Name: a novel model of mild traumatic brain injury for juvenile rats
Uploaded: 2014-12-08T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 36 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Irene Ma, Rose Tobais, and Jong Rho for their technical assistance. Funding was provided to MJE by the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Calgary, the Alberta Children&#8217;s Hospital Foundation (ACHF) and the Alberta Children&#8217;s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI). The Postdoctoral fellowship for RM was provided by ACHF.

Nota: Todos os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o Conselho Canadense de cuidados com animais e foram aprovados pela Universidade de Calgary, Comitê de Ética Animal Care. 1. Criação e Preparação animal <ol><li> Encomende ratas prenhes de fornecedores de animais de laboratório padrão ou filhotes da raça em casa de acordo com protocolos de reprodução padrão. </li><li> Casa todos os animais com acesso ad libitum a comida e água, em um rato quarto habitação temperatura controlada (21 ° C), que é mantido em uma luz 12:12 hr: ciclo escuro. </li><li> Quando os filhotes chegar dia pós-natal 21 (P21), desmamar filhotes de suas mães e casa em grupos do mesmo sexo de 3 ou 4. </li></ol> 2. Defina-up de Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Apparatus <ol><li> Antes do início do procedimento, pesos moinho para a massa desejado (por exemplo, 150 g). Fixe firmemente um anel de metal para a extremidade superior do peso permitindo que a linha de pesca para ser fifixada para o peso. </li><li> Pontuação folha de estanho com uma lâmina afiada. Certifique-se de que a folha de estanho teve suporta o peso do corpo do rato mas não irá interferir com a aceleração do rato após impacto da cabeça com o peso. </li><li> Fita da folha de estanho marcado para o estágio em forma de U feito de plástico transparente (38 x 27 x 27 cm3), que contém uma esponja de recolha (38 x 25 x 15 cm 3) (Figura 1), de modo que é esticada. </li><li> Coloque a fase de plástico em forma de U na posição correcta por baixo do tubo de guia feita de plástico transparente. </li><li> Segure o tubo guia de plástico (2,2 cm de diâmetro x 1,5 m) no lugar com um suporte de tripé e posicionar o tubo guia de modo que é de 3,5 cm acima da folha de estanho marcou. </li><li> Coloque a linha de pesca, através do anel de metal para assegurar que o peso da parte inferior do peso pendura livremente 2,5 centímetros acima da folha de estanho marcado. </li><li> Fixe firmemente a linha de pesca para o suporte de fixação. NOTA: Amarrar o peso para o clamp suporte a uma altura de 2,5 cm acima da folha de estanho evita re-hits enquanto o rato está caindo do impacto para a esponja de coleção). </li><li> Puxe o peso para cima através do tubo guia de plástico com a linha de pesca e mantê-lo no lugar com um pino de chave allen em 1,0 m. </li></ol> 3. Indução de mTBI <ol><li> Quando os ratos atingir P30 movimento gaiolas dentro da sala processual. </li><li> Coloque ratos em uma câmara de isoflurano e levemente anestesiar o rato até que ele não responde a uma pata ou cauda pitada. </li><li> Coloque rapidamente o rato peito para baixo sobre o papel alumínio marcou com a cabeça diretamente no caminho do peso cair. Veja a Figura 2. Se o rato começa a se mover ou wake-up antes de poder ser colocado no papel alumínio marcou, voltar para a câmara de isoflurano até que não responde a uma pata ou cauda pitada e começar de novo. </li><li> Puxe o pino chave Allen, permitindo que o peso a cair verticalmente através do tubo guia de plástico e bata no rato na cabeça. The rato serão submetidos a uma rápida rotação e terra 180 ° na posição supina. </li><li> Remover imediatamente o rato a partir da esponja coleção e aplicar lidocaína tópica para a cabeça do rato com um aplicador de algodão Pontas. </li><li> Coloque o rato em decúbito dorsal em uma gaiola limpa, que é aquecida por defini-lo em cima de uma almofada de aquecimento disponíveis comercialmente. </li><li> Usando um cronômetro ou timer digital adquirir o &quot;time-to-right&quot;. Tempo para a direita é o tempo que o rato para acordar da anestesia e virar a partir da posição deitada para a posição prona ou comece a caminhar. </li><li> Retorne o rato para sua gaiola de casa depois de ter recuperado o comportamento normal (aparência, andar, explorar, etc.). </li><li> Repita os passos de 3,2-3,8 para cada rato adicional exigindo uma mTBI. </li><li> Repita o procedimento no mesmo rato em vários pontos de tempo para experiências MTBI repetitivas. </li></ol> 4. A indução da lesão Sham <ol><li> Levemente Anesthetize o rato com isoflurano até que ele não responde a uma pata ou cauda pitada. </li><li> Coloque rapidamente o rato peito para baixo sobre o papel alumínio marcou com a cabeça diretamente no caminho do peso cair. </li><li> Retire o rato da folha de estanho sem puxar o pino de chave allen do tubo guia de plástico e aplique lidocaína tópica para a cabeça do rato com um aplicador de algodão Pontas. </li><li> Coloque o rato em decúbito dorsal em uma gaiola limpa, que é aquecida por defini-lo em cima de uma almofada de aquecimento disponíveis comercialmente. </li><li> Use um cronômetro ou timer digital para adquirir o &quot;time-to-right&quot;. </li><li> Retorne o rato para sua gaiola de casa depois de ter recuperado o comportamento normal (aparência, andar, explorar, etc.). </li></ol> 5. Verificação de mTBI com o teste de caminhada de feixe 8 <ol><li> 24 h após a indução do mTBI ou animais sham lesão de retorno para o quarto processual. </li><li> Transfira os ratos a uma gaiola exploração limpoe colocá-home-gaiola do rato na extremidade mais estreita dos 165 centímetros afuniladas feixe de modo que a parte aberta da gaiola de casa enfrenta a extremidade mais estreita do feixe. NOTA: O feixe cônico é de 165 cm de comprimento. A plataforma central do feixe tem uma largura de 6 cm na extremidade larga e 1,75 cm na parte mais estreita. O feixe de centro tem bordas (2 cm de largura e 2 cm abaixo da viga central) que fornecem segurança quando deslizamentos pé do rato. Coloque enchimento de espuma abaixo do feixe para reduzir o risco de lesões nos ratos que podem cair fora do feixe durante o teste. </li><li> Coloque uma câmara de vídeo na ponta mais larga do feixe e da posição afunilada / aumentar a câmara de vídeo para assegurar que o investigador observar o vídeo pode ver claramente os movimentos do rato por todo o comprimento da viga afunilada. </li><li> Coloque o rato na grande final do feixe cônico e incentivá-la a atravessar o feixe de sua gaiola de casa. Quando o rato cruza o feixe cônico, deixar o rato em sua gaiola de casa por pelo menos 60 segundos para reinForce o local de destino. Esta experimentação é # 1 e não incluídos na análise. </li><li> Ligue a câmera de vídeo e permitir que o rato para concluir a tarefa feixe-walking 4 vezes adicionais (mantendo os períodos de reforço 60 seg na gaiola). Uma vez que o rato tenha completado todos os ensaios, o retorno do rato para sua gaiola de casa. </li><li> Para marcar, registrar o número de perna-pé deslizamentos traseiras que ocorrem eo tempo / duração para atravessar o feixe, para cada prova individual. Use esses dados para calcular o número médio de pernas traseiras pé-deslizamentos e tempo para atravessar o feixe para cada rato. </li></ol>

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	<li>DeWitt, D., Perez-Polo, R., Hulsebosch, C., Dash, P., Robertson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+in+the+development+of+rodent+models+of+mild+traumatic+brain+injury.">Challenges in the development of rodent models of mild traumatic brain injury.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 30, 688-701 (2013).</li><li>Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., Chopp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Animal models of traumatic brain injury.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 14, 128-142 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Lerner, S., Kobiessy, F., Hayes, R., Wang, K., Yan, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systems+biology+and+the+anostic+approach+to+drug+discovery+and+development+to+treat+traumatic+brain+injury.">Systems biology and the anostic approach to drug discovery and development to treat traumatic brain injury.</a> Systems Biology in Drug Discovery and Development: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology. , .</li><li>Viano, D., Casson, I., Pellmen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concussion+in+profession+football:+Biomechanics+of+the+struck+player+-+Part+14.">Concussion in profession football: Biomechanics of the struck player - Part 14.</a> Neurosurgery. 61, 313-327 (2007).</li><li>Marmarou, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+of+diffuse+brain+injury+in+rats:+Part+1+-+Pathophysiology+and+biomechanics.">A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats: Part 1 - Pathophysiology and biomechanics.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 80, 291-300 (1994).</li><li>Mychasiuk, R., Farran, A., Esser, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+an+experimental+rodent+model+of+pediatric+mild+traumatic+brain+injury.">Assessment of an experimental rodent model of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 31 (8), (2014).</li><li>Kane, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+human+repetitive+mild+traumatic+brain+injury.">A mouse model of human repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 203, 41-49 (2012).</li><li>Schallert, T., Woodlee, M., Fleming, S., Krieglstein, J., Klumpp, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disentangling+multiple+types+of+recovery+from+brain+injury.">Disentangling multiple types of recovery from brain injury.</a> Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia. , (2002).</li><li>Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Farran, A., Esser, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mean+Girls:+Sex+differences+in+the+effects+of+mild+traumatic+brain+injury+on+the+social+dynamics+of+juvenile+rat+play+behaviour.">Mean Girls: Sex differences in the effects of mild traumatic brain injury on the social dynamics of juvenile rat play behaviour.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 259, (2014).</li><li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Report to congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem. , 1-47 (2003).</li></ol>

No competing financial interests exist.

Reliable modelling systems are needed to effectively cultivate basic science research that has significant translational validity. In response to rising occurrences and popular media, the investigation of mTBI and concussion has become a priority in many disciplines. However, despite increased research, there have been only incremental improvements in therapeutic strategies and treatment options 3. This lack of progress may be partially due to a discrepancy between the modeling systems employed and actual injury etiology. The majority of studies utilized rodent models that failed to reproduce the important biomechanical forces and appropriate post-injury symptomology. The current human definition of mTBI specifies that the injury results from acceleration and deceleration forces associated with a blunt trauma 10. The modified weight drop technique described here is therefore an ideal model for the study of mTBI and concussion because it uses a glancing impact to cause rapid rotational acceleration and deceleration to the head of an unrestrained animal, mimicking the biomechanical forces identified in sports-related injuries and automobile accidents. In addition, this model is easily adapted to examine repetitive mTBI, a phenomena that is emerging as a serious medical and socioeconomic issue. Studies indicate that rodents may be exposed to a series of 10 distinct mTBIs with minimal mortality 7. Finally, the method is inexpensive and can be carried out rapidly, allowing for high-throughput examination of a many therapeutic compounds and treatment regiments. 
Just as with any procedural technique, certain aspects of the protocol are particularly important to the generation of reliable results. First, the tin foil needs to be scored effectively. If the tin foil is not properly scored, the force imparted by the weight during the glancing impact will not be enough to propel the juvenile rat through the tin foil onto the collection sponge. In these situations, the rat will remain in the starting position (chest down on the tin foil) and the mTBI will result from the blunt trauma from the weight impacting the stationary head, not the rotational acceleration and deceleration desired. Second, during the induction of the mTBI and the sham injury, the level of anesthetic applied to each rat should be consistent. Owing to the fact that time-to-right is used as marker of mTBI, the researcher should try to ensure that animals receiving a mTBI and animals receiving a sham injury are exposed to similar levels of anesthetic. A major advantage to this technique over many other TBI procedures is the low level and duration of anesthesiology. However, the juvenile rat needs to be non-responsive to a toe or tail pinch to ensure they do not wake-up on the stage before the injury is induced. Finally, in order to maintain a consistent injury etiology, the positioning of the rat&#8217;s head is particularly important. Ideally the weight should impact the center of the dorsal surface of the head. Caution should be taken to avoid positioning the path of the weight too near the caudal/posterior portion of the head, as impacting the brainstem and cerebellum is associated with increased mortality and seizure activity. 
Based upon the biomechanical pathophysiology of injury induction and the behavioural outcomes examined, the modified weight-drop technique appears to be a reliable model for the investigation of paediatric mTBI and concussion. Although preliminary studies of this novel model have assessed some basic molecular and structural changes 7 future studies will be needed to ascertain how the brain responds to a mTBI with this injury etiology. An in-depth analysis of the neuroanatomical and biological changes that occur at the cellular and epigenetic level would increase model validity and translational applicability. In addition to stimulating the generation of targeted pharmacological therapies, understanding the pathophysiological changes that occur in the brain in response to mTBI and concussion would also direct the research related to clinical biomarkers that have the ability to predict outcomes following injury.

Embora existam muitos métodos amplamente utilizados para a geração de moderada a grave lesão traumática do cérebro (TBI), muito poucas técnicas foram desenvolvidas para induzir leve, fechado ferimentos na cabeça em roedores. Devido ao fato de que leve traumatismo cranioencefálico (mTBI) é três vezes mais comum do que a lesão cerebral moderada e grave combinado 1, é necessário um modelo confiável de mTBI para facilitar a investigação sobre fisiopatologia, os resultados neurobiológicos e comportamentais, e estratégias terapêuticas. Por exemplo, em parte devido às limitações dos modelos animais atuais 2, na última década, houve mais de 200 falhou ensaios clínicos de medicamentos para o tratamento de TBI 3. Quando os sistemas de modelagem são gerados para estudos de investigação de translação, a aplicabilidade dos resultados dependem da validade do modelo implementado. Para o estudo da mTBI / concussão, um modelo animal de confiança não apenas imitar a biomecânica forças responsável pela etiologia da lesão, mas também induzir sintomas consistentes com os relatados pela população clinicamente relevante. Além disso, porque as crianças estão em risco particularmente elevado para mTBI, sistemas de modelagem óptimos seria aplicável aos roedores jovens e jovens, em adição aos seus equivalentes adultos. Análises biomecânicas das circunstâncias em que os atletas sofreram mTBIs ou lesões cerebrais concussivas indicam que os fatores preditivos mais críticos para lesão são aceleração cabeça rápido e impactos de alta velocidade 4. A maioria dos modelos de roedores actualmente utilizados para a indução de TCE permitir pouco ou nenhum movimento da cabeça 5 (para revisão ver 2). O modelo descrito aqui, proporciona um impacto de alta velocidade para a cabeça de um rato juvenil fisicamente desenfreada que é acompanhada por uma rotação de 180 ° e de queda livre que se aplica forças de aceleração / desaceleração de cabeça e no corpo do sujeito. Taqui são dois principais vantagens associadas a esta técnica de queda de peso modificado para a indução de mTBI. Primeiro, o modelo produz concussiva clinicamente relevante como sintomatologia sem causar qualquer dano evidente para o cérebro (para uma descrição completa de resultados comportamentais ver 6). Também consistente com os relatórios clínicos da síndrome pós-concussão, esta técnica peso-drop modificado produz resultados heterogêneos. Embora os efeitos da mTBI são significativos, há uma variação substancial entre os roedores que passaram por um mTBI quando examinado em várias medidas de resultado. Em segundo lugar, o método permite o estudo de 7 mTBI repetitivo. Como a maioria dos modelos de TCE existentes provocado tais ferimentos graves, muitas vezes é difícil para induzir uma segunda lesão, e quase impossível estudar TBI repetitivo, sem grandes danos a todo o córtex. Portanto, a razão primária para a utilização da técnica de queda de peso modificado para a inducção de mTBI é produzir uma lesão que representa mais de perto a fisiopatologia e sintomatologia de concussão e repetitivo TBI nas populações juvenis. Com o aumento da incidência de mTBI relacionado a esportes, quedas e acidentes automobilísticos, especialmente durante a infância, este modelo de roedor única de mTBI fornece aos pesquisadores uma ferramenta valiosa para o estudo de concussão-like lesão cerebral que pode ser facilmente aplicada a multiple-hit paradigmas.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Brass Weights</td><td>Ginsberg Scientific</td><td>7-2500-2</td><td>Need to have metal loop attached to base</td></tr><tr><td>Alluminum Foil</td><td>Alcan</td><td></td><td>Available at most grocery stores</td></tr><tr><td>Masking Tape</td><td></td><td></td><td>Commercially available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>U-Shaped Plastic Stand</td><td></td><td></td><td>Constructed by Laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Clamp Stand</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z190357</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Guide Tube</td><td></td><td></td><td>Could be constructed or purchased at a hardware store</td></tr><tr><td>Fishing Line</td><td>Angler 10lb&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>Purchased from a sporting goods retailer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Pharmaceutical Partners of Canada</td><td>DIN 02237518</td><td>Inhalation Anesthetic</td></tr><tr><td>Topical Lidocaine (30ml)</td><td>Astra Zeneca</td><td>DIN 0001694</td><td>Xylocaine Jelly 2%&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Swabs</td><td></td><td></td><td>Commercially available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Heating Pad - 3 heat setting</td><td></td><td></td><td>Commercially available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Stop Watch</td><td>Sportline</td><td>L303</td><td>Purchased from a sporting goods retailer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Video Camera</td><td>Sony</td><td>HDR-CX260V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sprague Dawley Rats</td><td>Charles River Laboratories</td><td>SAS SD 40</td><td>Male and females ordered from Charles River Laboratories and pups bred in-house</td></tr><tr><td>Balance Beam</td><td></td><td></td><td>Constructed by Laboratory</td></tr></tbody></table>

a novel model of mild traumatic brain injury for juvenile rats

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor vehicle accidents, and falls, a reliable animal model of mTBI had previously not been developed for this important aspect of development. The modified weight-drop technique employs a glancing impact to the head of a freely moving rodent transmitting acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces upon the brain. When applied to juvenile rats, this modified weight-drop technique induced clinically relevant behavioural outcomes that were representative of post-concussion symptomology. The technique is a rapidly applied procedure with an extremely low mortality rate, rendering it ideal for high-throughput studies of therapeutics. In addition, because the procedure involves a mild injury to a closed head, it can easily be used for studies of repetitive brain injury. Owing to the simplistic nature of this technique, and the clinically relevant biomechanics of the injury pathophysiology, the modified weight-drop technique provides researchers with a reliable model of mTBI that can be used in a wide variety of behavioural, molecular, and genetic studies.

A técnica de peso-gota modificado descrito acima é um método fiável para a indução de uma lesão cerebral traumática leve (mTBI) em ratos juvenis. Utilizando um peso impacto de 150 g, esta técnica tem sido aplicada com sucesso em ratos jovens que vão 50-120 g. Além disso, o procedimento pode ser facilmente repetido nos mesmos animais para o estudo de mTBI repetitivo. Embora os animais que passam por uma única exposição mTBI um aumento do tempo para a direita (Figura 3) e aparecem surpreendeu ao acordar, eles rapidamente retomar suas atividades normais e são visualmente indistinguíveis de animais feridos por simulação. Tendo em conta que a lesão é leve, lidocaína tópica que elimina qualquer dor associada com o impacto de olhar, é o único analgésico necessário. Isso é importante para a investigação como medicamentos para a dor são conhecidos por interferir com os processos inflamatórios e recuperação típicas. Devido à falta de sintomatologia evidente, a tarefa é um feixe de passeio fiável paraol que pode ser utilizado para validar a indução da mTBI. É importante notar, que nem todos os animais que experimentam uma mTBI exibirão défices na tarefa viga curta, mas como um grupo, os ratos juvenis com uma mTBI demonstrar significativamente mais traseiras da perna do pé-deslizamentos quando em comparação com ratos jovens com uma lesão simulada (Figura 4). Outra característica chave desta técnica peso-gota modificado é a falta de contenção aplicada ao rato juvenil durante a indução da lesão. Ao entregar um golpe de raspão na cabeça seguido de rápida aceleração e desaceleração de rotação, este modelo representa mais de perto as forças biomecânicas atribuídos a mTBI e concussão. Quando este procedimento é aplicado a ratos jovens ou ratos adultos, as taxas de mortalidade são extremamente baixos (7/202 animais juvenis ~ taxa de mortalidade de 3,4%), e fratura de crânio e hemorragia intracraniana são excepcionalmente raros 6,7. Além disso, o modelo produz sy clinicamente relevantemptomology. Roedores jovens que experimentaram um único mTBI demonstrou déficits de equilíbrio e motor comportamentos, juntamente com déficits de função executiva, o aumento de comportamentos de tipo depressivo, e interações sociais alterados 6,9. Da mesma forma, camundongos adultos também apresentam equilíbrio e coordenação déficits leves que recuperar com o tempo 7. Finalmente, a indução de mTBI usando este modelo requer anestesia mínima e não envolve preparação cirúrgica ou se esconder debaixo do crânio. Os resultados, portanto, não são distorcidos por efeitos inflamatórios ou imunológicos confusão desencadeada pela cirurgia ou anestesia. Além disso, o tempo de recuperação rápida e falta de feridas abertas permite o início de paradigmas de ensaio adicionais para ocorrer pouco depois de experimentar o mTBI roedores. <img alt="Figura 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51820/51820fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura 1: </strong<html> &gt; C artoon representação da forma de U fase de plástico e esponja de recolha com todas as dimensões relevantes. Uma distância de 10 cm deve ser mantida entre a esponja de recolha e o início da fase de plástico para assegurar o rato juvenil tem tempo suficiente para completar os 180 rotação °. <img alt="Figura 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51820/51820fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura 2: (A) representação fotográfica da plataforma a indução da lesão. O rato juvenil é colocado no peito para baixo sobre o papel alumínio marcou de modo que a cabeça está diretamente abaixo do peso em queda. (B) Vista lateral da plataforma de indução da lesão. (C) demonstração fotográfica do peso usado na indução do mTBI . fazer upload / 51820 / 51820fig3highres.jpg &quot;width =&quot; 500 &quot;/&gt; Figura 3: Representação gráfica das diferenças médias de tempo para a direita entre ratos jovens que experimentaram um único mTBI e ratos jovens que sofreram uma lesão sham (* p &lt;0,01) Os ratos que receberam uma exposição mTBI um aumento significativo no. duração de tempo necessária para endireitar-se a partir da posição supina. <img alt="Figura 4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51820/51820fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura 4: Representação gráfica do número médio de perna-pé deslizamentos traseiras expostas na tarefa Walking Beam por ratos jovens que experimentaram um único mTBI e ratos jovens que sofreram uma lesão sham (* p &lt;0,05).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats at JoVE.com

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion.

Um novo modelo de Mild Traumatic Brain Injury para ratos jovens

Despite growing evidence that childhood represents a major risk period for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) from sports-related concussions, motor ...

a-novel-model-of-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-for-juvenile-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.5K visualizações.  University of Calgary. The modified weight-drop technique is an easy, cost-effective procedure used for the induction of mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats. This novel technique produces clinically relevant symptomology that will advance the study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussion. 

Vídeo: A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

Detecção de défices comportamentais em ratos após lesão cerebral traumática

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Comportamento

Assessing Dominant-Submissive Behavior in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Competition over resources such as food, territory, and mates significantly influences relationships within animal species and is mediated through social hierarchies that are often based on dominant-submissive relationships. The dominant-submissive relationship is a normal behavioral pattern among the individuals of a species. Traumatic brain injury is a frequent cause of social interaction impairment and the reorganization of dominant-submissive relationships in animal pairs. This protocol describes submissive behavior in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after the induction of traumatic brain injury using a fluid-percussion model compared to naive rats through a series of dominant-submissive tests performed between 29 days and 33 days after induction. The dominant-submissive behavior test shows how brain injury can induce submissive behavior in animals competing for food. After traumatic brain injury, the rodents were more submissive, as indicated by them spending less time at the feeder and being less likely to arrive first at the trough compared to the control animals. According to this protocol, submissive behavior develops after traumatic brain injury in adult male rats.

The present protocol describes a rat model of fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury followed by a series of behavioral tests to understand the development of dominant and submissive behavior. Using this model of traumatic brain injury in conjunction with specific behavioral tests enables the study of social impairments following brain injury.

Avaliação do Comportamento Dominante-Submisso em Ratos Adultos Após Traumatismo Cranioencefálico

Competition over resources such as food, territory, and mates significantly influences relationships within animal species and is mediated through social ...

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal neurological deficits and even amnesia. Athletes participating in contact sports are at high risk of exposure to large number of mTBIs. In terms of the level of injury in a sporting athlete, a mTBI is defined as a mild injury that does not cause gross pathological changes, but does cause short-term neurological deficits that are spontaneously resolved. Despite previous attempts to model mTBI in mice and rats, many have reported gross adverse effects including skull fractures, intracerebral bleeding, axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Herein, we describe our highly reproducible animal model of mTBI that reproduces clinically relevant symptoms. This model uses a custom made pneumatic impactor device to deliver a closed-head trauma. This impact is made under precise velocity and deformation parameters, creating a reliable and reproducible model to examine the mechanisms that contribute to effects of single or repetitive concussive mTBI.

Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.

Um modelo de mouse de lesões cerebrais traumáticas leves simples e repetitivas

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) can result in the acute loss of brain function, including a period of confusion, a loss of consciousness (LOC), focal ...

Medicina

A Novel and Translational Rat Model of Concussion Combining Force and Rotation with In Vivo Cerebral Microdialysis

Persistent cognitive and motor symptoms are known consequences of concussions/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBIs) that can be partly attributable to altered neurotransmission. Indeed, cerebral microdialysis studies in rodents have demonstrated an excessive extracellular glutamate release in the hippocampus within the first 10 min following trauma. Microdialysis offers the clear advantage of in vivo neurotransmitter continuous sampling while not having to sacrifice the animal. In addition to the aforementioned technique, a closed head injury model that exerts rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head and torso is needed, as such a factor is not available in many other animal models. The Wayne State weight-drop model mimics this essential component of human craniocerebral trauma, allowing the induction of an impact on the head of an unrestrained rodent with a falling weight. Our novel and translational rat model combines cerebral microdialysis with the Wayne State weight-drop model to study, in lightly anesthetized and unrestrained adult rats, the acute changes in extracellular neurotransmitter levels following concussion. In this protocol, the microdialysis probe was inserted inside the hippocampus as region of interest, and was left inserted in the brain at impact. There is a high density of terminals and receptors in the hippocampus, making it a relevant region to document altered neurotransmission following concussion. When applied to adult Sprague-Dawley rats, our combined model induced increases in hippocampal extracellular glutamate concentrations within the first 10 min, consistent with the previously reported post-concussion symptomology. This combined weight-drop model provides a reliable tool for researchers to study early therapeutic responses to concussions in addition to repetitive brain injury, since this protocol induces a closed-head mild trauma.

Neurotransmitter alteration is a mechanism of neural dysfunction that occurs after concussion and contributes to the sometimes-catastrophic long-term consequences. This rat model combines microdialysis, allowing in vivo neurotransmitter quantification, with a weight-drop technique exerting rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head and torso, an important factor of human craniocerebral trauma.

Um romance e modelo de rato translacional de concussão combinando força e rotação com Microdiálise cerebral in vivo

Persistent cognitive and motor symptoms are known consequences of concussions/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBIs) that can be partly attributable to ...

Neurociência

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous variability and heterogeneity (age, gender, type of trauma, other possible pathologies, etc.), animal models play a key role in unraveling factors that are limitations in clinical research. They provide a standardized and controlled setting to investigate the biological mechanisms of injury and repair following TBI. However, not all animal models mimic the diffuse and subtle nature of mTBI effectively. For example, the commonly used controlled cortical impact (CCI) and lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) models make use of a craniotomy to expose the brain and induce widespread focal trauma, which are not commonly seen in mTBI. Therefore, these experimental models are not valid to mimic mTBI. Thus, an appropriate model should be used to investigate mTBI. The Marmarou weight drop model for rats induces similar microstructural alterations and cognitive impairments as seen in patients who sustain mild trauma; therefore, this model was selected for this protocol. Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans commonly show no damage following a mild injury, because mTBI induces often only subtle and diffuse injuries. With diffusion weighted MRI, it is possible to investigate microstructural properties of brain tissue, which can provide more insight into the microscopic alterations following mild trauma. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain quantitative information of a selected region-of-interest (i.e., hippocampus) to follow up disease progression after obtaining a mild and diffuse brain injury.

The overall goal of this procedure is to obtain quantitative microstructural information of the hippocampus in a rat with mild traumatic brain injury. This is done using an advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol and region-of-interest based analysis of parametric diffusion maps.

Imagem latente avançada da difusão no Hippocampus dos ratos com ferimento de cérebro traumático suave

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

Modelo de Lesão Cerebral Traumática Leve em Camundongos com Controle Eletromagnético

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic.
This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury. Indeed, the mild nature of the ACHI procedure makes it ideal for studies investigating repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI). Growing evidence indicates that r-mTBI can result in a cumulative injury that produces behavioral symptoms, neuropathological changes, and neurodegeneration. r-mTBI is common in youths playing sports, and these injuries occur during a period of robust synaptic reorganization and myelination, making the younger population particularly vulnerable to the long-term influences of r-mTBI.
Further, r-mTBI occurs in cases of intimate partner violence, a condition for which there are few objective screening measures. In these experiments, synaptic function was assessed in the hippocampus in juvenile rats that had experienced r-mTBI using the ACHI model. Following the injuries, a tissue slicer was utilized to make hippocampal slices to evaluate bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus at either 1 or 7 days following the r-mTBI. Overall, the ACHI model provides researchers with an ecologically valid model to study changes in synaptic plasticity following mTBI and r-mTBI.

Here, it is demonstrated how an awake closed-head injury model can be used for examining the effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The model replicates important features of r-mTBI in patients and is used in conjunction with in vitro electrophysiology.

Avaliação das Alterações na Plasticidade Sináptica Utilizando um Modelo de Traumatismo Cranioencefálico Leve

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of ...

Validando a resposta a lesões e avaliações comportamentais em um modelo de rato mTBI

Rat Model of Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Injury and its Validation

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful insights, developing a stable and reproducible animal model is essential. In this study, we report a detailed description of a closed-head mTBI model and a representative validation method using Sprague-Dawley rats to verify the modeling effect. The model involves dropping a 550 g mass weight from a height of 100 cm directly onto the head of a rat on a destructible surface, followed by a 180-degree turn. To assess the injury, rats underwent a series of neurobehavioral assessments 10 min post-injury, including time of loss of consciousness, first seeking-behavior time, escape ability, and beam balance ability test. During the acute and subacute stages following the injury, behavioral tests were conducted to assess motor coordination ability (Beam task), anxiety (Open Field test), and learning and memory abilities (Morris Water Maze test). The closed-head mTBI model produced a consistent injury response with minimal mortality and replicated real-life situations. The validation method effectively verified the model development and ensured the stability and consistency of the model.

Autor em destaque: Avançando na pesquisa de lesões cerebrais traumáticas - um modelo de cabeça fechada para replicação precisa e avaliação rápida 

Here, we present a closed-head mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) rat model and its validation exhibiting remarkable similarity to human mTBI concerning behavioral manifestations during the acute and subacute stages.

Modelo de Lesão Traumática Leve de Cabeça Fechada em Rato e sua Validação

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful ...

Um novo modelo de Mild Traumatic Brain Injury para ratos jovens

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