Name: use of a multi-compartment dynamic single enzyme phantom for studies of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance agents
Uploaded: 2016-04-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP140021-P5), a Julia Jones Matthews Cancer Research Scholar CPRIT research training award (RP140106, CMW), and the National Institutes of Health (P30-CA016672).

NOTE: (Phantom Design) Two 3 ml chambers were machined out of Ultem and fitted with PEEK tubing (1.5875 mm OD and 0.762 mm ID) for injection and exhaust. The Chambers were placed in a 50 ml centrifuge tube filled with water (Figure 1). To avoid signal voids created by bubbles, the chambers and the lines were pre filled with deionized water (dH2O).
1. Solution Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 1 L buffer solution (81.3 mM Tris pH 7.6, 203.3 mM NaCl). Weigh out 11.38 g ...

<ol>
	<li>Merritt, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperpolarized+13C+allows+a+direct+measure+of+flux+through+a+single+enzyme-catalyzed+step+by+NMR.">Hyperpolarized 13C allows a direct measure of flux through a single enzyme-catalyzed step by NMR.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104. 104, 19773-19777 (2007).</li><li>Rodrigues, T. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+tumor+glycolysis+using+hyperpolarized+13C-labeled+glucose.">Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor glycolysis using hyperpolarized 13C-labeled glucose.</a> Nature medicine. 20, 93-97 (2014).</li><li>Day, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+tumor+response+to+treatment+using+hyperpolarized+13C+magnetic+resonance+imaging+and+spectroscopy.">Detecting tumor response to treatment using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.</a> Nature medicine. 13, 1382-1387 (2007).</li><li>Keshari, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperpolarized+13C+dehydroascorbate+as+an+endogenous+redox+sensor+for+in+vivo+metabolic+imaging.">Hyperpolarized 13C dehydroascorbate as an endogenous redox sensor for in vivo metabolic imaging.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108, 18606-18611 (2011).</li><li>Gallagher, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+pH+in+vivo+using+hyperpolarized+13C-labelled+bicarbonate.">Magnetic resonance imaging of pH in vivo using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled bicarbonate.</a> Nature. 453, 940-943 (2008).</li><li>Larson, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+tumor+hyperpolarized+[1-13C]-pyruvate+dynamics+using+time-resolved+multiband+RF+excitation+echo-planar+MRSI.">Investigation of tumor hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate dynamics using time-resolved multiband RF excitation echo-planar MRSI.</a> Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 63, 582-591 (2010).</li><li>Cunningham, C. H., Dominguez Viqueira, W., Hurd, R. E., Chen, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+correction+method+for+improved+spatial+correlation+of+hyperpolarized+13C+metabolites+and+anatomy.">Frequency correction method for improved spatial correlation of hyperpolarized 13C metabolites and anatomy.</a> NMR in biomedicine. 27, 212-218 (2014).</li><li>Larson, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+dynamic+3D+MR+spectroscopic+imaging+with+compressed+sensing+and+multiband+excitation+pulses+for+hyperpolarized+13C+studies.">Fast dynamic 3D MR spectroscopic imaging with compressed sensing and multiband excitation pulses for hyperpolarized 13C studies.</a> Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 65, 610-619 (2011).</li><li>Mayer, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+subsecond+spiral+chemical+shift+imaging+to+real-time+multislice+metabolic+imaging+of+the+rat+in+vivo+after+injection+of+hyperpolarized+13C1-pyruvate.">Application of subsecond spiral chemical shift imaging to real-time multislice metabolic imaging of the rat in vivo after injection of hyperpolarized 13C1-pyruvate.</a> Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 62, 557-564 (2009).</li><li>Walker, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Catalyzing+Phantom+for+Reproducible+Dynamic+Conversion+of+Hyperpolarized+[1-C-13]-Pyruvate.">A Catalyzing Phantom for Reproducible Dynamic Conversion of Hyperpolarized [1-C-13]-Pyruvate.</a> PloS one. 8, e71274 (2013).</li><li>Levin, Y. S., Mayer, D., Yen, Y. F., Hurd, R. E., Spielman, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+fast+spiral+chemical+shift+imaging+using+least+squares+reconstruction:+application+for+hyperpolarized+(13)C+metabolic+imaging.">Optimization of fast spiral chemical shift imaging using least squares reconstruction: application for hyperpolarized (13)C metabolic imaging.</a> Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 58, 245-252 (2007).</li><li>von Morze, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+multiagent+hyperpolarized+(13)C+perfusion+imaging.">Simultaneous multiagent hyperpolarized (13)C perfusion imaging.</a> Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 72, 1599-1609 (2014).</li><li>Sogaard, L. V., Schilling, F., Janich, M. A., Menzel, M. I., Ardenkjaer-Larsen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+measurement+of+apparent+diffusion+coefficients+of+hyperpolarized+(1)(3)C-labeled+metabolites.">In vivo measurement of apparent diffusion coefficients of hyperpolarized (1)(3)C-labeled metabolites.</a> NMR in biomedicine. 27, 561-569 (2014).</li><li>Patrick, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+transgene+expression+using+hyperpolarized+13C+urea+and+diffusion-weighted+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopy.">Detection of transgene expression using hyperpolarized 13C urea and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy.</a> Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 73, 1401-1406 (2015).</li></ol>

Real time imaging of hyperpolarized metabolites has many unique challenges for sequence design, validation, and quality control. The ability to resolve spatiotemporal and spectral heterogeneity offers substantial clinical potential but precludes QA and validation methods associated with conventional MRI. Complex imaging sequences or reconstruction algorithms can have subtle dependencies that render them difficult to characterize or validate outside of the imaging experiment. Biological heterogeneity and other practical c...

The clinical impact of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 13C-labeled compounds is critically dependent on its ability to measure chemical conversion rates through real time magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging1-5. During sequence development and verification, dynamic chemical conversion is generally achieved through in vivo or in vitro models6-9 that offer limited control and reproducibility. For robust testing and quality assurance, a more controlled system that preserves the chemical conversion endemic to this measurement would be preferred. We outline a method to achieve this conversion in a reproducible manner using a dynamic single enzyme phantom.
Most studies with hyperpolarized 13C agents focus on imaging hyperpolarized substrates in a functioning biological environment. This is the obvious choice if the goal is to study biological processes or determine potential for impact on clinical care. However, if characterization of some measurement system or data processing algorithm is desired, biological models have numerous drawbacks such as inherent spatial and temporal variability10. However, conventional static phantoms lack the chemical conversion that drives the primary clinical interest in MRI of hyperpolarized substrates, and cannot be used to characterize detection of conversion rates or other dynamic parameters11. Using a single enzyme system we can provide controllable and reproducible chemical conversion, enabling rigorous examination of dynamic imaging strategies.
This system is directed to investigators who are developing imaging strategies for hyperpolarized substrates and wish to characterize performance for comparison against alternate approaches. If static measurements are the desired endpoint then static 13C-labled metabolite phantoms will suffice11. On the other end if more complex biological characterization is critical to the method (delivery, cellular density, etc.) then actual biological models will be needed12-14. This system is ideal for assessment of imaging strategies that aim to provide a quantitative measure of apparent chemical conversion rates.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1045">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">BioSpect 7T</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BioSpec 70/30 USR</td>
			<td style="width:445px;">7 Tesla Pre-Clinical MRI Scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">HyperSense</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Hypersense DNP Polarizer</td>
			<td>Dynamic Nuclear Polarizer for MRI agents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">1-13C-Pyrvic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">677175</td>
			<td>Carbon 13 labled neat pyruvic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Trityl Radical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">OX063</td>
			<td>Free radical used in Dynamic Nuclear Polarization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">E6758</td>
			<td style="width:445px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">LDH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Worthingthon</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">LS002755</td>
			<td>Lactate Dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">NADH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">N4505</td>
			<td>&#946;-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced dipotassium salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Trizma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">T7943</td>
			<td>Trizma&#174;&#160;Pre-set crystals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a multi-compartment dynamic single enzyme phantom for studies of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance agents

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due to fundamental constraints imposed by the hyperpolarized state, exotic imaging and reconstruction techniques are commonly used. A practical system for characterization of dynamic, multi-spectral imaging methods is critically needed. Such a system must reproducibly recapitulate the relevant chemical dynamics of normal and pathological tissues. The most widely utilized substrate to date is hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate for assessment of cancer metabolism. We describe an enzyme-based phantom system that mediates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The reaction is initiated by injection of the hyperpolarized agent into multiple chambers within the phantom, each of which contains varying concentrations of reagents that control the reaction rate. Multiple compartments are necessary to ensure that imaging sequences faithfully capture the spatial and metabolic heterogeneity of tissue. This system will aid the development and validation of advanced imaging strategies by providing chemical dynamics that are not available from conventional phantoms, as well as control and reproducibility that is not possible in vivo.

Slice-selective 2D images were acquired using a snapshot radEPSI sequence. Metabolite images were reconstructed using filtered back projection. The metabolite images were well aligned with proton images, as seen in Figure 2. In this system hyperpolarized lactate signal can only be generated from the enzymatic conversion of hyperpolarized pyruvate. In Figure 4, the bottom chamber, with higher LDH concentration, has a stronger lactate and weaker pyruvate si...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents at JoVE.com

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

A multi-compartment dynamic phantom is used to simulate some biology of interest for metabolic studies using hyperpolarized magnet resonance agents.

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 ...

Analysis of Contact Interfaces for Single GaN Nanowire Devices

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit  a strong degradation after annealing due to the  occurrence of void formation at the ...

Scalable Nanohelices for Predictive Studies and Enhanced 3D Visualization

Spring-like materials are ubiquitous in nature and of interest in nanotechnology for energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and biological sensing ...

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Photocatalytically active nanostructures require a large specific surface area with the presence of many catalytically active sites for the oxidation and ...

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

A Method for Studying the Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation

The dynamic fracture of a body is a late-stage phenomenon typically studied under simplified conditions, in which a sample is deformed under uniform ...

A Cost-effective and Reliable Method to Predict Mechanical Stress in Single-use and Standard Pumps

Pumps are mainly used when transferring sterile culture broths in biopharmaceutical and biotechnological production processes. However, during the pumping ...

A Modular Microfluidic Technology for Systematic Studies of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), are a rapidly growing class of materials in commercial electronics, such as light ...

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared ...

A 100 KW Class Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster

Applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (AF-MPD thrusters) are hybrid accelerators in which electromagnetic and gas dynamic processes accelerate ...