Name: a fabrication method for highly stretchable conductors with silver nanowires
Uploaded: 2016-01-21T15:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires at JoVE.com

The authors are grateful for the financial support from Ministry of Science and Technology.

1. Preparação do Precursor de tinta de prata <ol><li> Adicionar 1,85 g de dietanolamina (DEA) em 3,15 ml de água desionizada. </li><li> Dissolve-se 0,15 g de nitrato de prata em 5 ml de água desionizada. </li><li> Misturar a solução de nitrato de prata aquoso com DEA em uma proporção de 1: 1 de volume de tinta tem precursor 10 ml de prata direita antes de usar. </li></ol> 2. Fabricação de Stretchable condutoras Filmes Finos <ol><li> Preparação da tinta AgNW <ol><li> Dilui-se 2 ml de 0,5% em peso AgNWs em isopropanol com 18 ml de água desionizada. </li><li> Colocá-lo em banho de ultra-sons durante 30 segundos a 25 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> A fabricação de películas finas AgNW por revestimento por pulverização de auto- <ol><li> Corte padrão lâminas de microscópio em pedaços de tamanho igual a 1 × 2,5 centímetros 2. Prepare 16 peças de vidro deste tamanho e limpá-los com tecido de limpeza de lentes molhada-etanol. </li><li> Transferir 16 ml AgNW tinta (a partir da secção 1) para dentro do copo de tinta da airbrush com uma pipeta. Monte o airbrush em um robô controlado por computador para revestimento por pulverização. </li><li> Coloque 8 de peças de vidro em um arranjo de 4 × 2 no palco e corrigi-los com fitas resistentes ao calor. A área total de todos os substratos de vidro sobre o palco é 4 × 5 cm 2. </li><li> Defina a pressão de trabalho e aquecimento temperatura fase a 3 bar e 100 ° C, separadamente. </li><li> Abra o software de controle do robô. Clique para selecionar sequência de comandos escova movimento na coluna &quot;Comando&quot;. Digite os parâmetros de entrada necessários para completar o programa de auto-pulverização como mostrado na Figura 1. Execute o programa. Nota: O comando &quot;Speed ​​Line&quot; faz com que a viagem airbrush a 200 mm / sec. Pelo comando &quot;Área da escova&quot;, o spray se move para trás e para a frente na direcção do lado curto da matriz de substrato de vidro, enquanto os estágio se move ao longo da direcção do lado longo e do espaço entre dois cursos é de 5 mm. A &quot;Linha de Partida&quot; e &quot;Line fim &quot;comandos determinar as posições de partida ao ponto final da operação de auto-pulverização. As posições deles depende da posição da matriz de substrato de vidro no palco. O comando&quot; Espere Point &quot;define um tempo de espera de 20 segundos em no final de cada ciclo de auto-pulverização. &quot;loop Endereço&quot; comando permite que vários ciclos de pulverização e o número de ciclos de auto-pulverização é de 15 vezes. instrução mais pormenorizada dos comandos podem ser encontrados no protocolo do fabricante. </li><li> Alterar o número de ciclos de auto-pulverização em 30 vezes. Repita os passos 2.2.3 - 2.2.5 AgNW para fabricar filmes finos de 30 ciclos de pulverização. </li><li> Após o revestimento por pulverização, cozer nanofios filmes finos de prata sobre uma placa quente a 120 ° C durante 10 min. </li></ol></li><li> Processo de soldagem Chemical <ol><li> Fundido a 400 ul de tinta de prata sobre cada precursor de prata nanofio película fina revestida por pulverização no substrato de vidro. </li><li> Asse os filmes em uma placa quente a 100 &amp;# 176; C por 40 min. </li><li> Lavar os revestimentos reactivos cuidadosamente com água deionizada para remover resíduos químicos não reactivos e deixe secar os filmes revestidos. </li></ol></li><li> Cast-descascando processo <ol><li> 200 ul de molde disponível comercialmente à base de água pu emulsão sobre cada película fina de nano-compósito de prata sobre o substrato de vidro. </li><li> Secar as películas durante 10 h para assegurar a solidificação completa. </li><li> Retire as amostras de substratos de vidro como filmes compostos de pé livre. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Caracterização <ol><li> Teste de alongamento <ol><li> Ligue a fase linear motorizada e esperar 10 minutos para a máquina para aquecer. </li><li> Abra o software de controle de fase. Defina o número de passos que se deslocam os do motor como 8.000. Clique em &quot;X +&quot; no software de controle de fase para mover o palco móvel até tocar no palco fixo e clique em &quot;SET 0&quot; para definir a posição de tele palco móvel como zero no software de controle de fase. Nota: A fase móvel move 0,00125 mm em um passo do motor. Por exemplo, a fase móvel se desloca 1 cm, se o motor move 8.000 passos. O sinal de mais de &quot;X +&quot; significa que os móveis se move palco na direção de se aproximar de palco fixo, enquanto o sinal negativo do &quot;X-&quot;, mudança longe do palco fixo. </li><li> Clique em &quot;X&quot; para mover o palco móvel para deixar um centímetro de espaço entre o palco móvel e fixa. Fixe ambas as extremidades da amostra com os suportes para o fio fases. Desse modo, a área que se estende da amostra é de 1 x 1 cm 2. A configuração da máquina de estiramento é mostrada na Figura 2. </li><li> Use as garras jacaré, que são as outras extremidades dos cabos de fiação para os titulares de palco (Figura 2), para se conectar ao multímetro digital para medições de resistência. </li><li> Defina o número de etapas em movimento do motor como 800. Clique em &quot;X&quot; para move a fase móvel 1 mm (10% de deformação) de distância a partir do andar fixo para alongar a amostra e registar a resistência. Repita este passo até que a resistência aumenta de forma significativa (~ 150% de tensão). </li></ol></li><li> Teste de estabilidade <ol><li> Prepare o teste como nos passos 3.1.2 - 3.1.4. </li><li> Abra o software multímetro digital. Ligue o multímetro digital para o computador. Prima o botão &quot;REL Δ&quot; no multímetro digital até um ícone do computador aparece no canto superior esquerdo do monitor multímetro digital. Clique em &quot;conexão USB&quot; no software multímetro digital eo software começa a gravar resistências medidos. </li><li> Digite os comandos para os campos de entrada no painel programa do software de controle de fase como mostrado na Figura 3 O comando. &quot;: L-4000&quot; significa mover o palco móvel 4.000 passos de distância do palco fixo, enquanto o comando &quot;: U4000&quot; meios para mover o palco móvel 4.000 passos para tráspara a fase fixa (4000 para 50% de tensão, de 8.000 para 100% de tensão). O número de ciclos de alongamento é 15 vezes. O padrão de velocidade da fase móvel é de 1 mm / seg. </li><li> Clique em &quot;Executar 123&quot; no painel programa do software de controle de fase para executar o programa automático. Os movimentos palco móvel em um movimento alternativo para esticar a amostra com ciclos de alongamento de forma de onda triangular. </li><li> Clique no ícone salvar no software multímetro e exportar os dados de perfis de resposta a resistência como um arquivo .xls. </li></ol></li><li> Teste de iluminação LED <ol><li> Prepare o teste como nos passos 3.1.2 - 3.1.3. Ligue os titulares ligadas em série com um LED e uma fonte de alimentação. </li><li> Ligue a fonte de alimentação. Aumentar a tensão de 9 V para acender o LED. </li><li> Clique &quot;X&quot; para mover o estágio de 1 mm (10% de deformação) móvel afastada da fase fixa para alongar a amostra e tirar uma fotografia para gravar a luminosidade do LED. Repita este passo até que oluz de LED torna-se fraca. Tenha cuidado para que a auto-exposição da câmera deve ser desligado enquanto tira fotografias. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

O processo de soldagem química pode ajudar a reforçar o contato entre nanofios de prata. Como se mostra na Figura 4b, os cruzamentos de fio / fio são cobertas com prata após a aplicação da tinta de prata sobre a pulverização reactiva revestida AgNW película fina. A recuperação de prata depende fortemente do formaldeído gerado a partir da degradação de DEA, e, assim, o processo de soldadura ou de redução de prata pode ser acelerada com o aumento da temperatura. 22</s...

Dispositivos eletrônicos deformáveis ​​com grande capacidade de estiramento foram identificados como áreas críticas para a realização de eletrônicos vestíveis e portáteis na próxima geração. 1 Esses dispositivos eletrônicos esticáveis ​​mostrar não só uma grande flexibilidade como os dispositivos eletrônicos em folhas de plástico, 2, 3, mas também apresentam excelente desempenho sob condições de estiramento ou torção graves 4. Para realizar a eletrônica elásticos, materiais com excelente desempenho elétrico sob grande deformação é necessário. Os recentes avanços na ciência dos materiais têm mostrado a possibilidade de sintetizar esses materiais funcionais e os usaram para projetar dispositivos optoeletrônicos esticáveis ​​5-9 com grande tolerância a deformações formas complexas. Entre todos os materiais funcionais eletrônicos, condutores elásticos são necessárias para fornecer energia eléctrica a esses dispositivos optoeletrônicos e, portanto, são de importância crítica para o desempenho do dispositivo.Como materiais condutores regulares, como o metal ou o óxido de índio-estanho, a falta de robustez mecânica sob grandes deformações, interliga feitos destes materiais são incapazes de apresentar uma boa condutividade eléctrica ao abrigo do processo de estiramento. Assim, substratos elásticos cobertos com uma camada fina de materiais condutores flexíveis, tais como nanotubos de carbono, 1 grafeno, 10 ou AgNWs, 11-14 são concebidos para condutores com uma excelente capacidade de estiramento. Devido à elevada condutividade granel, AgNW películas finas têm demonstrado ser o material mais promissor para condutores elásticos compósitos. 13 As redes de percolação de AgNW filmes finos pode efectivamente acomodar grandes deformações elásticas no processo de estiramento com grande condutância eléctrica, e são considerados um candidato promissor eléctrodo esticável. Para implementar AgNW filmes finos como condutores elásticos, é necessário ter contatos elétricos eficazes entre AgNWs. Depois de um líquido deposiçãod secagem em superfícies de substrato, AgNWs empilhar regularmente em conjunto para formar uma malha de percolação com pontos de contacto moles, que produzem em grandes resistências eléctricas. Assim, é necessário para recozer os contactos entre os nanofios de alta temperatura ou de alta pressão métodos de recozimento de 15-20 para reduzir as resistências de contacto. Em contraste com estes processos de recozimento na literatura, aqui, iremos demonstrar um método químico simples para hibridar AgNW conexões de rede em condições laboratoriais normais. 21 O processo de fabrico está ilustrado na Figura 4A. A tinta reactiva é utilizada para sinterizar o spray AgNW películas finas revestidas sobre uma placa de vidro. Após a reacção, os contactos entre os nanofios são cobertas de prata e, portanto, a rede AgNW é soldada quimicamente juntos. Um método fundido e de casca é então utilizado para transferir a rede AgNW soldada a um substrato de PU extensível para formar um condutor compósito, que pode apresentar nenhuma alteração evidente in condutividade elétrica, mesmo em grande esforço de tensão de 120%.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Silver nanowire</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>778095-25ML</td><td>AgNW, 120 nm in diameter and 20-50 mm in length, 0.5 wt% in IPA</td></tr><tr><td>Silver nitrate crystal</td><td>Macron Fine Chemicals</td><td>MK216903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diethanolamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8885-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyurethane emulsion</td><td>First Chemical</td><td>20130326036</td><td>35 wt% water-based anionic polyester-polyurethane emulsion</td></tr><tr><td>Airbrush</td><td>Taiwan Airbrush &amp;amp; Equipment</td><td>AFC-sensor&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Desktop robot</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>DT-200&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital dispenser controller</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>9000E&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Auto-spraying program</td><td>Dispenser Tech</td><td>Smart robot edit version 3.0.0.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air compressor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PUMA Industrial</td><td>NCS-10&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linear motorized stage</td><td>TANLIAN E-O</td><td>Customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stage control software</td><td>TANLIAN E-O</td><td>Customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter</td><td>HILA INTERNATIONAL</td><td>DM-2690TU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter software</td><td>HILA INTERNATIONAL</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power supply</td><td>CHERN TAIH</td><td>CT-605</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED</td><td>PChome</td><td>M08330766</td><td>http://www.pcstore.com.tw/sun-flower/M08330766.htm</td></tr></tbody></table>

a fabrication method for highly stretchable conductors with silver nanowires

Eletrônica elásticos são identificados como uma tecnologia fundamental para aplicações eletrônicas na próxima geração. Um dos desafios na fabricação de dispositivos eletrônicos elásticos é a preparação de condutores stretchable com grande estabilidade mecânica. Neste estudo, foi desenvolvido um método de fabricação simples para soldar quimicamente os pontos de contacto entre as redes de nanofios de prata (AgNW). AgNW nanomesh foi depositado em primeiro lugar sobre uma lâmina de vidro através do método de revestimento por pulverização. A tinta reativa composta de nanopartículas de prata (AGNPS) precursores foi aplicado sobre o spray revestido AgNW filmes finos. Após aquecimento durante 40 min, AGNPS foram gerados preferencialmente sobre as junções de nanofios para soldar o nanomesh AgNW, e reforçou a rede condutora. A película fina AgNW quimicamente modificada foi em seguida transferido para o poliuretano (PU) substratos por método de fundição. Os AgNW filmes finos soldadas na PU apresentaram nenhuma mudança óbvia na condutividade elétrica sob alongamento ou rolandog processo com alongamento cepas até 120%.

A morfologia da película fina após AgNW processo de soldadura química é mostrada na Figura 4B. AGNPS recuperados preferencialmente crescer na superfície de AgNWs e enrole sobre os cruzamentos de fio / fio. A Figura 5 mostra a variação na resistência de folha com as estirpes aplicadas de alongamento para a unsoldered e as películas finas soldadas contendo uma quantidade diferente de AgNWs. Após o processo de soldadura química, ...

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A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Um método de fabricação para Condutores altamente extensível com prata Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

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9.9K visualizações.  National Taiwan University. A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

Vídeo: A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Fabricating Nanogaps by Nanoskiving

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two electrodes-and generating them in practical quantities-is still challenging. The preparation of nanogap electrodes using nanoskiving, which is a form of edge lithography, is a fast, simple and powerful technique. This method is an entirely mechanical process which does not include any photo- or electron-beam lithographic steps and does not require any special equipment or infrastructure such as clean rooms. Nanoskiving is used to fabricate electrically addressable nanogaps with control over all three dimensions; the smallest dimension of these structures is defined by the thickness of the sacrificial layer (Al or Ag) or self-assembled monolayers. These wires can be manually positioned by transporting them on drops of water and are directly electrically-addressable; no further lithography is required to connect them to an electrometer.

The fabrication of electrically addressable, high-aspect-ratio (> 1000:1) metal nanowires separated by gaps of single nanometers using either sacrificial layers of aluminum and silver or self-assembled monolayers as templates is described. These nanogap structures are fabricated without a clean room or any photo- or electron-beam lithographic processes by a form of edge lithography known as nanoskiving.

Confecção Nanogaps por Nanoskiving

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two ...

Química

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

Os metamateriais usando o método de fabricação Desenho de Fibra

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Engenharia

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating metal patterns on a submicron scale requires a combination of nanofabrication tools and several material processing steps. For example, steps to create planar metal structures using ultraviolet photolithography and electron-beam lithography can include sample exposure, sample development, metal deposition, and metal liftoff. To create 3D metal structures, the sequence is repeated multiple times. The complexity and difficulty of stacking and aligning multiple layers limits practical implementations of 3D metal structuring using standard nanofabrication tools. Femtosecond-laser direct-writing has emerged as a pre-eminent technique for 3D nanofabrication.1,2 Femtosecond lasers are frequently used to create 3D patterns in polymers and glasses.3-7 However, 3D metal direct-writing remains a challenge. Here, we describe a method to fabricate silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm. The method enables the fabrication of patterns not feasible using other techniques, such as 3D arrays of disconnected silver voxels.8 Disconnected 3D metal patterns are useful for metamaterials where unit cells are not in contact with each other,9 such as coupled metal dot10,11or coupled metal rod12,13 resonators. Potential applications include negative index metamaterials, invisibility cloaks, and perfect lenses.
In femtosecond-laser direct-writing, the laser wavelength is chosen such that photons are not linearly absorbed in the target medium. When the laser pulse duration is compressed to the femtosecond time scale and the radiation is tightly focused inside the target, the extremely high intensity induces nonlinear absorption. Multiple photons are absorbed simultaneously to cause electronic transitions that lead to material modification within the focused region. Using this approach, one can form structures in the bulk of a material rather than on its surface.
Most work on 3D direct metal writing has focused on creating self-supported metal structures.14-16 The method described here yields sub-micrometer silver structures that do not need to be self-supported because they are embedded inside a matrix. A doped polymer matrix is prepared using a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and water (H2O). Samples are then patterned by irradiation with an 11-MHz femtosecond laser producing 50-fs pulses. During irradiation, photoreduction of silver ions is induced through nonlinear absorption, creating an aggregate of silver nanoparticles in the focal region. Using this approach we create silver patterns embedded in a doped PVP matrix. Adding 3D translation of the sample extends the patterning to three dimensions.

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

Um método para fabricar nanoestruturas de prata desconectados em 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

Impressão de planar e tridimensional de tintas condutoras

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Bioengenharia

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

Avaliando plasmônicos Transporte em Prata atual de transporte de nanofios

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) are a promising platform for immune modulation due to their potent ability to stimulate T cells. Acellular substrates offer key advantages over cell-based aAPC, including precise control of signal presentation parameters and physical properties of the aAPC surface to modulate its interactions with T cells. aAPC constructed from anisotropic particles, particularly ellipsoidal particles, have been shown to be more effective than their spherical counterparts at stimulating T cells due to increased binding and larger surface area available for T cell contact, as well as reduced nonspecific uptake and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Despite increased interest in anisotropic particles, even widely accepted methods of generating anisotropic particles such as thin-film stretching can be challenging to implement and use reproducibly.
To this end, we describe a protocol for the rapid, standardized fabrication of biodegradable anisotropic particle-based aAPC with tunable size, shape, and signal presentation for T cell expansion ex vivo or in vivo, along with methods to characterize their size, morphology, and surface protein content, and to assess their functionality. This approach to fabricating anisotropic aAPC is scalable and reproducible, making it ideal for generating aAPC for &#34;off-the-shelf&#34; immunotherapies.

Here, we present a protocol to quickly and reproducibly generate biologically inspired, biodegradable articifical antigen presenting cells (aAPC) with tunable size, shape, and surface protein presentation for T cell expansion ex vivo or in vivo.

Fabricação de anisotrópica poliméricas Artificial células apresentadoras para ativação de células T CD8 +

Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) are a promising platform for immune modulation due to their potent ability to stimulate T cells. Acellular ...

Ambiente

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a polymer film. This paper also presents a low-cost, vacuum-free fabrication method for this novel TE; the approach combines lithography, electroplating, and imprint transfer (LEIT) processing. The embedded nature of the EMTEs offers many advantages, such as high surface smoothness, which is essential for organic electronic device production; superior mechanical stability during bending; favorable resistance to chemicals and moisture; and strong adhesion with plastic film. LEIT fabrication features an electroplating process for vacuum-free metal deposition and is favorable for industrial mass production. Furthermore, LEIT allows for the fabrication of metal mesh with a high aspect ratio (i.e., thickness to linewidth), significantly enhancing its electrical conductance without adversely losing optical transmittance. We demonstrate several prototypes of flexible EMTEs, with sheet resistances lower than 1 &#937;/sq and transmittances greater than 90%, resulting in very high figures of merit (FoM) &#8211; up to 1.5 x 104 &#8211; which are amongst the best values in the published literature.

This protocol describes a solution-based fabrication strategy for high-performance, flexible, transparent electrodes with fully-embedded, thick metal mesh. Flexible transparent electrodes fabricated by this process demonstrate among the highest reported performances, including ultra-low sheet resistance, high optical transmittance, mechanical stability under bending, strong substrate adhesion, surface smoothness, and environmental stability.

Estratégia de fabricação processada e escalável para eletrodos flexíveis e transparentes de alto desempenho com malha metálica embutida

Here, the authors report the embedded metal-mesh transparent electrode (EMTE), a new transparent electrode (TE) with a metal mesh completely embedded in a ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

Dieletroforese assistida por fluxo: Um método de baixo custo para a fabricação de dispositivos de solução-processable nanofio de alto desempenho

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-film Solar Cells

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes normally result in very poor cell performance. Embedding or sandwiching silver nanowires using moderately conductive transparent materials, such as indium tin oxide or zinc oxide, can improve cell performance. However, the solution-processed matrix layers can cause a significant number of interfacial defects between transparent electrodes and the CdS buffer, which can eventually result in low cell performance. This manuscript describes how to fabricate robust electrical contact between a silver nanowire electrode and the underlying CdS buffer layer in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell, enabling high cell performance using matrix-free silver nanowire transparent electrodes. The matrix-free silver nanowire electrode fabricated by our method proves that the charge-carrier collection capability of silver nanowire electrode-based cells is as good as that of standard cells with sputtered ZnO:Al/i-ZnO as long as the silver nanowires and CdS have high-quality electrical contact. The high-quality electrical contact was achieved by depositing an additional CdS layer as thin as 10 nm onto the silver nanowire surface.

Fabrication of Robust Nanoscale Contact between a Silver Nanowire Electrode and CdS Buffer Layer in CuIn,GaSe2 Thin-film Solar Cells

In this protocol, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for the fabrication of a robust nanoscale contact between a silver nanowire network and CdS buffer layer in a CIGS thin-film solar cell.

Fabricação do contato de nanoscale robusto entre um elétrodo de nanowire de prata e a camada do amortecedor dos CdS em células solares do fino-filme do se2 de UC (em, GA)

Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have been employed as window layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells. Bare silver nanowire electrodes ...

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and data storage. We demonstrate a fabrication method for iron (Fe) nanowires&#160;via electrochemical deposition into anodic&#160;alumina oxide (AAO) templates. The templates are fabricated by anodization of aluminum (Al) discs, and the pore length and diameter are controlled by changing the anodizing conditions. Pores with an average diameter of around 120 nm are created using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. Using this method, cylindrical nanowires are synthesized, which are released by dissolving the alumina using a selective chemical etchant.

In this work, we describe a&#160;protocol to fabricate iron nanowires, including the formation of the porous alumina membrane that is used as the template, electrodeposition into templates using electrolyte solution, and the release of the nanowires into the solution.

Fabricação de nanowire do ferro pelo alumínio anodizado nano-poroso e por sua caracterização

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and ...