Os autores gostariam de reconhecer Christopher Green, Bradley Robinson, e Maria Manuela Valladares, para ajudar com a coleta de dados. O financiamento para equipamentos de EEG foi fornecido pelo Escritório de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação Equipamento Grant da Universidade Estadual de Utah para multisensorial Cognition Lab de Kerry Jordan. Benjamin chamada é suportado por uma presidencial Doutorado Research Fellowship atingido pela Escola de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Estadual de Utah por seu trabalho com o Dr. Wade Goodridge.

<ol>
	<li>Sorby, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Educational+Research+in+Developing+3-D+Spatial+Skills+for+Engineering+Students.">Educational Research in Developing 3-D Spatial Skills for Engineering Students.</a> Int. J. Sci. Educ. 31 (3), 459-480 (2009).</li><li>Wai, J., Lubinski, D., Benbow, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+Ability+for+STEM+Domains:+Aligning+Over+50+Years+of+Cumulative+Psychological+Knowledge+Solidifies+Its+Importance.">Spatial Ability for STEM Domains: Aligning Over 50 Years of Cumulative Psychological Knowledge Solidifies Its Importance.</a> J. Educ. Psychol. 101 (4), 817-835 (2009).</li><li>Uttal, D. H., Cohen, C. 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The authors declare that they have no conflicting or competing financial interests.

O protocolo discute a aplicação da eletroencefalografia para medir a atividade cerebral dos participantes problemas de trabalho a partir de dois instrumentos típicos habilidade espacial e problemas de engenharia Estática altamente espaciais. Os métodos detalhados aqui pode vir a ser capaz de ajudar a compreender a eficiência neural de artistas de alta e baixa envolvidos em trabalhar esses problemas. É vital para entender as diferenças na eficiência neurais de estudantes de engenharia que trabalham no MCT e TPSV...

Habilidade espacial é vital para a Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática (STEM) campos e educação e correlaciona-se com sucesso nestas áreas 1,2,3. Portanto, é importante para compreender o desenvolvimento de impactos como espacial capacidade de resolução de problemas 4. Habilidade espacial tem sido associada a juros de 5, desempenho 6, sucesso nos estudos de engenharia 7 e sucesso em profissionais de engenharia 8. No entanto, não há um monte de trabalho, indicando processos neurais específicos na resolução de problemas típicos de muitos instrumentos habilidade espacial, nem conteúdo de engenharia específica que é altamente espacial. Este documento fornece uma introdução aos métodos utilizados para a coleta e análise de pontuação de instrumentos capacidade espaciais combinadas com medidas neurais dados. A intenção de publicar com JoVE é fazer com que esses métodos mais acessível a um público mais amplo. hardware público em geral e wer softwaree utilizada neste estudo. Como um papel de métodos, resultados completos / conjuntos de dados não são relatados, nem são múltiplas amostras fornecidas. Todas as imagens foram capturadas especificamente para esta publicação. Os métodos detalhados a seguir foram utilizadas na preparação de um relatório da conferência preliminar 9 com base em dados de oito universitários participantes do segundo ano de idade, três dos quais eram do sexo feminino. Muitos instrumentos existentes são utilizados para indicar os níveis de habilidade espacial inerente a ou aprendido por indivíduos. Dois válidos e confiáveis ​​10,11 instrumentos que são comumente usados ​​são o Mental teste de corte (MCT) 12 eo teste Purdue Spatial Visualização de rotações (TPSV: R) 13. Embora originalmente concebido profissionalmente 14 destes instrumentos testar diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento visualização espacial descrito por teoria piagetiana 10,15. A utilização destes instrumentos cria uma necessidade de compreender os fenômenos cognitivos fisiológicos subjacentes existing quando os indivíduos trabalhar com estes problemas. Por esta razão, este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar métodos que utilizam dados fisiológicos empírica de que pode vir a melhorar a análise e compreensão do pensamento espacial, verificar as capacidades de teste de métricas existentes, e aumentar a aplicabilidade das avaliações espaciais problemas a mais complexos típicos para ensino de engenharia. Muitos destes problemas podem ser encontradas em engenharia Estática. Estática é uma mecânica fundamentais curso ministrado para a maioria dos estudantes de engenharia (por exemplo., Biológicos, mecânicos, Civil, Ambiental, Engenharia Aeroespacial) 16,17. É um dos primeiros extensas experiências de resolução de problemas que os alunos são dadas no núcleo de conteúdo de engenharia 18. Estática envolve o estudo da interacção de forças sobre um corpo rígido que está em repouso ou em movimento a uma velocidade constante. Infelizmente Estática tem alta de abandono, a retirada, e as taxas de falha (14%, como visto nas invesUniversidade vestigada) e isso pode estar relacionado com modelos de entrega de aula e currículo tradicional que omitem avenidas principais de apoio, tais como abordagens espacialmente reforçada para a educação. Por exemplo, as abordagens espacialmente aprimorados em Estática pode direcionar a visualização de como as forças interagem fora da análise analítica típica e reforçar o conhecimento processual dos alunos com conceituação aterrada. A eficácia de tais intervenções precisa ser investigado a partir de uma perspectiva cognitiva neurocientífica. Eletroencefalografia (EEG) apresenta um método único e móvel de medição de atividade de ondas cerebrais dos alunos. Os indivíduos que executam as tarefas que provocam a ativação beta são geralmente muito envolvidos com as especificidades de tarefas e estão atentos ao que eles estão fazendo 19,20. Como tarefa exige aumento, a amplitude da onda beta aumenta, assim como o tamanho da área cortical as frequências de banda ocupam. Quanto mais neurônios que disparam dentroa gama de frequências beta (alfa: 8 - 12 Hz, beta: 12 - 24 Hz) pode ser definida como uma maior potência beta. De um modo semelhante, como uma pessoa se torna mais experiente em uma tarefa, a amplitude das ondas beta diminui, geração de energia menos beta. Esta é parte da hipótese de eficiência neural 21-28, em que a maior experiência tarefa ao executar uma tarefa está relacionada a uma diminuição do poder de frequência. Embora EEG anteriormente foi utilizado no estudo da capacidade espacial (frequentemente para rotação mental e tarefas de navegação espacial) - e dados aplicáveis ​​foram identificados na posição alfa, beta, teta e bandas de 27-33 - alfa e beta bandas foram observadas para esta estudo e beta foi seleccionado para posterior análise representativa neste trabalho e no relatório da conferência preliminar 9. Os procedimentos a seguir definidos, assim, concentrar-se na análise de banda beta, mas uma investigação sobre todas as três bandas, dependendo dos dados registrados, é recomendável no futuro. ohipótese de eficiência neural foi testado em várias tarefas, incluindo xadrez, memória visual-espacial, equilíbrio, e descansar. Todos têm indicado experiência tarefa como um factor de potência de frequência diminuiu ao executar tarefas familiares. Um particular estudo 25 apresentou provas de que, embora a inteligência de uma pessoa (como medido pelo QI) pode ajudar o indivíduo a adquirir as habilidades para executar uma tarefa, a experiência com a tarefa supera a inteligência na sua contribuição para a eficiência neural. Em outras palavras, quanto mais experimentado um indivíduo é, o mais eficiente neuralmente ele ou ela se torna. Existentes estudos de eficiência neurais que envolvem habilidade espacial têm focado principalmente na rotação espacial e diferentes conjuntos de problemas têm sido usados ​​para comparar diferentes populações (por exemplo., Masculino / feminino) 27-28. Estudos de EEG de tarefas de habilidades espaciais também forneceram uma visão, comparando o desempenho com outros tipos de tarefa (por exemplo., Tarefas verbais)27,29,30. Os métodos discutidos neste documento em foco e comparar os problemas do MCT, TSVP: R, bem como as tarefas de equilíbrio estático, que está relacionado com a capacidade espacial, mas não estão limitados a rotação espacial e de navegação. Outras tarefas espaciais podem ser utilizados no lugar dos que foram dados como exemplos neste manuscrito. Desta forma, esclarecimentos adicionais poderão ser obtidos no futuro sobre populações diferentes (por exemplo., Masculino / feminino ou perito / iniciante) para, finalmente, ajudar a melhorar as práticas de ensino de engenharia. Em um esforço para investigar habilidade espacial e aptidão engenharia, temos desenvolvido um protocolo utilizando medições de EEG para identificar as ativações onda beta de baixo desempenho para os participantes de alto desempenho durante uma bateria limitada de tarefas espaciais e engenharia específicos. Neste caso, o elevado desempenho termo está relacionado com o desempenho do participante, e não é reflexo da quantidade de tempo gasto no campo pelaaluno, como todos os participantes eram aproximadamente no mesmo ponto em sua educação. Além disso, o conjunto de problemas envolvidos é bastante específico e básico; Assim, os termos &quot;especialista&quot; ou &quot;alto desempenho&quot; aqui não deve ser visto no sentido de um especialista, engenheiro profissionalmente empregada, mas representando apenas alto desempenho nesta estreita fatia de engenharia mecânica currículo e instrumentos habilidade espacial. As medições neurais também podem ser usados ​​para identificar quaisquer tendências brutas para os quais tipos de tarefas podem recrutar mais recursos cognitivos do que outros, com possibilidade de interpretação em relação aos níveis de dificuldade. Esta informação pode potencialmente fornecer informações sobre avaliação e intervenção futura no que diz respeito à capacidade espacial. Outros visão futuro pode ser derivada considerando regiões mais específicas do cérebro, que não foi possível neste estudo devido ao número limitado de canais disponíveis no hardware utilizado EEG.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv EPOC Model 1.0</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td>Model: Emotiv Premium</td>
			<td>&#34;High resolution, multi-channel, portable EEG system.&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Control Panel (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Testbench (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Virtual Serial Port Emulator - VSPE (software)</td>
			<td>ETERLOGIC.COM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used COM10 in data collection. Available as a free download, depending on the operating system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-Prime 2.0 (software)</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection (presentation of problems to participants and collection of markers for different phases).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEGLab 13.4.4b (software)</td>
			<td>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience (SCCN)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data analysis. &#34;An open source environment for electrophysiological signal processing&#34;. SCCN is a Center of the Institute for Neural Computation, the University of California San Diego.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB R2014b</td>
			<td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to run EEGLab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel 2013</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to assemble and compare tabulated results from EEGLab &#38; MATLAB, to create tables</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camcorder with built in Mic</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td>CNVHFR50</td>
			<td>Used to record sessions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Kit (5cc syringe &#38; 2 16g blunted needles)</td>
			<td>Electro-Cap Intnl. Inc.</td>
			<td>E7</td>
			<td>For keeping the EEG cap&#39;s felts damp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuprep EEG Skin Prep Gel</td>
			<td>Weaver and Company</td>
			<td>10-30</td>
			<td>For cleaning the mastoid process.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sanitizer</td>
			<td>Purell</td>
			<td>S-12808</td>
			<td>For sanitizing hands</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing electroencephalography measurements for comparison of task-specific neural efficiencies: spatial intelligence tasks

inteligência espacial está muitas vezes ligada ao sucesso em profissões de ensino de engenharia e engenharia. O uso da eletroencefalografia permite cálculo comparativo da eficiência neural dos indivíduos como eles executam tarefas sucessivas que exigem habilidade espacial para derivar soluções. eficiência neural é aqui definido como tendo menos de activação beta, e portanto despender menos recursos neurais, para executar uma tarefa em comparação com outros grupos ou outras tarefas. Para comparações inter-tarefa de tarefas com durações semelhantes, estas medidas podem permitir uma comparação do tipo tarefa dificuldade. Para comparações intra-participante e inter-participantes, estas medições fornecem uma visão potencial em nível do participante da capacidade espacial e diferentes tarefas problema de engenharia resolver. Desempenho nas tarefas selecionadas podem ser analisadas e correlacionadas com atividades beta. Este trabalho apresenta um protocolo de pesquisa detalhada estudar a eficiência neural de estudantes engenvelhecido na resolução de habilidade espacial típica e problemas Estática. Os estudantes responderam a problemas específicos do Mental teste de corte (MCT), o teste Visualization Purdue espacial da Rotações (TPSV: R) e Estática. Enquanto empenhados em resolver estes problemas, as ondas cerebrais dos participantes foram medidos com EEG permitindo que os dados a serem coletados sobre a ativação de ondas alfa e beta do cérebro e usar. O trabalho parece correlacionar o desempenho funcional em tarefas espaciais puros com as tarefas de engenharia espacialmente intensivos para identificar as vias para um desempenho de sucesso na engenharia e as melhorias resultantes na educação em engenharia que podem seguir.

Nesta secção, os passos anteriores são ilustradas com valores de amostra, tal como descrito abaixo. resumos de dados completos com testes estatísticos não são fornecidos, como o objetivo deste trabalho é se concentrar em métodos. Exemplos de potencial TSVP: R, MCT, e problemas espaciais são dadas na Figura 1, Figura 2 e Figura 3, respectivamente. A tampa EEG irá recolher activação cérebro através de potenciais eléctricos para cada canal de dados, o que pode ser visto ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks at JoVE.com

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Este manuscrito descreve uma abordagem para medir a atividade neural dos seres humanos ao mesmo tempo resolver problemas de engenharia espacialmente focalizados. A metodologia eletroencefalograma ajuda a interpretar as medições de ondas cerebrais beta em termos de eficiência neural, com o objectivo de permitir, em última instância comparações de desempenho da tarefa, tanto entre os tipos de problemas e entre os participantes.

Utilizando Medidas Eletroencefalografia para Comparação de Eficiência Neurais Task-específicos: Tarefas Spatial Intelligence

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

utilizing-electroencephalography-measurements-for-comparison-task

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Thinking, Language And Intelligence

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K visualizações.  Utah State University.  Este manuscrito descreve uma abordagem para medir a atividade neural dos seres humanos ao mesmo tempo resolver problemas de engenharia espacialmente focalizados. A metodologia eletroencefalograma ajuda a interpretar as medições de ondas cerebrais beta em termos de eficiência neural, com o objectivo de permitir, em última instância comparações de desempenho da tarefa, tanto entre os tipos de problemas e entre os participantes. 

Vídeo: Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

Eletroencefalografia simultânea Scalp (EEG), eletromiografia (EMG), e gravação de inércia segmentar de corpo inteiro para Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Comportamento

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

Tarefas cognitivas Visuais automatizadas para gravação Atividade Neural Usando uma projeção Piso Labirinto

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

Executar tarefas comportamentais em indivíduos com intracranianos Eletrodos

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

Asymmetric Passagem: A Novel de Ensaio Comportamental de Estudos de Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A challenging illness to treat, due to the lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiology, AN has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric illnesses. To address this need, neuroscientists are using an animal model to study how neural circuits may contribute toward vulnerability to AN and may be affected by AN. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a bio-behavioral phenomenon described in rodents that models the key symptoms of anorexia nervosa. When rodents with free access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel experience food restriction, they become hyperactive &#8211; running more than animals with free access to food. Here, we describe the procedures by which ABA is induced in adolescent female C57BL/6 mice. On postnatal day 36 (P36), the animal is housed with access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel. After 4 days of acclimation to the running wheel, on P40, all food is removed from the cage. For the next 3 days, food is returned to the cage (allowing animals free food access) for 2 hr daily. After the fourth day of food restriction, free access to food is returned and the running wheel is removed from the cage to allow the animals to recover. Continuous multi-day analysis of running wheel activity shows that mice become hyperactive within 24 hr following the onset of food restriction. The mice run even during the limited time during which they have access to food. Additionally, the circadian pattern of wheel running becomes disrupted by the experience of food restriction. We have been able to correlate neurobiological changes with various aspects of the animals&#8217; wheel running behavior to implicate particular brain regions and neurochemical changes with resilience and vulnerability to food-restriction induced hyperactivity.

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

Usando a Anorexia Rodent modelo baseado em atividades para estudar a base neurobiológica da Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory alterations of the spinal cord. In this article, our goal was to use both Laser Doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze the change of BF after spinal cord injury. Both the laser Doppler image scanner and the probe/monitor were being employed to obtain each readout. The data of LDPI provided a local distribution of BF, which gave an overview of perfusion around the injury site and made it accessible for comparative analysis of BF among different locations. By intensely measuring the probing area over a period of time, a combined probe was used to simultaneously measure the BF and oxygen saturation of the spinal cord, showing overall spinal cord perfusion and oxygen supply. LDF itself has a few limitations, such as relative flux, sensitivity to movement, and biological zero signal. However, the technology has been applied in clinical and experimental study due to its simple setup and rapid measurement of BF.

Here we present a combination of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) to measure spinal cord local blood flows and oxygen saturation (SO2), as well as a standardized procedure for introducing spinal cord trauma on rat.

Usando Laser Doppler Imaging e acompanhamento para analisar a microcirculação na medula espinhal em ratos

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that&#34;) and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that red circle&#34;). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object&#39;s location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

We present a protocol to explore the relationship between spatial language production, spatial memory, and object knowledge. The procedure allows experimental manipulation of, and control over, conditions of object knowledge, language at instruction, and physical location, thus teasing apart cognitive and linguistic models describing interactions between these variables.

O jogo de memória (espacial): Testar a relação entre linguagem espacial, objeto de conhecimento e cognição espacial

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

Um ensaio comportamental para investigar o papel da memória espacial durante uma defesa instintiva em ratos

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

Usando medições de Eletroencefalografia e gravação de vídeo de alta qualidade para analisar a percepção Visual de conteúdo de mídia

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze shape, thus requiring several separate mazes in different configurations. The maze geometry cannot be reconfigured in a single environment to accommodate scalability and reproducibility. The reconfigurable maze is a unique approach to address the limitations, allowing quick and flexible configurations of maze pathways in a repeatable manner. It consists of interlocking pathways and includes feeders, treadmills, movable walls, and shut-off sensors. The current protocol describes how the reconfigurable maze can replicate existing mazes, including the T-shaped, plus-shaped, W-shaped, and figure-eight mazes. Initially, the T-shaped maze was constructed inside a single experimental room, followed by modifications. The rapid and scalable protocol outlined herein demonstrates the flexibility of the reconfigurable maze, achieved through the addition of components and behavioral training phases in a stepwise manner. The reconfigurable maze systematically and precisely assesses the performance of multiple aspects of spatial navigation behavior.

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental results.

Utilizando um sistema de labirinto reconfigurável para melhorar a reprodutibilidade dos testes de navegação espacial em roedores

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze ...