The authors want to thank Ms. Cornelia Heis for her excellent technical assistance in immunohistochemistry and preparation of chicken embryos. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Grant No. P19552) and the European Union (EU FP7 project Optatio No: 278570).

De acordo com o direito austríaco, e do Gabinete do Laboratório Animal Welfare dos EU Public Health Service embriões de aves não são considerados como animais vertebrados vivos até hatching.The NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare providenciou orientações escritas neste domínio (http: // www.grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/ilar91.htm e Publicação NIH Nº .: 06-4515). 1. celular Cultura e Lentivirus Transfection <ol><li> Cultura linhas celulares MM OPM-2, meio RPMI-8226 e as células estaminais mesenquimais humanas a partir de medula óssea em meio RPMI 1640, suplementado com 10% de soro bovino fetal de vitelo e 100 UI / ml de penicilina, 100 ug / ml de estreptomicina e glutamina 2 mM na presença de 5% de CO2 a 37 ° C. </li><li> Transfectar 5 x 10 6 células HEK 293FT com mistura de ADN virai de embalagens (9 g) e 3 ug pLenti6 / V5 dest eGFP vector através da utilização de 30 ul de reagente de transfecção lipossómica e meio de transfecção (10 mL). Remover o meio de transfecção após 12 h eadicionam-se 10 ml de meio DMEM com 10% de soro de bezerro de bovino e 1% de aminoácidos não essenciais (NEAA). </li><li> Após 5 dias, recolher sobrenadantes de células HEK293FT após a centrifugação das células de natação (1000 xg, 5min). Determinar título viral por PCR em tempo real como descrito noutros locais 28. </li><li> Transfectar 1 x 10 6 culas de MM com partículas lentivirais eGFP (1 x 10 5) partículas em uma placa de 24 poços em meio de crescimento completo. Após 3 dias, iniciar o processo de selecção por adição de 2 ug / ml de blasticidina para o meio de cultura. Para o lentivírus eGFP disponível comercialmente, utilizar 500 ug / ml de neomicina. </li><li> Após 2 semanas de selecção, aglomerados de células que expressam eGFP MM irá aparecer; coletar células por centrifugação (1000 x g, 5 min) e expandi-los como OPM-2 eGFP e RPMI-8226 sublinhas eGFP para experimentos (seção 2 e 3). </li></ol> 2. 3D-Multiple Myeloma Modelo Esferóide <ol><li> Solução de colágeno tipo I Frio e 10 x DMEM oN gelo. </li><li> Misture 10/01 Volume de 10 x meio DMEM em matriz de colágeno; adicionar NaOH (0,2 N) para neutralizar a solução de colagénio ácida a um valor de pH de 7,4; loja de colágeno / solução médio no gelo. </li><li> Misture linhas celulares MM transgênicos (OPM-2 eGFP ou RPMI-8226 eGFP; 250.000 por esferóide,) com células humanas mesenquimais (50.000 células / esferóide, ou seja, queda de 30 mL). </li><li> Centrifugar mistura de células em tubos de 15 ml (1.000 xg, 5min), adicione a mistura de colagénio preparado frio (1 mL) ao sedimento de células e misturar bem (1000 uL com ponta). </li><li> Imediatamente pipeta 30 ul da mistura de colagénio / célula (com ponta 100 ul) numa placa de 24 poços em filme de parafina estéril e permitir mistura célula / colagénio para polimerizar durante 30 minutos a 37 ° C (ver Figura 1A). </li><li> MM esferóides de sobreposição com meio de cultura contendo 1 mL de 1, 10 e 100 nM bortezomib (ver Figura 1B). </li><li> Após 72 horas de incubação a 37 ° C, esferóides de documentos porestereomicroscopia de fluorescência (ver Figura 1C). </li><li> Transferir cada esferóide pelo uso de fórceps com maxilas lisas de largura num tubo de reacção para a medição de GFP (ver Figura 1D). </li></ol> 3. 3D do mieloma múltiplo Xenoenxerto Modelo no CAM <ol><li> Incubar ovos de galinha em uma incubadora de ovos de aves especial a 37 ° C e 70% de humidade durante três dias. </li><li> Em seguida, abertas e ovos embriões de transferência para esterilizados com etanol, quadrada, de 10 cm de pesagem de plástico de cultura de células com barcos placa da tampa e incubar &quot;ex ovo&quot; para mais de seis dias, de modo que o CAM é capaz de desenvolver (ver Figura 2A). </li><li> Solução de colagénio de tipo I Frio e 10 x DMEM em gelo, mistura 1/10 de volume de 10 x em meio DMEM matriz de colagénio, adiciona-se NaOH (0,2 N) para neutralizar a solução de colagénio ácida a um valor de pH de 7,4; loja de colágeno / solução médio no gelo. </li><li> Misture linhas celulares de MM transgénico (OPM-eGFP ou 2RPMI-8226 eGFP; 250.000 por esferóide,) com células mesenquimais humanas (50.000 células / esferóide). </li><li> Centrifugar as células em tubos de 15 ml (1.000 xg, 5 minutos, para cada composto de teste um frasco), adicionar 1 mL de mistura de colagénio preparada a frio com o fármaco (a concentração de trabalho pretendida) à pelete de células e misturar bem (1000 uL com ponta). </li><li> Coloque colagénio gotas (30 ul cada) em parafilme em um patê 6 bem durante 30 min para permitir que a polimerização da matriz extracelular, a 37 ° C. </li><li> Transferência &quot;onplants&quot; do passo 3.6 com a utilização de uma pinça para a superfície da CAM não tratada (2 cm de distância do embrião) de embriões de galinha de 9 dias de idade (4 onplants para cada embrião de frango, ver Figura 2B) </li><li> Após 5 dias de crescimento in vivo em uma incubadora de ovos a 37 ° C e 70% de humidade, xenoenxertos de documentos por estereomicroscopia de fluorescência (ver figura 2C). Euthanize embriões de galinha por hipotermia a 4 ° C no frigorífico durante 5 h. </li><li> Remover xenografts com tecido CAM subjacente por uma tesoura oftálmica e forceps com grandes mandíbulas planas. Use-os para a medição da GFP (seção 4, veja a Figura 2D) ou para análise imuno-histoquímica dos vasos sanguíneos e / ou invadindo células tumorais (Seção 5). </li></ol> 4. Quantificação de Proteína eGFP por ELISA <ol><li> Transferir cada esferóide MM ou xenoenxerto excisada em 0,5 ml de tampão RIPA contendo inibidores de protease / ml 200 ug. </li><li> Homogeneizar esferóide / xenoenxerto com um homogeneizador de tecidos em gelo. </li><li> Execute três congelamento / descongelamento ciclos em nitrogênio líquido e 37 ° C banho de água. </li><li> Centrifugar homogeneizado a 4 ° C durante 20 min (12.000 g) e os sobrenadantes da loja. </li><li> Diluir as amostras de 1:20 em tampão de ensaio (200 ul) de o kit de ELISA. Medir-níveis GFP GFP por um kit de ELISA comercial utilizando anticorpos anti-GFP biotinilados, de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante. </li></ol> 5. Immunohistochemical Análise de vasos sanguíneos e invadindo células tumorais <ol><li> Fix xenoenxertos excisado com área CAM em paraformaldeído a 4% O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Coloque xenoenxertos fixos em cassetes de embebimento e transferi-los para uma estação de incorporação de tecido com uma série crescente álcool graduado (50%, 70%, 80%, etanol a 95%, xileno e parafina; cada passo 60 min). </li><li> Xenoenxertos de secção (5 ^ m) através da utilização de um micrótomo rotativo de bancada. Coza secções de parafina em lâminas de vidro O / N a 56 ° C. </li><li> Desparafinar secções por uma série de álcoois graduados diminuindo a água duplamente destilada (xilol, 95%, 80%, 70%, etanol a 50%, água bidestilada; cada passo 10 min). </li><li> Executar a recuperação de antigénio em um banho de água (95 ° C, 20 min) com uma solução de recuperação de antigénio (citrate- tampão, pH 7,0, volume 100 ul). </li><li> Bloquear a actividade da peroxidase endógena com 100 ul de 3% de H 2 O 2 / metanol durante 30 min. </li><li> Seções bloco em PBS contendo10% de soro fetal de vitelo durante 45 min (volume 100 ul). </li><li> Mancha durante 1 h com 100 uL de anticorpo primário (1 ug / ml) diluído em PBS contendo 1% de soro de vitelo fetal, à TA. </li><li> Após lavagem três vezes em PBS, incubar durante 1 hora com o anticorpo secundário biotinilado (0,1? G / ml) em PBS contendo 1% de soro de vitelo fetal, à TA. </li><li> Após lavagem três vezes em PBS realizar a reacção de cor por a solução de avidina / (DAB) de substrato-biotina complexo (ABC) e o diaminobenzidina de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. </li><li> 5.11. Parar a reacção por transferência de secções de água duplamente destilada, de contraste com hematoxilina e montar secções com um meio de montagem sintético. </li></ol>

<ol>
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O desenvolvimento de novos agentes terapêuticos para refractário MM requer menos demorado e caro sistemas in-vivo para avaliar a sensibilidade de culas de MM humano para drogas. Até à data, poucos sistemas in vivo estão disponíveis para a avaliação pré-clínica de novas terapias anti-mieloma. Todos eles têm as suas limitações para o rastreio em larga escala de bibliotecas de compostos 29. Os melhores modelos atuais para células MM humanos são altamente ratos imunodeficientes 7,...

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, bone lesions and immunodeficiency 1. Although new treatment options such as proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib) and immune modulatory drugs (pomalidomide and lenalidomide) are available, MM still remains an incurable malignancy with a grim prognosis 2. The bad prognosis might be explained by the extraordinary heterogeneity of MM cell clones that contributes to variable responses to therapy, in particular under long time treatment and selection pressure of MM clones 3.
Preclinical testing of new drugs and their combinations in vitro and in vivo is a critical and time-consuming step for future drug development. Thus, useful in-vivo models of MM are required to gain a better understanding of the biology of the disease and to enable the discovery of new drugs. Actually, the best xenotransplantation models for hematological malignancies and therapeutics are immune-deficient mice, such as the severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice 4-7, the non-obese diabetic/SCID (NOD/SCID) mice 8,9 or the &#946;-microglobulin-knockout NOD/SCID mice 10,11.
Although murine models of human MM in some aspects can resemble the phenotype of human disease, immune-deficient mice are inbred, therefore simulate only one individual response to a drug and costs are very high. Due to immunosuppression animals require special maintenance conditions and the engraftment of human MM in mice requires 6 weeks to 2 months 9,12, unless cells are grafted directly to the bone marrow using a technically demanding procedure with lower rates of animal survival 7,13. Therefore, new methods using stem-cell based organoid models 14, tissue engineering 15 or sophisticated 3D cell culture models 16 have been established. They will compete in the near future with classical animal experiments for preclinical drug testing, but cannot replace systemic toxicity tests in living organisms.
The chicken embryo has been demonstrated before to be a suitable organism for xenotransplantation of human cells and tissues due to lack of adaptive immune response until hatching 17-19. Moreover, each chicken embryo reflects an individual reaction to applied drugs or tumor cells due to genetic diversity within the chicken population. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a well-established system to study tumor-dependent angiogenesis 20-22. When solid tumors are grafted to the CAM, they display many characteristics of cancers in vivo, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis 23-27. 
Based on the previous experience of our group with CAM xenograft models20,26,27, a human MM model was established that combines the advantage of a human 3D culture system with the model of ex ovo developing chicken embryos. This MM model system allows real time monitoring of MM growth progression, quantification of cell mass and preclinical drug testing.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-8226 cells</td>
			<td>DSMZ</td>
			<td>ACC 9</td>
			<td>STR profiled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OPM-2 cells</td>
			<td>DSMZ</td>
			<td>ACC 50</td>
			<td>STR profiled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human mesenchymal stem cells&#160;</td>
			<td>PromoCell</td>
			<td>PC-C-12974</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293FT cells&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R700-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R0883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum&#160; HyClone</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>SH30070.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glut- Pen- Strep solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEAA</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Sciences</td>
			<td>M7145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection Medium/Opti-MEM&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eGFP lentiviral particles</td>
			<td>GeneCopoeia</td>
			<td>LPP-EGFP-LV105</td>
			<td>Ready to use viral particles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pLenti6/V5Dest6 eGFP vector</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PN 35-1271</td>
			<td>from authors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ViralpowerTM packaging mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P/N 35-1275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection reagent/ Lipofectamin 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blasticidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R210-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neomycin</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>A2912</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-Type1&#160; Rat Tail</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM powder</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Art.Nr. 10338582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plitidepsin</td>
			<td>Pharmamar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bortezomib</td>
			<td>LKT Lab., Inc.</td>
			<td>B5871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">SPF-white hen eggs</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Charles River</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
			<td rowspan="3">Fertilized&#160; white Leghorn&#160; chicken eggs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Plastic weighing boats</td>
			<td rowspan="2">neoLab</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Art.Nr. 1-1125</td>
			<td rowspan="2">for ex-ovo culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridish square (Lids)</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>D210-16</td>
			<td>for ex-ovo culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA Buffer (10x)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>#9806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor Tablets</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Roche</td>
			<td rowspan="2">11 836 170 001</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Mini EDTA-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP ELISA</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs, Inc.</td>
			<td>AKR-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histocette II</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M493-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA&#160; 37%</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>7398.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-512F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolut</td>
			<td>Normapur</td>
			<td>20,821,321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti-Histol</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>Art.Nr.6640.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">SuperFrost Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>R. Langenbrinck&#160;</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labor- u. Medizintechnik</td>
			<td>03-0060</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">DakoCytomation Wash Buffer 10x</td>
			<td rowspan="2">DakoCytomation</td>
			<td>Code-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S 3006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Target Retrieval Solution (10x)&#160; pH 6,1</td>
			<td rowspan="2">DAKO</td>
			<td>Code-Nr.</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S 1699</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2O2</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu ASMA clone 1A4</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M0851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu CD138 clone MI15</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M7228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Vimentin clone V9</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>M0725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Desmin clone D33</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>&#160;M0760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-a-hu Ki67&#160; clone MIB-1&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>&#160;M7240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated goat- anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td>BA-9200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectastain Elite ABC Kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Inc.</td>
			<td># PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FAST DAB Tablet Set.</td>
			<td>Sigma Biochemicals</td>
			<td># D4293</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#8217;s haemalaun solution</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1,092,490,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti Histokitt</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>Art.Nr.6638.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench top rotary microtome</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron, Shandon Finesse ME+</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue embedding station</td>
			<td>Leica, TP1020</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Egg-Incubator</td>
			<td>Grumbach&#160;</td>
			<td>BSS160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo fluorescence microscope equipped with an connected with a digital camera (Olympus E410) and flexible cold light&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus, SZX10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Turrax&#160;</td>
			<td>IKA T10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a human multiple myeloma xenograft model in the chicken to study tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis

O mieloma múltiplo (MM), uma doença maligna de células plasmáticas, permanece incurável e novas drogas são necessárias para melhorar o prognóstico dos pacientes. Devido à ausência do microambiente do osso e factores de crescimento auto / parácrina células MM humanos são difíceis de cultivar. Portanto, existe uma necessidade urgente de estabelecer adequada in vitro e em sistemas de cultura in vivo para estudar a acção de novas terapias em culas do MM humanos. Aqui é apresentado um modelo para crescer as células de mieloma múltiplo humano num ambiente 3D complexo in vitro e in vivo. Linhas celulares de MM OPM-2 e meio RPMI-8226 foram transfectadas para expressar o transgene GFP e foram cultivadas na presença de células mesenquimais humanas e de colagénio do tipo I como matriz esferóides tridimensionais. Além disso, os esferóides foram enxertados sobre a membrana corioalantóica (CAM) de embriões de galinha e o crescimento do tumor foi monitorizado por meio de microscopia de fluorescência estéreo. Ambos os modelos permitem o estudo do romance dru terapêuticogs em um ambiente 3D complexo e a quantificação da massa de células de tumor após a homogeneização dos enxertos em um GFP-ELISA específicos do transgene. Além disso, as respostas angiogénicas do hospedeiro e a invasão de células tumorais para o tecido hospedeiro subjacente pode ser monitorizado diariamente por um microscópio estéreo e analisadas por coloração imuno-histoquímica contra células humanas de tumor (Ki-67, CD138, vimentina) ou células hospedeiras murais cobrindo vasos sanguíneos (desmina / ASMA). Em conclusão, o sistema onplant permite estudar o crescimento de células MM e angiogénese num ambiente 3D complexo e permite o rastreio de novos compostos terapêuticos que visam a sobrevivência e proliferação das células do MM.

Na análise in vitro de compostos alvo em 3D mieloma múltiplo ensaios esferóides Devido à limitação da cultura de culas do MM in vitro humanos primários estabelecemos novos modelos in vitro de cultura 3D para linhas celulares MM humanos que utilizam uma matriz extracelular e crescimento de células mesenquimais humanas primárias de suporte a partir de medula óssea (Figura 1A, B). Linhas celulares MM transgênico EG...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

As células humanas mieloma múltiplo (MM) requerem o microambiente favorável de células mesenquimais e componentes da matriz extracelular para a sobrevivência e proliferação. Nós estabelecemos um modelo vivo de embriões em frango com células de mieloma e mesenquimais humanas enxertados para estudar os efeitos de medicamentos contra o câncer no crescimento do tumor, invasão e angiogênese.

Criação de um Modelo de Xenoenxerto Humano mieloma múltiplo na galinha para estudar o crescimento tumoral, invasão e angiogênese

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

establishment-human-multiple-myeloma-xenograft-model-chicken-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.9K visualizações.  Innsbruck Medical University.  As células humanas mieloma múltiplo (MM) requerem o microambiente favorável de células mesenquimais e componentes da matriz extracelular para a sobrevivência e proliferação. Nós estabelecemos um modelo vivo de embriões em frango com células de mieloma e mesenquimais humanas enxertados para estudar os efeitos de medicamentos contra o câncer no crescimento do tumor, invasão e angiogênese. 

Vídeo: Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

Um In Vitro Sistema para Estudo de dormência Tumor ea Mude para o crescimento metastático

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

Medicina

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotão imagem de invasão das células tumorais em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de carcinoma epidermóide oral

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

A Mouse Model of the Cornea Pocket Assay for Angiogenesis Study

A normal cornea is clear of vascular tissues. However, blood vessels can be induced to grow and survive in the cornea when potent angiogenic factors are administered 1. This uniqueness has made the cornea pocket assay one of the most used models for angiogenesis studies. The cornea composes multiple layers of cells. It is therefore possible to embed a pellet containing the angiogenic factor of interest in the cornea to investigate its angiogenic effect 2,3. Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of how to (I) produce the angiogenic factor-containing pellet (II) embed the pellet into the cornea (III) analyze the angiogenesis induced by the angiogenic factor of interest. Since the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is known as one of the most potent angiogenic factors 4, it is used here to induce angiogenesis in the cornea.

The cornea is unique in that it lacks vascular tissues. However, robust blood vessel growth and survival can be induced in the cornea by potent angiogenic factors. Therefore, the cornea can provide with us a valuable tool for angiogenic studies. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the mouse model of cornea pocket assay and how to assess the angiogenesis induced by angiogenic factors using this model.

Um modelo do rato do Ensaio de bolso Córnea para o Estudo da angiogênese

A normal cornea is clear of vascular tissues. However, blood vessels can be induced to grow and survive in the cornea when potent angiogenic factors are ...

Human Internal Mammary Artery (IMA) Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel stenting are crucial for translational approaches1,2.
The commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs3-5. However, the translation of these models into clinical settings remains difficult, since those biological processes are already studied in animal vessels but never performed before in human research models6,7. In this video we demonstrate a new humanized model to overcome this translational gap. The shown procedure is reproducible, easy, and fast to perform and is suitable to study the development of intimal hyperplasia and the applicability of diverse stents.
This video shows how to perform the stent technique in human vessels followed by transplantation into immunodeficient rats, and identifies the origin of proliferating cells as human.

Human Internal Mammary Artery IMA Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

This video shows a model to study the development of intimal hyperplasia after stent deployment using a human vessel (IMA) in an immunodeficient rat model.

Humanos da artéria mamária interna (IMA) Transplante e implante de stent: um modelo humano para estudar o desenvolvimento de reestenose intra-stent

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

Humanos Linhas tumor neuroendócrino de células como um modelo tridimensional para o estudo da terapia de tumores humanos Neuroendócrino

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

A Novel de alta resolução<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Técnica de Imagem para estudar a resposta dinâmica de estruturas intracranianas ao crescimento do tumor e Terapêutica

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for personalized medicine after stratification, explaining the current interest in developing a reproducible and low-cost xenotransplant model for this disease. The chick chorioallantoic membrane is a natural immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition, it is easily accessed, manipulated and imaged using optical and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Histology further allows detailed analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions.
This protocol describes in detail the in ovo grafting of the chorioallantoic membrane with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines (Saos-2 and SW1353). The chick survival rates are up to 75%. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior. For localized grafting of single cell suspensions, ECM gel provides significant advantages over inert containment materials. The Ki67 proliferation index is related to the distance of the cells from the surface of the CAM and the duration of application on the CAM, the latter determining a time frame for the addition of therapeutic products.

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

The in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is grafted with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior.

O<em&gt; Em ovo</em&gt; CAM-ensaio como um Xenograftmodel para o Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

Descolamento de Retina modelo em roedores por injeção sub-retiniana de hialuronato de sódio

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

A modificação<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Invasion Ensaio para determinar o possível papel dos hormônios, citocinas e / ou fatores de crescimento na Cancer Mediating Invasion celular

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.