probe molecules to their surfaces; however, traditional techniques generated for planar substrates are often not adequate for these three-dimensional structures, as any changes to the surface of the microspheres (dust, contamination, surface defects, and uneven coatings) can have severe, negative consequences on their detection capabilities. Here, we demonstrate a facile approach for the surface functionalization of silica microsphere WGM optical resonators using silane coupling agents to bridge the inorganic surface and the biological environment, by attaching biotin to the silica surface.8,16 Although we use silica microsphere WGM resonators as the sensor system in this report, the protocols are general and can be used to functionalize the surface of any silica device with biotin.

Biosensors interface with complex, biological environments and perform targeted detection by combining highly sensitive sensors with highly specific probes attached to the sensor via surface modification. Here, we demonstrate the surface functionalization of silica optical sensors with biotin using silane coupling agents to bridge the sensor and the biological environment.

Colocar Sondas Biológicas para Biossensores ópticos de sílica usando agentes de acoplamento de silano

In order to interface with biological environments, biosensor platforms, such as the popular Biacore system (based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) ...

Analyzing Cellular Internalization of Nanoparticles and Bacteria by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Nanoparticulate systems have emerged as valuable tools in vaccine delivery through their ability to efficiently deliver cargo, including proteins, to antigen presenting cells1-5. Internalization of nanoparticles (NP) by antigen presenting cells is a critical step in generating an effective immune response to the encapsulated antigen. To determine how changes in nanoparticle formulation impact function, we sought to develop a high throughput, quantitative experimental protocol that was compatible with detecting internalized nanoparticles as well as bacteria. To date, two independent techniques, microscopy and flow cytometry, have been the methods used to study the phagocytosis of nanoparticles. The high throughput nature of flow cytometry generates robust statistical data. However, due to low resolution, it fails to accurately quantify internalized versus cell bound nanoparticles. Microscopy generates images with high spatial resolution; however, it is time consuming and involves small sample sizes6-8. Multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC) is a new technology that incorporates aspects of both microscopy and flow cytometry that performs multi-color spectral fluorescence and bright field imaging simultaneously through a laminar core. This capability provides an accurate analysis of fluorescent signal intensities and spatial relationships between different structures and cellular features at high speed.
	Herein, we describe a method utilizing MIFC to characterize the cell populations that have internalized polyanhydride nanoparticles or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We also describe the preparation of nanoparticle suspensions, cell labeling, acquisition on an ImageStreamX system and analysis of the data using the IDEAS application. We also demonstrate the application of a technique that can be used to differentiate the internalization pathways for nanoparticles and bacteria by using cytochalasin-D as an inhibitor of actin-mediated phagocytosis.

In this article, we describe a method utilizing multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry to quantify the internalization of polyanhydride nanoparticles or bacteria by RAW 264.7 cells.

Analisando internalização celular de nanopartículas e bactérias multi-espectral por Citometria de Fluxo Imagem

Nanoparticulate  systems have emerged as valuable tools in vaccine delivery through their  ability to efficiently deliver cargo, including proteins, to ...

Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria

A structurally transformed lytic bacteriophage having a broad host range of Staphylococcus aureus strains and a penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) antibody conjugated latex beads have been utilized to create a biosensor designed for discrimination of methicillin resistant (MRSA) and sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus species 1,2. The lytic phages have been converted into phage spheroids by contact with water-chloroform interface. Phage spheroid monolayers have been moved onto a biosensor surface by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique 3. The created biosensors have been examined by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation tracking (QCM-D) to evaluate bacteria-phage interactions. Bacteria-spheroid interactions led to reduced resonance frequency and a rise in dissipation energy for both MRSA and MSSA strains. After the bacterial binding, these sensors have been further exposed to the penicillin-binding protein antibody latex beads. Sensors analyzed with MRSA responded to PBP 2a antibody beads; although sensors inspected with MSSA gave no response. This experimental distinction determines an unambiguous discrimination between methicillin resistant and sensitive S. aureus strains. Equally bound and unbound bacteriophages suppress bacterial growth on surfaces and in water suspensions. Once lytic phages are changed into spheroids, they retain their strong lytic activity and show high bacterial capture capability. The phage and phage spheroids can be utilized for testing and sterilization of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. Other applications may include use in bacteriophage therapy and antimicrobial surfaces.

Lytic phage biosensors and antibody beads are able to discriminate between methicillin resistant (MRSA) and sensitive staphylococcus bacteria. The phages were immobilized by a Langmuir-Blodgett method onto a surface of a quartz crystal microbalance sensor and worked as broad range staphylococcus probes. Antibody beads recognize MRSA.

Biossensor para detecção de bactérias Staphylococcus resistente a antibióticos

A structurally transformed lytic bacteriophage having a broad host range of Staphylococcus aureus strains and a penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) ...

Use of Label-free Optical Biosensors to Detect Modulation of Potassium Channels by G-protein Coupled Receptors

Ion channels control the electrical properties of neurons and other excitable cell types by selectively allowing ions to flow through the plasma membrane1. To regulate neuronal excitability, the biophysical properties of ion channels are modified by signaling proteins and molecules, which often bind to the channels themselves to form a heteromeric channel complex2,3. Traditional assays examining the interaction between channels and regulatory proteins require exogenous labels that can potentially alter the protein&#39;s behavior and decrease the physiological relevance of the target, while providing little information on the time course of interactions in living cells. Optical biosensors, such as the X-BODY Biosciences BIND Scanner system, use a novel label-free technology, resonance wavelength grating (RWG) optical biosensors, to detect changes in resonant reflected light near the biosensor. This assay allows the detection of the relative change in mass within the bottom portion of living cells adherent to the biosensor surface resulting from ligand induced changes in cell adhesion and spreading, toxicity, proliferation, and changes in protein-protein interactions near the plasma membrane. RWG optical biosensors have been used to detect changes in mass near the plasma membrane of cells following activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases, and other cell surface receptors. Ligand-induced changes in ion channel-protein interactions can also be studied using this assay. In this paper, we will describe the experimental procedure used to detect the modulation of Slack-B sodium-activated potassium (KNa) channels by GPCRs.

Optical biosensor techniques can detect changes in mass near the plasma membrane in living cells and allow one to follow cellular responses in both individual cells and populations of cells. This protocol will describe detection of the modulation of potassium channels by G-protein coupled receptors in intact cells using this approach.

O uso de biossensores ópticos sem etiqueta para detectar modulação dos canais de potássio por G receptores acoplados à proteína

Ion channels control the electrical properties of neurons and other excitable cell types by selectively allowing ions to flow through the plasma ...

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

A large portion of the human genome is transcribed but not translated. In this post genomic era, regulatory functions of RNA have been shown to be increasingly important. As RNA function often depends on its ability to adopt alternative structures, it is difficult to predict RNA three-dimensional structures directly from sequence. Single-molecule approaches show potentials to solve the problem of RNA structural polymorphism by monitoring molecular structures one molecule at a time. This work presents a method to precisely manipulate the folding and structure of single RNA molecules using optical tweezers. First, methods to synthesize molecules suitable for single-molecule mechanical work are described. Next, various calibration procedures to ensure the proper operations of the optical tweezers are discussed. Next, various experiments are explained. To demonstrate the utility of the technique, results of mechanically unfolding RNA hairpins and a single RNA kissing complex are used as evidence. In these examples, the nanomanipulation technique was used to study folding of each structural domain, including secondary and tertiary, independently. Lastly, the limitations and future applications of the method are discussed.

Optical tweezers have been used to study RNA folding by stretching individual molecules from their 5&#8217; and 3&#8217; ends. Here common procedures are described to synthesize RNA molecules for tweezing, calibration of the instrument, and methods to manipulate single molecules.

NANOmanipulação de Solteiro RNA Moléculas por pinça óptica

A large portion of the human genome is transcribed but not translated. In this post genomic era, regulatory functions of RNA have been shown to be ...

Label-free Single Molecule Detection Using Microtoroid Optical Resonators

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental studies on the behavior of molecules. Single molecule detection techniques commonly utilize labels such as fluorescent tags or quantum dots, however, labels are not always available, increase cost and complexity, and can perturb the events being studied. Optical resonators have emerged as a promising means to detect single molecules without the use of labels. Currently the smallest particle detected by a non-plasmonically-enhanced bare optical resonator system in solution is a 25 nm polystyrene sphere1. We have developed a technique known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that can surpass this limit and achieve label-free single molecule detection in aqueous solution2. As signal strength scales with particle volume, our work represents a &#62; 100x improvement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) over the current state of the art. Here the procedures behind FLOWER are presented in an effort to increase its usage in the field.

We have developed a label-free biosensing system based on optical resonator technology known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that is capable of detecting single molecules in solution. Here the procedures behind this work are described and presented.

Único Detecção de Moléculas livre-Label Usando Microtoroid ópticos Resonators

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental ...

Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as multiplex assays, enzyme evolution, and molecular biology enhanced cell sorting require the detection of two or more colors of fluorescence. Standard multicolor detection systems that couple free space lasers to epifluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, and difficult to maintain. In this paper, we describe a scheme to perform multicolor detection by exciting discrete regions of a microfluidic channel with lasers coupled to optical fibers. Emitted light is collected by an optical fiber coupled to a single photodetector. Because the excitation occurs at different spatial locations, the identity of emitted light can be encoded as a temporal shift, eliminating the need for more complicated light filtering schemes. The system has been used to detect droplet populations containing four unique combinations of dyes and to detect sub-nanomolar concentrations of fluorescein.

Multicolor fluorescence detection in droplet microfluidics typically involves bulky and complex epifluorescence microscope-based detection systems. Here we describe a compact and modular multicolor detection scheme that utilizes an array of optical fibers to temporally encode multicolor data collected by a single photodetector.

Multicolor detecção de fluorescência para Gota microfluídica Utilizando Fibras Ópticas

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as ...

Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System

A new generation of cell-free transcription-translation (TXTL) systems, engineered to have a greater versatility and modularity, provide novel capabilities to perform basic and applied sciences in test tube reactions. Over the past decade, cell-free TXTL has become a powerful technique for a broad range of novel multidisciplinary research areas related to quantitative and synthetic biology. The new TXTL platforms are particularly useful to construct and interrogate biochemical systems through the execution of synthetic or natural gene circuits. In vitro TXTL has proven convenient to rapidly prototype regulatory elements and biological networks as well as to recapitulate molecular self-assembly mechanisms found in living systems. In this article, we describe how infectious bacteriophages, such as MS2 (RNA), &#934;&#935;174 (ssDNA), and T7 (dsDNA), are entirely synthesized from their genome in one-pot reactions using an all Escherichia coli, cell-free TXTL system. Synthesis of the three coliphages is quantified using the plaque assay. We show how the yield of synthesized phage depends on the biochemical settings of the reactions. Molecular crowding, emulated through a controlled concentration of PEG 8000, affects the amount of synthesized phages by orders of magnitudes. We also describe how to amplify the phages and how to purify their genomes. The set of protocols and results presented in this work should be of interest to multidisciplinary researchers involved in cell-free synthetic biology and bioengineering.

Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System

A new generation of cell-free transcription-translation platforms has been engineered to construct biochemical systems in vitro through the execution of gene circuits. In this article, we describe how bacteriophages, such as MS2, &#934;&#935;174, and T7, are synthesized from their genome using an all E. coli cell-free TXTL system.