This work was funded by the Institut Pasteur, the Bettencourt-Schueller foundation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris Diderot, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-SAMA-0006; SynDivAutism), the Conny-Maeva Charitable Foundation, the Cognacq Jay Foundation, the Orange Foundation, and the Fondamental Foundation. L.G. is supported by an undergraduate fellowship from the Health Ministry. We acknowledge the help of BitPlane in particular Georgia Golfis, in the early stage of this work.

1. Cultura Neuronal Nota: reprogramação de fibroblastos em células-tronco pluripotentes, o compromisso com a linhagem telencéfalo dorsal, derivação, amplificação e bancário de progenitores corticais final (LCP) foram descritas em Boissart et al 4. A diferenciação neuronal de células-LCP como também foi realizada de acordo com Boissart et ai 4 com ligeiras modificações. Outros procedimentos foram desenvolvidos para a reprogramação directa de fibroblastos em células estaminais pluripotentes induzidas seguido da sua diferenciação em neurónios. Este protocolo foi mantida, uma vez que permite a produção selectiva de neurónios glutamatérgicos piramidais. <ol><li> Tratar-6 placas de cultura com lamelas de vidro com poli-ornitina (diluído a 1/6 em DPBS, concentração de estoque de 0,01%) O / N, seguido por três lavagens em STDF. Em seguida, adicione a laminina (concentração de 1 mg / ml, diluído 500 vezes em DPBS) durante pelo menos 10 horas, sob a câmara de fluxo<html> . </li><li> Placa e despachar NSC a baixa densidade (50.000 células / cm2) em 6 placas de cultura com lamelas de vidro em 3 ml de meio de cultura consistindo em DMEM / F12 (500 ml), 2 frascos (5 mL cada) de suplemento N2, 2 frascos para injectáveis ​​(10 ml cada) de suplemento de B27, 10 ml de Pen-Estreptomicina (Penicilina = 10.000 unidades / ml e estreptomicina = 10.000 unidades / ml), 1 ml de 2-mercaptoetanol (da solução: 50 mM) e laminina (1 / 500), sem factores de crescimento. Passo crítico: Realizar este passo cuidadosamente pela adição de células com movimentos de rotação lentos, a fim de reduzir a agregação de células. </li><li> Remover o meio de cultura. Adicionar meio fresco contendo N2B27 2 ug / ml de laminina solução fresca para manter o neurónio ligado nas lamelas de vidro e evitar aglomeração. Mudar o meio cada 3 dias. Manter algum do meio restante (200 uL) antes da adição de meio fresco, a fim de impedir que a célula de secagem. Alternativamente, proceder rapidamente e alterar o volume total (3 mL). </li></ol>e_title &quot;&gt; 2. Transdução Lentivirus Nota: lentivirais GFP foram gentilmente fornecidas pelo Dr. Uwe Maskos do laboratório no Instituto Pasteur (Paris) e preparado de acordo com o protocolo publicado 5. Expressão da GFP é dirigido pelo promotor de rato fosfoglicerato-quinase (PGK). Para este estudo, foi título viral de 400 ng / ul (solução estoque em PBS 1x). <ol><li> Transduzir neurónios iPSC derivados humanos em qualquer etapa de maturação por partículas virais através da adição de 1 ul da solução de estoque contendo 40 ng de vector lentiviral GFP por poço de cultura (placas de 6 poços) e incubar durante 48 horas em meio de cultura fresco. Nota: Para este protocolo, a duração da incubação permite uma boa rotulagem das estruturas da coluna vertebral. </li></ol> 3. Imunofluorescência Nota: A fim de melhorar a rotulagem de toda a morfologia da coluna, imunofluorescência foi realizada utilizando um anticorpo anti-GFP em condições permeabilizadas. </p&gt; <ol><li> Remover o meio de cultura e as células transduzidas fixar em lamelas em paraformaldeído a 4% durante 10 min à TA, depois lavar 3 vezes em PBS 1X (10 min cada). </li><li> Immerge lamelas em PBS suplementado com 0,05% de Triton (100x) e 10% de soro de cavalo durante 1 h à TA, em seguida, lavar 3 vezes em PBS 1x. </li><li> Adicionar 100 ul de 1x PBS suplementado com 4% de soro de cavalo e anticorpo primário (1 / 1.000) criado contra GFP e diluída por um factor de 1,000 a cada lamela. Incubar numa caixa escura S / N a 4 ° C, e depois lavar 3 vezes com PBS 1x. </li><li> Diluir com Alexa Fluor 488 conjugado com anticorpo (1/200) em PBS suplementado com 0,5% de Tween 20 e incubar durante 1 h à TA. Em seguida, lavar 3 vezes em 1x PBS e montar lamelas em lâminas de vidro com meio de montagem para a microscopia de fluorescência. </li></ol> 4. dendríticas Spine Imagem <ol><li> Execute confocal de imagem através de um microscópio de varredura a laser confocal. </li><li> Selecione neurônios saudáveis, com uma morfologia piramidalnd uma arborização dendrítica completo, e quantificar, pelo menos, 10 neurônios por condição de experiências separadas. Quantificar 60-100 mM por dendrite. </li><li> Adquirir imagens usando um óleo 40X NA = 1,3 objetiva e uma linha de laser de 488 nm para excitação GFP, com uma potência de pico típica a nível amostra de cerca de 20 mW. Definir tamanho do pixel em torno de 80 nm para provar corretamente espinhas dendríticas. Nota: A chamada análise posterior para uma imagem na qual o ruído não comprometa a segmentação adequada dos dendritos e espinhas. Com as definições de amostragem e de potência espaciais mencionadas acima, observamos que um pixel em tempo de permanência de 3,15 mS é suficiente para coletar fótons suficientes para construir tal imagem. Para amostras de dim, a qualidade da imagem pode ser melhorada por uma média de 2 a 4 varrimentos. Pode ser necessária a aquisição de vários azulejos XY para cobrir a região de interesse, o que, em seguida, devem ser costuradas antes do processamento. </li><li> Para provar todo o volume neurônio, adquirir uma pilha-Z, comZ um espaçamento que varia de 150 nm a 300 nm, obtendo-se 20 a 30 fatias Z. Nota: A resolução espacial lateral, obtida com essas configurações é 234 nm ea resolução axial é 591 nm. A amostragem escolhida aqui é adequada, mas, como a resolução axial é maior do que o menor tamanho das espinhas a ser trabalhada, a análise favorece as espinhas que se estendem lateralmente a partir das dendrites. </li></ol> 5. 3D Quantificação de espinhas dendríticas Nota: As secções que se seguem descrevem especificamente a utilização do software para análise Imaris. Existem implementações alternativas, incluindo NeuronStudio 15 ou Metamorph 8, que pode fornecer resultados semelhantes. Use as seguintes configurações-chave: <ol><li> Como uma etapa de pré-processamento, usar a filtragem Gaussian através das instalações de processamento de imagens oferecidas pelo software. Executar filtragem Gaussian através do Processamento de Imagem&gt; Smoocoisa&gt; Filtro de Gauss. Definir a largura do filtro para ser igual ao tamanho do pixel em XY. </li><li> Execute um traçado semi-automática de dendrites, utilizando o módulo de Filament Tracer do software. <ol><li> Em primeiro lugar, calcular o diâmetro dendrite, usando a função da distância no separador Fatia do software. </li><li> Na guia Ultrapasse, clique na ferramenta filamentos. Para uma melhor robustez, este protocolo se baseia em rastreamento semi-automática; clique em Ir criação automática. O módulo de interface agora está mostrando a guia Draw. Aqui, selecione autopath como um método, Dendrite como um tipo, e introduzir o diâmetro estimado dendrite. </li><li> Use o modo Selecção do ponteiro, virando o cursor em uma caixa. Shift-botão direito do mouse sobre o ponto de partida dendrite. Nota: o software realiza cálculos iniciais. </li><li> Mova o ponteiro ao longo da dendrite. Desde o ponto de partida (representamed como uma esfera azul), é mostrada uma linha amarela que representa o caminho dendrite mais provável. Shift-esquerdo do mouse sobre o ponto final dendrite. </li></ol></li><li> Execute o espinhos segmentação automática. Nota: Os espinhos sobre a dendrite rastreada encontram-se automaticamente pelo módulo de interface. <ol><li> Na interface do módulo, clique na guia Criação. Na lista drop-Reconstruir, escolher Rebuild Dendrite Diâmetro e marque a caixa de dados Fortaleza. Em seguida, clique em Reconstruir. </li><li> Definir o limite para que o volume segmentado corresponde ao volume dendrite real. Como um algoritmo, selecione Shortest Distância do Mapa distância. Clique no botão Avançar. </li><li> Determine o menor diâmetro da cabeça da coluna eo comprimento máximo, novamente usando a ferramenta distância na guia Fatia do software, em seguida, voltar para a guia Ultrapasse e inserir os parâmetros. Fou este protocolo, valores em torno de 200-300 nm para o diâmetro mínimo e 4 mm de comprimento máximo são bons pontos de partida. Não marque a caixa Permitir ramo de espinhos. Clique no botão Avançar. </li><li> Ajustar o Limiar Pontos de sementes de modo a que os pontos azuis representam espinhas localizar a cabeça da coluna reais. Clique no botão Avançar. Nota: O cálculo do núcleo é feito agora e pode ser demorado. </li></ol></li><li> Classificar espinhas, indo para a aba Ferramentas da interface do módulo. Clique em Classificar espinhos. Na interface do usuário for solicitado, certifique-se de que existem quatro classes, definidas pela morfologia da seguinte forma: Stubby: comprimento &lt;1 mm; Cogumelo: Comprimento (espinha)&gt; 3 e largura Max (cabeça)&gt; largura média (pescoço) x 2; Longo e fino: A média de largura (cabeça) ≥ largura média (pescoço); Filopodia-like: Comprimento ≤ 4 mm (sem cabeça). Nota: O moInterface dule gera quatro novos objetos filamentos contendo os resultados da classificação. </li><li> Exportação de dados estatísticos: em qualquer um desses quatro interfaces de objeto, vá para a guia Estatísticas. Clique sobre a exportação todas as Estatísticas botão para arquivo. Nota: Outros valores estatísticos podem ser exportados para dendrites (. Por exemplo, comprimento, área, diâmetro, profundidade ramo, ramificação ângulo, volume, etc dizer.), E por espinhas (por exemplo, retidão, a área de ligação, comprimento e volume de distintas partes da espinha, espinha de diâmetro, densidades, etc.) </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

A quantificação das características morfológicas dos neurônios piramidais contou com o software. A interface Filament Tracer foi utilizada para a segmentação de neurônios e espinhos, eo módulo XT foi utilizado para suas análises. Para analisar a precisão da nossa técnica, primeiro comparou os parâmetros morfológicos medidos (comprimento, área e volume total de espinha quando aplicável), com os publicados usando ratos neurônios piramidais maduros na cultura 6, 7 e ...

Espinhas dendríticas dos neurônios piramidais corticais são pequenas e finas saliências que são distribuídos ao longo das dendrites basais e apicais de esses subtipos neuronais em roedores, primatas e cérebro humano. Eles são os sites da maioria das sinapses excitatórias e exibir funções-chave na aprendizagem e processos cognitivos. As estruturas detalhadas de espinhas dendríticas humanas foram tecnicamente estudada por microscopia eletrônica de 2. No entanto, tal abordagem é demorado e representa a carga de trabalho pesado. Mais recentemente, um (3D) reconstrução tridimensional da morfologia das espinhas dendriticas foi reportado no córtex do cérebro humano utilizando um software específico combinados para análise grande coluna Manual 3. A tecnologia verde proteína fluorescente (GFP) acoplado a imunofluorescência representa uma ferramenta precisa para a identificação e medição espinha forma por microscopia de fluorescência. Esta abordagem pode ser facilmente aplicado a culturas de neurónios. However, há dados foram relatados na análise de maturação coluna e morfologia em neurônios humanos derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (IPSC). O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever um protocolo, que permite imagens espinha dendrítica de neurônios humanos cultivados in vitro. Rotulagem GFP, microscopia confocal e análise 3D com o módulo de software de Filamento Tracer Imaris foram utilizados no presente protocolo. Culturas etapas que são necessárias para obter neurónios glutamatérgicos do córtex das camadas II a IV a partir de células estaminais neurais (NSC) também são brevemente descritos aqui. Todo o protocolo para a produção NSC humano já foi publicado em outros lugares 4.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PD-PBS (1X), sans Calcium, Magnesium et Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Ornithine Solution Bioreagent</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse laminin</td>
			<td>Dutscher Dominique</td>
			<td>354232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 Supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement w/o vit A (50X)</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/NUT.MIX F-12 W/GLUT-I</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31331028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal Med SFM</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31350-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen-Steptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP Rabbit Serum Polyclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-6455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse serum</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16050130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyclonal Anti-betaIII tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB9354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverglass 13 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631-0150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent avec DAPI</td>
			<td>Gibco/ Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween(R) 20 Bioextra, Viscous Liquid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich Chimie</td>
			<td>P7949</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich Chimie</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Fibroblasts</td>
			<td>Coriell Cell Line Biorepository</td>
			<td>GM 4603 and GM 1869</td>
			<td>Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss (Germany)</td>
			<td>LSM 700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris Software</td>
			<td>Bitplane AG, Zurich</td>
			<td>6.4.0 version</td>
			<td>Filament Tracer and Imaris XT modules are necessary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Huygens Software</td>
			<td>Huygens software, SVI, Netherlands</td>
			<td>Pro version</td>
			<td>Optional (for deconvolution testing)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional quantification of dendritic spines from pyramidal neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells

As espinhas dendríticas são pequenas saliências que correspondem aos compartimentos pós-sinápticas das sinapses excitatórias no sistema nervoso central. Eles estão distribuídos ao longo dos dendritos. A sua morfologia é em grande parte dependente da actividade neuronal, e eles são dinâmicos. Espinhas dendríticas expressam receptores glutamatérgicos (receptores AMPA e NMDA) em sua superfície e nos níveis de densidade pós-sináptica. Cada coluna permite que o neurônio para controlar sua atividade estatal e local de forma independente. Spine morfologias têm sido extensivamente estudadas em células piramidais glutamatérgicos do córtex cerebral, usando ambas as abordagens in vivo e culturas neuronais obtidos a partir de tecidos de roedores. Condições neuropatológicas podem ser associados à indução da coluna alterada e maturação, como mostrado em roedores neurónios em cultura e análise quantitativa unidimensional 1. O presente estudo descreve um protocolo para a análise quantitativa 3D de morfologias coluna usando cortic humanoneurônios al derivadas de células estaminais neurais (progenitoras corticais final). Estas células foram inicialmente obtida a partir de células estaminais pluripotentes induzidas. Este protocolo permite a análise da morfologia da coluna vertebral em diferentes períodos de cultura, e com a possibilidade de comparação entre as células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas obtidas de indivíduos controle com aqueles obtidos de pacientes com doenças psiquiátricas.

<html> O presente estudo descreve um protocolo padronizado para a coluna quantificação das dendrites cultura de neurônios piramidais derivadas da IPSC. Este protocolo permite a análise de maturação coluna sobre neurónios humanos e sua possível comparação com a maturação das espinhas em culturas neuronais de roedores normais, bem como em modelos animais in vivo. A Figura 1A representa um esquema dos diferentes passos de cultura que permitem a produção de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Espinhas dendríticas dos neurônios piramidais são os sites da maioria das sinapses excitatórias no córtex cerebral dos mamíferos. Este método descreve a análise quantitativa 3D de morfologias coluna em neurônios piramidais glutamatérgicos corticais humanos derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas.

A quantificação tridimensional das espinhas dendríticas de Piramidal neurônios derivados pluripotentes induzidas pelo homem Células-Tronco

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

11.3K visualizações.  Institut Pasteur.  Espinhas dendríticas dos neurônios piramidais são os sites da maioria das sinapses excitatórias no córtex cerebral dos mamíferos. Este método descreve a análise quantitativa 3D de morfologias coluna em neurônios piramidais glutamatérgicos corticais humanos derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas. 

Vídeo: Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.

This manuscript provides a step-by-step procedure for the derivation and maintenance of human keratinocytes from plucked hair and subsequent generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by episomal vectors.

Geração de Integração Induced-livre Human células estaminais pluripotentes usando o cabelo derivado queratinócitos

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.

This work describes an in vitro differentiation protocol to produce pigmented, mature melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells via a neural crest and melanoblast intermediate stage using a feeder-free, 25 day protocol.

Derivação sem alimentador de melanócitos a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets of patients with metastatic melanoma. Major obstacles of this approach are the reduced viability of transferred T cells, caused by telomere shortening, and the limited number of TILs obtained from patients. Less-differentiated T cells with long telomeres would be an ideal T cell subset for adoptive T cell therapy;however, generating large numbers of these less-differentiated T cells is problematic. This limitation of adoptive T cell therapy can be theoretically overcome by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that self-renew, maintain pluripotency, have elongated telomeres, and provide an unlimited source of autologous T cells for immunotherapy. Here, we present a protocol to generate iPSCs using Sendai virus vectors for the transduction of reprogramming factors into TILs. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed, vector-free clones. These TIL-derived iPSCs might be able to generate less-differentiated patient- and tumor-specific T cells for adoptive T cell therapy.

The goal of this protocol is to show the protocol for reprogramming melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into induced pluripotent stem cells.

Geração de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas a partir de melanoma humano linfócitos tumor infiltrantes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Geração de Integração-livres induzidas células-tronco pluripotentes a partir de células mononucleares de sangue periférico humano Usando epissï¿½ica Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an integration-free method. Following embryoid body (EB) formation and fibroblastic cell expansion, the iPSCs are induced for chondrogenic differentiation for 21 days under serum-free and xeno-free conditions. After chondrocyte induction, the phenotypes of the cells are evaluated by morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses, as well as by the quantitative real-time PCR examination of chondrogenic differentiation markers. The chondrogenic pellets show positive alcian blue and toluidine blue staining. The immunohistochemistry of collagen II and X staining is also positive. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and the chondrogenic differentiation markers COLLAGEN 2 (COL2), COLLAGEN 10 (COL10), SOX9, and AGGRECAN are significantly upregulated in chondrogenic pellets compared to hiPSCs and fibroblastic cells. These results suggest that PBCs can be used as seed cells to generate iPSCs for cartilage repair, which is patient-specific and cost-effective.

We present a protocol to generate a chondrogenic lineage from human peripheral blood (PB) via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using an integration-free method, which includes embryoid body (EB) formation, fibroblastic cells expansion, and chondrogenic induction.

Condrócitos diferenciadores de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas por humanos derivadas de sangue periférico

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. Currently, efforts are being made to regenerate damaged cartilage with ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, the restricted viability and instability of these cells limit their application in cartilage reconstruction. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have received scientific attention as a new alternative for regenerative applications. With unlimited self-renewal ability and multipotency, hiPSCs have been highlighted as a new replacement cell source for cartilage repair. However, obtaining a high quantity of high-quality chondrogenic pellets is a major challenge to their clinical application. In this study, we used embryoid body (EB)-derived outgrowth cells for chondrogenic differentiation. Successful chondrogenesis was confirmed by PCR and staining with alcian blue, toluidine blue, and antibodies against collagen types I and II (COL1A1 and COL2A1, respectively). We provide a detailed method for the differentiation of cord blood mononuclear cell-derived iPSCs (CBMC-hiPSCs) into chondrogenic pellets.

Here, we propose a protocol for chondrogenic differentiation from cord blood mononuclear cell-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Formação de grânulos condrogénicos a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas por sangue do cordão umbilical

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

Rápida, dirigida a diferenciação de células epiteliais de pigmento Retinal de células-tronco humanas embrionárias ou induzida de Pluripotent

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Synaptic Microcircuit Modeling with 3D Cocultures of Astrocytes and Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

A barrier to our understanding of how various cell types and signals contribute to synaptic circuit function is the lack of relevant models for studying the human brain. One emerging technology to address this issue is the use of three dimensional (3D) neural cell cultures, termed &#39;organoids&#39; or &#39;spheroids&#39;, for long term preservation of intercellular interactions including extracellular adhesion molecules. However, these culture systems are time consuming and not systematically generated. Here, we detail a method to rapidly and consistently produce 3D cocultures of neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. First, pre-differentiated astrocytes and neuronal progenitors are dissociated and counted. Next, cells are combined in sphere-forming dishes with a Rho-Kinase inhibitor and at specific ratios to produce spheres of reproducible size. After several weeks of culture as floating spheres, cocultures (&#39;asteroids&#39;) are finally sectioned for immunostaining or plated upon multielectrode arrays to measure synaptic density and strength. In general, it is expected that this protocol will yield 3D neural spheres that display mature cell-type restricted markers, form functional synapses, and exhibit spontaneous synaptic network burst activity. Together, this system permits drug screening and investigations into mechanisms of disease in a more suitable model compared to monolayer cultures.

In this protocol, we aim to describe a reproducible method for combining dissociated human pluripotent stem cell derived neurons and astrocytes together into 3D sphere cocultures, maintaining these spheres in free floating conditions, and subsequently measuring synaptic circuit activity of the spheres with immunoanalysis and multielectrode array recordings.

Modelagem de microcircuito sináptica com Cocultures 3D de astrócitos e neurônios de células-tronco pluripotentes humanas

A barrier to our understanding of how various cell types and signals contribute to synaptic circuit function is the lack of relevant models for studying ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily functions. Biomimetics is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems1. Skin biomimetics is a useful tool for in vitro disease research and in vivo regenerative medicine. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the characteristic of unlimited proliferation and the ability of differentiation to three germ layers. Human iPSCs are generated from various primary cells, such as blood cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and more. Among them, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) have emerged as an alternative cell source from the perspective of allogeneic regenerative medicine. CBMCs are useful in regenerative medicine because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is essential to the cell banking system. We provide a method for the differentiation of CBMC-iPSCs into keratinocytes and fibroblasts and for generation of a 3D skin organoid. CBMC-iPSC-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts have characteristics similar to a primary cell line. The 3D skin organoids are generated by overlaying an epidermal layer onto a dermal layer. By transplanting this 3D skin organoid, a humanized mice model is generated. This study shows that a 3D human iPSC-derived skin organoid may be a novel, alternative tool for dermatologic research in vitro and in vivo.

We propose a protocol that shows how to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts and generate a 3D skin organoid, using these keratinocytes and fibroblasts. This protocol contains an additional step of generating a humanized mice model. The technique presented here will improve dermatologic research.

Geração de organoides pele 3D do cordão hemoderivados induzida por células-tronco pluripotentes

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

Na geração de Vitro do Somite derivados de humanos induzida por células tronco pluripotentes

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...