Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo NINDS concessão # NS054148.

Todos os procedimentos envolvendo animais foram aprovados pelo Animal Care and Use Committee Universidade do Estado de Michigan Institucional (IACUC). 1. Setup Experimental <ol><li> Use uma caixa de condicionamento operante, que consiste de uma parede nosepoke cinco buracos de um lado e uma calha de distribuição de alimentos sobre o lado oposto. <ol><li> O furo nosepoke centro é considerado como uma &quot;fixação&quot; buraco e os outros quatro orifícios (dois em cada lado do furo de fixação) são considerados orifícios alvo do motor. Cada orifício está equipado com um diodo emissor de luz tri-color e um sistema de feixe emissor-detector de infravermelhos que detecta quando o animal entra e retrai-se a partir do furo de fixação. </li><li> Use um gerador de tom programável para gerar tons únicos de freqüência com precisão de milissegundos e conectá-lo a um alto-falante montado dentro da caixa operante. Controle o gerador de tom e nosepokes através do sistema de rastreamento comportamental usando o software apropriado. Use um hardware e softwsão sistema que fornece monitoramento calendário milissegundo de eventos comportamentais e controle de estímulos e respostas. Nota: A amplitude de ambos tom e sinais de ruído deve ser mantido em torno de 60 ± 3 dB SPL. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Habituação Precoce <ol><li> Restringir a ingestão de alimentos do sujeito gradualmente a ~ 5 g por 100 g de peso normal do sujeito (por exemplo, ao longo de 3 dias). O motivo deve manter 85-90% do seu peso ad libitum. </li><li> Habituar o sujeito a manipulação pelo experimentador e conhecimento do sujeito com o aparelho a partir do primeiro dia do início do protocolo de privação de alimentos. Comece a lidar com o animal e colocá-lo na caixa de condicionamento operante, proporcionando pelotas do alimento no cocho pellet para encorajar o sujeito a explorar a gaiola e se familiarizar com o local de entrega da recompensa. </li></ol> 3. Formação Assunto <ol><li> Notas gerais<ol><li> A tarefa sugerida aqui precisa de uma coordenação precisa entre a percepção de um sinal sonoro, minimizando os movimentos durante o período de atraso e execução do movimento. </li><li> Aos poucos, treinar o passo a passo-sujeito a prepará-los para o comportamento final desejado. </li><li> Certifique-se de que no final de cada etapa, o sujeito mantém&gt; 75% do desempenho comportamental para, pelo menos, três sessões consecutivas antes de progredir para a fase seguinte. </li><li> Uma vez que a fase final é alcançado, manter o sujeito com o protocolo para uma semana, para garantir o desempenho é mantida no nível desejável. </li></ol></li><li> Início: Familiarizar o assunto com os buracos nosepoke, porta de entrega de alimentos ea associação entre os buracos piscando e recompensa. <ol><li> Escolha um dos quatro alvos em uma programação aleatória. </li><li> Jogue a sugestão Go (um ruído auditivo branco) e manter o LED dentro do buraco piscando (duração do pulso de 0,3 segundos). </li><li> Defina as software para recompensar o assunto sobre as visitas ao buraco. </li><li> Time-out do julgamento após 30 segundos se o buraco não é visitado e começar um novo julgamento. </li><li> Não recompense as visitas aos buracos incorretas. </li></ol></li><li> Seleção Alvo: Punir visitas errôneas aos buracos não selecionados. <ol><li> Após visitas aos buracos incorretas, rescindir o julgamento seguido por 5 seg de black-out. Nota: Durante uma época de black-out, o LED buraco fixação é desligada na gaiola. Isso significa que o sujeito não pode iniciar um ensaio e precisa esperar até que o orifício de fixação LED começa a piscar. </li><li> Selecione um novo buraco e começar um novo julgamento. </li></ol></li><li> Nosepoke: Treine o assunto para cutucar dentro do buraco de fixação para iniciar um julgamento. <ol><li> Piscar um LED amarelo dentro do buraco de fixação. </li><li> Ao visitar o buraco fixação jogar imediatamente a sugestão Go e começar um novo julgamento. </li><li> Penalizar visitas incorretas por 5 seg, De black-out. </li></ol></li><li> Atraso: Ensine o assunto para manter o nariz dentro do buraco de fixação por um determinado período de tempo (período de atraso), que aumenta gradualmente à medida que o treinamento progride. <ol><li> Aguarde até que o assunto para visitar o buraco de fixação. </li><li> Terminar o julgamento se o sujeito se retrai dentro de 500 ms. Caso contrário, jogar a deixa ir. </li><li> Penalizar retrações prematuras por um período de black-out para 7 seg. </li><li> Recompense as visitas corretos, oferecendo uma bolinha de comida. </li></ol></li><li> Duas pistas (com luz): Aumento e aleatória a duração do período de atraso e introduzir a sugestão instrução auditivo. <ol><li> Aumentar a duração do período de atraso para uma média de 1,5 seg. </li><li> Escolha um atraso de duração do período aleatório em cada ensaio baseado em uma densidade uniforme entre 1,3-1,8 segundos. </li><li> Apresente a sugestão instrução como um tom auditivo única freqüência pulsava em trios, com uma duração de pulso de 150 milisegundos eintervalo interpulso de 100 mseg. <ol><li> Jogue a sugestão instrução imediatamente após o sujeito entra no buraco de fixação. </li><li> Atribuir duas pistas de instrução para cada um dos alvos. </li><li> Utilize apenas uma sugestão associado para cada alvo nesta fase. </li></ol></li><li> Deixe o sujeito usar os dois sinais auditivos e visuais para selecionar o buraco alvo. </li></ol></li><li> Duas pistas (sem luz): treinar o assunto para usar apenas sinais auditivos. <ol><li> Desligue os LEDs piscando no interior dos furos de destino para que o assunto só iria usar pistas de instrução auditivos. </li></ol></li><li> Quatro pistas: Apresente as duas outras pistas para a seqüência de sinais de instrução apresentados de forma aleatória e repetir seções 3.5.3-3.6.1. </li></ol> 4. Comportamental Análise de Dados <ol><li> Taxa de Sucesso: Definir a taxa de sucesso, como a porcentagem de visitas corretas para as metas, dividido pelo número total de tentativas. <ol><li&gt; Medir a taxa de sucesso em cada fase do treinamento. </li></ol></li><li> Tipos de erro: <ol><li> Retração prematura: medir a porcentagem de tentativas excedido devido ao início da retração do orifício de fixação. </li><li> Erro Comission: Calcule a porcentagem de tentativas fracassadas quando o assunto visita um alvo sem instrução </li><li> Erro Omissão: Calcule a porcentagem de erros quando o assunto não visitar qualquer um dos alvos após o início julgamento. </li></ol></li><li> Variáveis ​​medidas: <ol><li> Tempo de reação (TR): Para cada ensaio, medir o atraso entre o início da pista Go ea retracção assunto a partir do furo de fixação. </li><li> Tempo para Target (TT): Meça a duração entre a retração assunto a partir do furo de fixação e entrar no buraco alvo. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Goldstein, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research, and everyday experience. , (2008).</li><li>Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., Jessell, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4th+edition.">4th edition.</a> Principles of neural science. , (2000).</li><li>Cisek, P., Kalaska, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+for+interacting+with+a+world+full+of+action+choices.">Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices.</a> Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 33, 269-298 (2010).</li><li>Kalat, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biological psychology. , (2012).</li><li>Banich, M. T., Compton, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cognitive neuroscience. , (2010).</li><li>Carew, T. J., Pinsker, H. M., Kandel, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+habituation+of+a+defensive+withdrawal+reflex+in+aplysia.">Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal reflex in aplysia.</a> Science. 175, 451-454 (1972).</li><li>Hodgkin, A. L., Huxley, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quantitative+description+of+membrane+current+and+its+application+to+conduction+and+excitation+in+nerve.">A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve.</a> J. Physiol. 117, 500 (1952).</li><li>Romo, R., Salinas, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flutter+discrimination:+neural+codes,+perception,+memory+and+decision+making.">Flutter discrimination: neural codes, perception, memory and decision making.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 203-218 (2003).</li><li>Romo, R., de Lafuente, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+sensory+signals+into+perceptual+decisions.">Conversion of sensory signals into perceptual decisions.</a> Prog. Neurobiol. 10, (2012).</li><li>Shadlen, M. N., Britten, K. H., Newsome, W. T., Movshon, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+computational+analysis+of+the+relationship+between+neuronal+and+behavioral+responses+to+visual+motion.">A computational analysis of the relationship between neuronal and behavioral responses to visual motion.</a> J. Neurosci. 16, 1486-1510 (1996).</li><li>Beck, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probabilistic+Population+Codes+for+Bayesian+Decision+Making.">Probabilistic Population Codes for Bayesian Decision Making.</a> Neuron. 60, 1142-1152 (2008).</li><li>Goldman-Rakic, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circuitry+of+primate+prefrontal+cortex+and+regulation+of+behavior+by+representational+memory.">Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory.</a> Compr. Physiol. , (1987).</li><li>Miller, E. K., Erickson, C. A., Desimone, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+of+visual+working+memory+in+prefrontal+cortex+of+the+macaque.">Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque.</a> J. Neurosci. 16, 5154-5167 (1996).</li><li>Fuster, J. M., Alexander, G. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuron+activity+related+to+short-term+memory.">Neuron activity related to short-term memory.</a> Science. 173, 652-654 (1971).</li><li>Fetz, E. E., Baker, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Operantly Conditioned Patterns of Activity and Correlated Responses Cells and Contralateral Muscles. , (1973).</li><li>Carmena, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+to+control+a+brain--machine+interface+for+reaching+and+grasping+by+primates.">Learning to control a brain--machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates.</a> PLoS Biol. 1, e42 (2003).</li><li>Georgopoulos, A. P., Schwartz, A. B., Kettner, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+population+coding+of+movement+direction.">Neuronal population coding of movement direction.</a> Science. 233, 1416-1419 (1986).</li><li>Donoghue, J. P., Sanes, J. N., Hatsopoulos, N. G., Ga&#225;l, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+discharge+and+local+field+potential+oscillations+in+primate+motor+cortex+during+voluntary+movements.">Neural discharge and local field potential oscillations in primate motor cortex during voluntary movements.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 79, 159-173 (1998).</li><li>Abbott, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+animals:+the+Renaissance+rat.">Laboratory animals: the Renaissance rat.</a> Nature. 428, 464-466 (2004).</li><li>Fuster, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The prefrontal cortex. , (2008).</li><li>Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T., Movshon, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+analysis+of+visual+motion:+a+comparison+of+neuronal+and+psychophysical+performance.">The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance.</a> J. Neurosci. 12, 4745-4765 (1992).</li><li>Abbott, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroscience:+The+rat+pack.">Neuroscience: The rat pack.</a> Nature. 465, 282-283 (2010).</li><li>Uchida, N., Mainen, Z. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speed+and+accuracy+of+olfactory+discrimination+in+the+rat.">Speed and accuracy of olfactory discrimination in the rat.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 6, 1224-1229 (2003).</li><li>Jaramillo, S., Zador, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+auditory+cortex+mediates+the+perceptual+effects+of+acoustic+temporal+expectation.">The auditory cortex mediates the perceptual effects of acoustic temporal expectation.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 14, 246-251 (2010).</li><li>Cohen, L., Rothschild, G., Mizrahi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multisensory+integration+of+natural+odors+and+sounds+in+the+auditory+cortex.">Multisensory integration of natural odors and sounds in the auditory cortex.</a> Neuron. 72, 357-369 (2011).</li><li>Desch&#234;nes, M., Moore, J., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sniffing+and+whisking+in+rodents.">Sniffing and whisking in rodents.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22, 243-250 (2012).</li><li>Raposo, D., Sheppard, J. P., Schrater, P. R., Churchland, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multisensory+decision-making+in+rats+and+humans.">Multisensory decision-making in rats and humans.</a> J. Neurosci. 32, 3726-3735 (2012).</li><li>Bari, A., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+application+of+the+5-choice+serial+reaction+time+task+for+the+assessment+of+visual+attentional+processes+and+impulse+control+in+rats.">The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3, 759-767 (2008).</li><li>Brasted, P. J., Dunnett, S. B., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+lesions+of+the+medial+agranular+cortex+impair+responding+on+a+lateralised+reaction+time+task.">Unilateral lesions of the medial agranular cortex impair responding on a lateralised reaction time task.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 111, 139-151 (2000).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Stoetzner, C. R., Wiltschko, A. B., Berke, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+activation+of+striatal+fast-spiking+interneurons+during+choice+execution.">Selective activation of striatal fast-spiking interneurons during choice execution.</a> Neuron. 67, 466-479 (2010).</li><li>Erlich, J. C., Bialek, M., Brody, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cortical+substrate+for+memory-guided+orienting+in+the+rat.">A cortical substrate for memory-guided orienting in the rat.</a> Neuron. 72, 330-343 (2011).</li><li>Mohebi, A., Oweiss, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+ensemble+correlates+of+working+memory+in+the+rat+medial+prefrontal+cortex.">Neural ensemble correlates of working memory in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.</a> 41 st Ann. Meet. Soc. Neurosci. , (2011).</li><li>Oweiss, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical signal processing for neuroscience and neurotechnology. , (2010).</li><li>Thorndike, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+intelligence:+An+experimental+study+of+the+associative+processes+in+animals.">Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.</a> Psychol. Monographs: Gen. Appl. 2, 1-109 (1898).</li></ol>

Os autores declaram não haver interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Os ratos têm sido amplamente utilizados em pesquisas de neurociência por mais de um século. Desde a introdução do conceito da lei de efeito em gatos 34 de Thorndike, o condicionamento operante tem sido a abordagem padrão para testar diferentes aspectos do comportamento animal. Muitos experimentos de neurociência que envolvem a tomada de decisão e preparação de motor incluem um período de atraso entre os sinais de instrução e o intervalo de ação. É desejável minimizar movimentos durante estes ...

<html> Estudar a relação entre a neurofisiologia e do comportamento é o objetivo final em neurociência sistemas. Historicamente, tem havido uma troca entre a escolha do modelo animal e repertório comportamental 1-5. Enquanto organismos simples, como lesmas do mar 6 ou 7 lulas têm sido amplamente utilizados para estudar as propriedades de canais iônicos único, neurônios e circuitos neurais simples, espécie de ordem superior são necessários para estudar as funções mais complexas, como navegação espacial, tomada de decisão 8-11 e cognitivo controlar 12-14. Apesar de ser um modelo animal padrão para o comportamento humano, como, a utilização de primatas não-humanos pede considerações de custo e éticos que impede a sua utilização em uma ampla gama de experimentos em um ambiente único laboratório 15-18. Modelos animais mais simples, como os roedores são geralmente preferidos 19, desde que disponha de substratos neurais subjacentes semelhantes aos comportamentos de interesse. &quot;&gt; Há ampla evidência sugerindo que os roedores compartilhar estruturas corticais e subcorticais semelhantes aos encontrados em primatas 20-22. Roedores também são conhecidos por integrar a informação através de múltiplas modalidades sensoriais para orientar sua ação 23-25, por exemplo, através da coordenação de bater e cheirando durante o comportamento exploratório 26 ou através da integração / eventos olfativos auditivas e visuais 25,27. Aqui nós descrevemos um quadro para o condicionamento operante de roedores usados ​​para testar tarefas cognitivas 28-32. Nesse contexto, os indivíduos são obrigados a fixar dentro de um buraco nosepoke e manter seu focinho dentro do buraco até a apresentação de um go sugestão. A tarefa comportamental é um projeto nosepoke cinco buracos que é convencionalmente usado para estudos de tarefa o tempo de reação de série 5 de escolha. Durante o período de atraso, uma série de sugestões de instrução é apresentado para orientar o sujeito para executar uma ação. Este quadro pode ser facilmente modificado para se adequarÉ necessária uma ampla gama de experimentos em que a formação do sujeito para minimizar seu movimento evidente ao longo de um breve intervalo. Isto permite estudar a extensão à qual a actividade da cravação de neurónios individuais é afectada por estímulos específicos, durante esse intervalo. O protocolo pode minimizar o tempo de treinamento e pode reduzir a variabilidade de aprendizagem através de-sujeito. Um fluxograma esquemático da tarefa é mostrado na Figura 1.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="757">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;"> 5-HOLED NOSE POKE WITH 3STIM CUE LIGHT - RAT CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> H21-06M/R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">TEST CAGE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H10-11R-TC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Graphic State Software</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PROGRAMMABLE TONE/NOISE GENERATOR</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A12-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Bio-Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F0165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;"> SPEAKER MODULE</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H12-01R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fully automated rodent conditioning protocol for sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments

Roedores têm sido tradicionalmente usados ​​como um modelo animal padrão em experiências laboratoriais envolvem uma miríade de funções sensoriais, cognitivas e motoras. Funções cognitivas superiores que requerem um controle preciso sobre as respostas sensório-motoras, como a tomada de decisão e de modulação da atenção, no entanto, são normalmente avaliadas em primatas não humanos. Apesar da riqueza de comportamento de primatas que permite múltiplas variantes destas funções a serem estudados, o modelo roedor permanece, uma alternativa atraente relação custo-benefício para os modelos de primatas. Além disso, a capacidade de automatizar completamente o condicionamento operante em roedores acrescenta vantagens únicas em relação ao treinamento de mão de obra intensiva de primatas não-humanos, enquanto estudava uma ampla gama dessas funções complexas. Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para ratos operantly condicionado sobre a realização de tarefas de memória de trabalho. Durante épocas críticas da tarefa, o protocolo garante que o movimento evidente do animal é minimizado por requiring o animal &#39;fixate&#39; até uma sugestão Go é entregue, semelhante ao delineamento experimental de primatas não-humanos. A dois alternativa tarefa escolha forçada simples é implementado para demonstrar o desempenho. Discutimos a aplicação deste paradigma para outras tarefas.

O quadro sugerido permite treinar o assunto em uma série de tarefas cognitivas. Aqui nós implementamos uma tarefa demora instruído projetado para investigar os mecanismos de ação dirigidas a objetivos no córtex pré-frontal de roedores. Figura 1 mostra um fluxograma do projeto experimental. Para garantir que o sujeito entende a exigência tarefa a cada passo, as medidas de desempenho deve ser continuamente avaliado. Figura 2 mostra um exemplo de desemp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments at JoVE.com

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Um protocolo totalmente automatizado para roedor condicionamento operante é proposto. O protocolo se baseia em controle temporal precisa de eventos comportamentais para investigar até que ponto os experimentos influências deste controle neural atividade subjacente de integração sensório-motora e controle cognitivo.

Um totalmente automatizada Roedor Condicionado Protocolo para Sensorimotor Integração e Experimentos controle cognitivo

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

a-fully-automated-rodent-conditioning-protocol-for-sensorimotor

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.5K visualizações.  Michigan State University.  Um protocolo totalmente automatizado para roedor condicionamento operante é proposto. O protocolo se baseia em controle temporal precisa de eventos comportamentais para investigar até que ponto os experimentos influências deste controle neural atividade subjacente de integração sensório-motora e controle cognitivo. 

Vídeo: A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

Um método para investigar diferenças relacionadas à idade na conectividade funcional of Cognitive Controle Networks associados à mudança Dimensional Card Sort Desempenho

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

Comportamento

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

Tarefas cognitivas Visuais automatizadas para gravação Atividade Neural Usando uma projeção Piso Labirinto

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

Avaliação da Cognição Social em primatas não-humanos usando uma rede de Computadorizado dispositivo automático de Aprendizagem Sistemas (ALDM) teste

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated systems require upper limb amputees to learn complex control schemes. Humans have the ability to learn new movements through imitation and other learning strategies. This protocol describes a structured rehabilitation method, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning, and aims to assess if this method can improve multifunctional prosthetic control. A left below elbow amputee, with 4 years of experience in prosthetic use, took part in this case study. The prosthesis used was a Michelangelo hand with wrist rotation, and the added features of wrist flexion and extension, which allowed more combinations of hand movements. The participant&#8217;s Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score improved from 58 to 71 following structured training. This suggests that a structured training protocol of imitation, repetition and reinforcement may have a role in learning to control a new prosthetic hand. A larger clinical study is however required to support these findings.

As prosthetic development moves towards the goal of natural control, harnessing amputees&#8217; inherent ability to learn new motor skills may enable proficiency. This manuscript describes a structured rehabilitation protocol, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning strategies, for improved multifunctional prosthetic control.

Um protocolo de reabilitação Estruturada para Melhoria da Multifuncional Prosthetic Controle: Um Estudo de Caso

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

Protocolo para Recolha de Dados e Análise Aplicada à Tecnologia Análise Expressão Facial automatizada e Análise Temporal de Avaliação Sensorial

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

Eye-Tracking de controle para avaliar a função cognitiva em pacientes com Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

Automatizada, a longo prazo ensaio comportamental para funções cognitivas em vários modelos genéticos da doença de Alzheimer, usando IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and spatial cognition. With a local area network and dedicated software platform, experimenters can efficiently monitor the behavior of the participants that are simultaneously immersed in a desktop virtual environment and digitalize the collected data. These capabilities allow for experimental designs in spatial cognition and navigation research that would be difficult (if not impossible) to conduct in the real world. Possible experimental variations include stress during an evacuation, cooperative and competitive search tasks, and other contextual factors that may influence emergent crowd behavior. However, such a laboratory requires maintenance and strict protocols for data collection in a controlled setting. While the external validity of laboratory studies with human participants is sometimes questioned, a number of recent papers suggest that the correspondence between real and virtual environments may be sufficient for studying social behavior in terms of trajectories, hesitations, and spatial decisions. In this article, we describe a method for conducting experiments on decision-making and navigation with up to 36 participants in a networked desktop virtual reality setup (i.e., the Decision Science Laboratory or DeSciL). This experiment protocol can be adapted and applied by other researchers in order to set up a networked desktop virtual reality laboratory.

This paper describes a method for conducting multi-user experiments on decision-making and navigation using a networked computer laboratory.

Uma instalação em rede de realidade Virtual Desktop para ciência de decisão e as experiências de navegação com vários participantes

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

Experiências de realidade virtual com medidas fisiológicas

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

Visual condicionamento clássico em madeira formigas

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...