Apoiado por Mérito comentário # BX001026 do Departamento de Assuntos de Veteranos (LSQ), e uso de recursos e facilidades para Care System VA Puget Sound Health, o Core Transgênicos Recursos da Universidade de Washington Nathan Choque Centro de Excelência em Biologia Básica do Envelhecimento (NIA # 5P30AG-013.280), e da Universidade de Washington Diabetes Endocrinologia Research Center (NIH # P30 DK-17047). Agradecemos Cynthia Pekow DVM e Kari L. Koszdin DVM, VA Puget Sound, desde comentários úteis sobre o manuscrito.

O procedimento aqui descrito foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Som Animal Care Institucional e Uso do VA Puget, e está em conformidade com o Manual do ILAR para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório. 1. Experimental Preparação <ol><li> Decida de antemão se o sangue ou coleta de tecido logo após o exercício é necessário, e em caso afirmativo, determinar o intervalo pós-exercício para a condução de tais procedimentos. Exemplos incluem a determinação do hormônio induzido pelo exercício ou a liberação de citocinas na circulação (necessitando de coleta de sangue), a determinação da expressão induzida exercício de espécies de mRNA de interesse (necessitando de eutanásia seguida pela coleta de tecido). Se o exercício sangue pós imediato ou coleta de tecido é indicado, têm materiais para estes procedimentos na mão na sala de procedimento. Receba revisão institucional aprovação do conselho e executar de acordo com as diretrizes regulamentares. Nem todos os experimentos necessitam de sangue pós-exercício ou tecido collectina; uma simples comparação de correr resistência pode ser tudo o que é necessário. </li><li> Decida com antecedência sobre os grupos experimentais e os procedimentos pós-exercício para os ratos (ver descrição acima). </li><li> Coloque a esteira em uma mesa resistente em uma sala silenciosa dedicado durante os ensaios em execução para este procedimento. </li><li> Coloque o tapete rolante para as pistas do tamanho do rato e com uma inclinação adequada para o protocolo. A inclinação de 5 o é usado aqui para evitar lesões musculares devido ao exercício excêntrico (alongamento do músculo, ao mesmo tempo que a contracção) que ocorre durante a descida rodando. </li><li> Coloque um pano absorvente por baixo do cinto de esteira para pegar as fezes. </li></ol> 2. Aclimatação de Ratos para a esteira Decidir se um (sem exercício) grupo &quot;sedentário&quot; de ratos é necessário, e expor os ratos sedentários para a esteira sem correr como descrito nas etapas 2,1-2,5. Determinar se são necessários 2 ou 4 grupos experimentais,. exemplo, sedentário / Exercício (2 grupos); Controlos exercidos / exercidas tratamento (2 grupos, nem animais sedentários); ou, Sedentários / Exercido x Controle / Tratamento (4 grupos). O &quot;tratamento&quot; pode ser um genótipo transgênico ou nocaute, um regime medicamentoso, dieta especial, ou outra intervenção experimental. <ol><li> Permitir o mouse para se aclimatar para a sala de procedimento em sua gaiola transportado, com companheiros de gaiola, por 1-2 horas. </li><li> Selecione um único mouse e número da etiqueta de registro; pesar do mouse e peso recorde. </li><li> Colocar o mouse na esteira sem o motor ligado para aclimatação, cerca de 5 min. Ligue a energia, sem o cinto de esteira rolante, e deixar o mouse aclimatar ao barulho das máquinas por mais 5 min. </li><li> Remover camundongos nos grupos &quot;sedentários&quot; (se for usado, ver Nota 1) da esteira neste ponto e devolvê-los à sua gaiola ou realizar procedimentos pós-exercício de acordo com o projeto experimental (ver nota 2). </li></ol><ol><li> Após aclimatação, vire a correia de baixa velocidade (10 m / min) quando o animal está explorando o cinto e não na plataforma. </li><li> Bata levemente ou levantar a parte traseira do rato com um espátula, uma a três vezes, para incentivar os animais relutantes em ficar na esteira e correr. NOTA: A maioria dos mouses será executado rapidamente, mas eles às vezes parar por períodos curtos. Quando isso ocorrer, use a espátula para tocar ou levantar a traseira do animal para incentivar a retomada de correr suavemente. Muitas vezes, os ratos não precisa ser tocado com a espátula; percebendo a mão com a espátula vindo na direção deles faz com que os ratos para correr um pouco mais. </li><li> Iniciar um temporizador laboratório uma vez que o mouse está funcionando na velocidade inicial de 10 m / min. </li><li> Gire a velocidade lentamente quando o mouse está em cima (final subida) da correia, em incrementos de 1 m / min, a cada 2 min. </li><li> Gire a velocidade até oconfiguração anterior se o mouse é executado repetidamente em curtos períodos e não em um ritmo constante. </li><li> Determinar a velocidade máxima sustentada execução de cada rato (geralmente 14-17 m / min para murganhos C57BL / 6) pelo ajustamento da velocidade e acompanhando o rato. Registre essa velocidade. NOTA: A localização do animal na esteira deixas o investigador quanto à disposição do animal para correr a uma velocidade maior. Se o mouse está na extremidade (para cima) final e prestes a correr para a parede, ele está pronto para correr a uma velocidade maior. Se o mouse está funcionando em um ritmo constante no meio da esteira pode ser em sua velocidade máxima, ou podem precisar de mais ajustes, dependendo da qualidade da execução. </li></ol> 4. Endpoints e ratos que param <ol><li> Use a espátula para tocar ou levantar os quartos traseiros dos animais que param, para incentivar a retomada de correr suavemente (ver Nota 3.2). Não parar o temporizador para interrupções temporárias na corrida. </li><li> Identificar e remove ratos que se recusam a executar. Nota esta na folha de dados. Dependendo do seu projeto experimental, os ratos que se recusam pode ser testada novamente em um dia diferente NOTA: Alguns ratos se recusam completamente a correr. Esses camundongos será executado em rajadas curtas, então pare de noivo ou &quot;pedal&quot;, ou seja, sentar-se na plataforma e usar suas patas dianteiras sobre o cinto. A postura destes ratos é curvado, com as quatro patas plantadas sob o animal para evitar ser empurrado de volta para a escada rolante pela espátula. Ocasionalmente, um rato torna-se agressivo para com a espátula quando dispostos a correr, morder a língua depressor ou subindo-a como uma forma de fuga. É evidente dentro dos primeiros 5 min do julgamento se o mouse vai, ou não, ser executado. Remover os ratos que se recusam a correr a partir da análise, mas não contá-los como ratos &quot;sedentários&quot;. </li><li> Identificar camundongos exaustos e parar o cronómetro. NOTA: A exaustão é definida por três paradas sucessivas e recusa em resume funcionando apesar encorajamento gentil, além de sinais físicos de cansaço, como dificuldade de respiração e postura espalmadas. Ratos recuperar da exaustão dentro de 30 a 60 min. </li><li> Registre a quantidade total de tempo gasto em execução em todas as velocidades. </li><li> Dependendo do projeto experimental, quer retornar o mouse é a sua gaiola, ou realizar procedimentos pós-exercício imediatas, como sangue ou coleta de tecido de acordo com as diretrizes institucionais. </li><li> Limpe o cinto limpo com um toalhete germicida depois de testar cada rato individual, de modo que o cheiro do mouse anterior não influenciar o comportamento de ratos testados subseqüentes. </li><li> Teste o próximo mouse. Use a língua depressor fresco para cada rato. Ratos que residem na mesma caixa pode ser testados sequencialmente no mesmo dia, sem aclimatação adicional para a sala de procedimento. </li></ol>

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Os autores não têm conflitos de interesse de divulgar.

Descrito aqui é um método para avaliar a corrida de resistência voluntária em ratos de laboratório usando uma esteira motorizada sem o uso de uma grade de choque. Este método pode revelar diferenças entre as sub-linhas de ratinhos C57BL / 6, que diferem na expressão da citocina IL-15, que por sua vez faz com que as diferenças na expressão de factores que estão na base de endurance 16,17. Em consonância com os princípios da &quot;Três Rs&quot; no laboratório de ciência animal, este método pode...

A obesidade, resistência à insulina e diabetes tipo 2 são doenças metabólicas inter-relacionadas que exercem efeitos profundos sobre a saúde de ambos os EUA e as populações em todo o mundo 1-4. Exercícios de endurance pode prevenir, bem como tratar, estas condições 5,6. Além disso, a avaliação da velocidade da marcha e resistência são utilizados testes clinicamente como diagnóstico para fragilidade, sarcopenia, e as consequências de outras doenças tais como a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, em seres humanos 7. As vias bioquímicas subjacentes aos efeitos benéficos do exercício físico sobre a composição corporal ea sensibilidade à insulina estão começando a ser elucidados, usando camundongos geneticamente modificados ou farmacologicamente que Enhanced display ou redução da capacidade de exercício 8-11. No entanto, muitos desses estudos têm utilizado esteiras motorizadas equipadas com grades de choque para forçar ratos para correr 8-11. Animais que parar de correr são empurrados pora correia em movimento esteira dentro de uma grade que proporciona um choque elétrico no pé; para escapar do estímulo negativo, os ratos voltar a correr na esteira. Tais procedimentos podem introduzir estresse psicológico e comportamento de evitação como fatores de confusão que afetam parâmetros experimentais 12. Outros métodos de medição de resistência, como a quantificação da atividade ambulatorial utilizando um aparelho de raio-break ou quantificação de in-gaiola roda de corrida, podem ser confundidos pela modulação dos ciclos circadianos, a ansiedade, a formação inadvertida, ou comida comportamento de busca 12-16. Além disso, estes procedimentos exigem o alojamento individual, outra fonte de estresse psicológico para os ratos. Portanto, é necessária uma medição direta do exercício de endurance não confundidos por stress. Para obviar a estas preocupações, o nosso laboratório tem desenvolvido e validado um método para avaliar a capacidade de funcionamento máxima e sustentada em execução velocidade em destreinados, camundongos normais usando uma esteira motorizada não equipped com uma grade de choque. O espaço no fim da correia de execução, em que a grade de choque normalmente reside, em seguida, transforma-se uma plataforma para os ratos para descansar, e proporciona um local para ratos que se recusam a correr para sentar até ser removido a partir do aparelho. Ratos são incentivados a executar por um observador humano através de toque suave ou tocar com uma espátula, juntamente com a sensibilidade à disposição voluntária para ser executado por parte do mouse. Este método foi utilizado para quantificar as diferenças de resistência entre exercício geneticamente modificado e controlar ratinhos C57BL / 6, que diferem na expressão do músculo citocina derivada de interleucina-15 (IL-15), 16,17. Este método é um refinamento humano que diminui os efeitos de confusão do reforço negativo causado pelo uso de uma grade de choque.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="667">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Open Rodent Treadmill Exer-3/6</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050RM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This catalog number is for models without shock grid. Shock grids can be removed manually from older models (Eco 3/6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sani Cloth Germicidal Towlettes</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">PDI- Professional Disposables, Inc., Orangeburg, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a; usually ordered through local facility</td>
			<td>Contains 10% isopropyl alcohol; any equivalent product can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tongue depressors</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any local supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory timer</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IL-15 TG mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">o11002</td>
			<td>Murine IL-15 transgene expressed from modified human alpha-skeletal actin promotor with altered signal sequence to facilitate secretion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J mice (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ooo664</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">IL-15 KO mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4269-M</td>
			<td>Homozygous IL-15 &#34;knockout&#34; mice on C57BL/6 background</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6NTac (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B6-M</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 KO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">*Optional; mouse lines and treatments can be specific to the experimental protocol.</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise

Usando modelos de ratos de laboratório, as vias moleculares responsáveis ​​pelos benefícios metabólicos do exercício físico estão começando a ser definido. O método mais comum para avaliar exercícios de resistência em ratos utiliza forçado correr em uma esteira motorizada equipada com uma grade de choque. Animais que parar de correr são empurrados pela correia em movimento esteira dentro de uma grade que proporciona um choque elétrico no pé; para escapar do estímulo negativo, os ratos voltar a correr na esteira. No entanto, o comportamento de evitação e estresse psicológico devido ao uso de um aparelho de choque pode interferir na quantificação de correr resistência, bem como medidas de confundir os níveis hormonais e de citocinas no soro pós-exercício. Aqui, vamos demonstrar e validar um método sofisticado para medir resistência em execução no ingênuos C57BL / 6 de laboratório em uma esteira motorizada sem a utilização de uma grade de choque. Quando os ratos são preacclimated para a esteira, eles correm voluntariamente com a marcha velocidades específicas para cada mouse. Utilização da rede de choque é substituído por encorajamento suave por um operador humano, usando um depressor de língua, juntamente com a sensibilidade à disposição para ser executado voluntário da parte do rato. Endpoints claras para quantificar o tempo de colocação à exaustão para cada rato correndo são definidos e refletida em sinais comportamentais de exaustão, tais como postura espalmadas e dificuldade para respirar. Este método é um refinamento humano que também diminui os efeitos de confusão do estresse sobre os parâmetros experimentais.

Este procedimento para a medição da resistência de exercício reflete com precisão o perfil molecular e metabólica de diferentes estirpes de ratinhos C57BL / 6, que diferem na expressão da citocina IL-15, 16,17. Camundongos transgênicos que superexpressam IL-15 (IL-15 TG ratos) apresentam aumento significativamente os tempos de execução para a exaustão em comparação com os controles da mesma ninhada, enquanto os ratos que carecem de IL-15 (IL-15 KO) apresentam reduziu significativamente os tempos ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise at JoVE.com

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Avaliação da Murino exercício de resistência sem o uso de um choque grade: uma alternativa para o exercício forçado

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.9K visualizações.  VA Puget Sound Health Care System. A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Vídeo: Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

O uso do dispositivo de Avaliação de Dor Orofacial operante (OPAD) para medir as mudanças no comportamento nociceptivo

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Comportamento

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

Uma alternativa ao teste tradicional de prensa fria: o envoltório do braço da prensa fria

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

Chegar ao Compliance em exercício forçado em roedores: uma norma crítica para avaliar o impacto no exercício decorrentes do envelhecimento Distúrbios e Doenças

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

O Teste de Natação Forçada como um modelo de Depressive-like Comportamento

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

Um pacote de tratamento, sem escapar da extinção a Morada Food Seletividade

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

Setup Multifuncional de Estudos de Controle Motor Humano Utilizando Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana, Eletromiografia, Captura de Movimento, e Realidade Virtual

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

A esteira de fadiga de teste: Um ensaio simples, de alta taxa de transferência de Fadiga-like Comportamento para o Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

Supramaximal intensidade exercício hipóxica e avaliação da função Vascular em ratos

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

Exercício pulmonar prescrito baseado em domicílio em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica estável

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

Impacto do exercício intervalado de alta intensidade e do exercício contínuo de intensidade moderada no nível de troponina cardíaca T em estágio inicial de treinamento

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...