The authors gratefully acknowledge Drs James Roth, William Nauseef and Kayoko Kimura and Mr Tom Skadow for assistance with development of the canine neutrophil protocols. RDG is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship ref: WT093767MA.

Todos os experimentos foram realizados com permissão ética do Comitê Animal Care Universidade Institucional e Use o Estado de Iowa. Coleção 1. Sangue <ol><li> Desenhar 9 ml de sangue de uma veia safena, cefálica ou jugular directamente em anticoagulante (por exemplo, ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA), 1,8 mg de K 2 EDTA / ml sangue) VACUTAINERS, ou para uma seringa com a transferência imediata para tubos de sangue contendo EDTA. Delicadamente rolar ou inverter os tubos de sangue para assegurar a mistura adequada de sangue e anti-coagulante. </li></ol> 2. neutrófilos Isolamento <ol><li> Em um tubo cónico de 50 mL, misturar o sangue com um volume igual de temperatura ambiente estéril de 3% de dextrano-500 (preparado em 0,9% de solução salina estéril) por inversão suave. Deixar de pé por 18-20 minutos à temperatura ambiente. Transferir a camada superior cor de palha para um tubo fresco, até que já não pode ser recolhido sem contaminação pela camada inferior vermelho. Os eritrócitos no the tubo original pode ser descartada. </li><li> Centrifuga-se o sobrenadante a 500 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C. Tirar e descartar o sobrenadante. Manualmente re-suspender o sedimento celular em 10 ml temperatura ambiente fosfato estéril tamponado salino (PBS). Note-se que vórtice não deve ser utilizado para re-suspender neutrófilos em qualquer fase deste protocolo. desenho manualmente fora, em vez de decantar os sobrenadantes também é recomendado durante todo o protocolo para maximizar o rendimento celular. </li><li> Adicionar 10 ml de uma solução de separação de células polissacarose temperatura ambiente e diatrizoato de sódio (por exemplo, de Histopaque 1077) para um tubo de 50 ml. Cuidadosamente camada a solução contendo as células através da solução de separação de células. Note-se que usando uma solução de separação de células que não atingir a temperatura ambiente podem reduzir a colheita de células. </li><li> Centrifugar a 300 xg durante 30 min à temperatura ambiente com o freio. </li><li> Como os neutrófilos estão na camada mais baixa do gradiente, desenhar e descartar a uppeR 3 camadas, composto por uma camada superior de plaquetas e de plasma, uma banda branca estreita de células mononucleares e uma camada transparente de meio de gradiente de densidade. </li><li> Para lisar quaisquer eritrócitos restantes, re-suspender o sedimento de neutrófilos em 10 ml de água à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Após 30 segundos, restaurar a tonicidade pela adição de 10 ml de temperatura ambiente cloreto de sódio esterilizada 1,8% e misturar por inversão suave. </li><li> Centrifugar a 500 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. Empate fora o sobrenadante e descartar. </li><li> Se o pellet é ainda vermelho, repita a etapa de lise. Se o sedimento é branco (ou se a lise já foi realizado duas vezes), as células suavemente re-suspensão em 10 ml de PBS estéril. </li><li> Contagem de células utilizando um contador automático ou um hemocitômetro. Os rendimentos típicos são de pelo menos 10 6 culas por ml de sangue. </li><li> Centrifugar a 500 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. Empate fora o sobrenadante e descartar. </li><li> células na concentração desejada em PBS estéril temperatura ambiente re-suspender. for o ensaio de liberação de DNA descrita na secção 2, ressuspender em 5 x 10 6 células por ml. </li><li> Se desejado, transferir um pequeno volume das células directamente ou usando um citocentrífuga a uma lâmina de vidro. Permitir que as células para secar e mancha usando um kit de fixação e coloração rápida de acordo com a fabrica &#39;instruções. Se o isolamento de neutrófilos tenha sido bem sucedida, quando examinado sob o microscópio, pelo menos, 95% de células nucleadas deve ser granulócitos (neutrófilos, basófilos, eosinófilos) com contaminação por eritrócitos mínima. </li></ol> 3. DNA Ensaio de Libertação <ol><li> Configure o ensaio de liberação de DNA imediatamente após o isolamento dos neutrófilos. </li><li> Se aglutinação celular está presente na análise da solução de reserva por microscopia de luz, passar a suspensão de células através de um filtro estéril de 70? M estéril imediatamente antes de montar o ensaio. </li><li> Para cada poço de teste de uma placa de 96 poços estéreis, adicionam-se 5 x 10 4 células / poço; agonista e Memo Roswell Parkrial Instituto-1640 (RPMI) meio sem vermelho de fenol e suplementado com soro fetal de vitelo inactivado por calor a 0,5% para um volume final de 100-200 mL. Incluem, pelo menos, dois poços em branco por agonista em que a solução de estoque de neutrófilos é substituído por um volume igual de PBS. Note-se que a criação de poços em branco para cada agonista é importante para descartar a contaminação do DNA do agonista ou interferência pelo agonista com o ensaio de fluorescência. </li><li> Incubar a 39 ° C durante 30 min, num incubador de dióxido de carbono (4%). </li><li> Adicionar agonistas em concentrações desejadas e um corante ácido nucleico celular impermeável. Note-se a concentração óptima de corante impermeável células irá variar entre diferentes corantes ácidos nucleicos. Controlos não-estimulada em que agonistas são substituídos por um volume igual de meio devem ser incluídos em cada experiência. NOTA: É desejável diluir agonistas em volumes semelhantes de meio de cultura para manter as condições consistentes entre poços. volumes bem final de 200 &amp;# 181; G têm sido usados ​​com sucesso e, se esta for alterada, bem volumes devem permanecer idêntica para todas as condições. Forbol-12-miristato-13-acetato (PMA) (concentração final ≥0.1 uM) ou factor activador de plaquetas (PAF) (concentração final ≥31 uM) podem ser utilizadas como controlos positivos. Agonistas devem ser medidos pelo menos em duplicado. </li><li> Incubar a 39 ° C. Medir a fluorescência utilizando um leitor de microplacas, após 2 horas ou em intervalos desejados. Note-se que os intervalos de tempo óptimos vão variar com agonistas utilizados. NOTA: Comprimento de onda dependerá do corante empregado. </li><li> Subtrair fluorescência em branco antes de calcular fluorescência média. </li><li> Para permitir a comparação entre indivíduos e entre as placas, calcular uma mudança na fluorescência vezes dividindo a fluorescência média de poços estimulados por a fluorescência média de poços não estimuladas. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Schiffman, J. D., Breen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+oncology:+what+dogs+and+other+species+can+teach+us+about+humans+with+cancer.">Comparative oncology: what dogs and other species can teach us about humans with cancer.</a> Philos Trans Rl Soc B Biol Sci. 370, 1673 (2015).</li><li>Williams, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+canine+leucocyte+antigens:+a+significant+advance+in+canine+immunology.">Studies of canine leucocyte antigens: a significant advance in canine immunology.</a> Vet J. 153 (1), 31-39 (1997).</li><li>Eckhart, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duplication+of+the+caspase-12+prodomain+and+inactivation+of+NLRC4/IPAF+in+the+dog.">Duplication of the caspase-12 prodomain and inactivation of NLRC4/IPAF in the dog.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 384 (2), 226-230 (2009).</li><li>Eckhart, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+novel+mammalian+caspases+reveals+an+important+role+of+gene+loss+in+shaping+the+human+caspase+repertoire.">Identification of novel mammalian caspases reveals an important role of gene loss in shaping the human caspase repertoire.</a> Mol Biol Evol. 25 (5), 831-841 (2008).</li><li>Brinkmann, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+extracellular+traps+kill+bacteria.">Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria.</a> Science. 303 (5663), 1532-1535 (2004).</li><li>Brinkmann, V., Zychlinsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+extracellular+traps:+is+immunity+the+second+function+of+chromatin.">Neutrophil extracellular traps: is immunity the second function of chromatin.</a> J Cell Biol. 198 (5), 773-783 (2012).</li><li>Chuammitri, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chicken+heterophil+extracellular+traps+(HETs):+novel+defense+mechanism+of+chicken+heterophils.">Chicken heterophil extracellular traps (HETs): novel defense mechanism of chicken heterophils.</a> Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 129 (1-2), 126-131 (2009).</li><li>Pali&#263;, D., Ostoji&#263;, J., Andreasen, C. B., Roth, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fish+cast+NETs:+neutrophil+extracellular+traps+are+released+from+fish+neutrophils.">Fish cast NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps are released from fish neutrophils.</a> Dev Comp Immunol. 31 (8), 805-816 (2007).</li><li>Poirier, A. C., Schmitt, P., Rosa, R. D., Vanhove, A. S., Kieffer-Jaquinod, S., Rubio, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+histones+and+DNA+traps+in+invertebrate+immunity:+evidences+in+Crassostrea+gigas.">Antimicrobial histones and DNA traps in invertebrate immunity: evidences in Crassostrea gigas.</a> J Biol Chem. 289 (36), 24821-24831 (2014).</li><li>Robb, C. T., Dyrynda, E. A., Gray, R. D., Rossi, A. G., Smith, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invertebrate+extracellular+phagocyte+traps+show+that+chromatin+is+an+ancient+defense+weapon.">Invertebrate extracellular phagocyte traps show that chromatin is an ancient defense weapon.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 4627 (2014).</li><li>Kaplan, M. J., Radic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+extracellular+traps:+double-edged+swords+of+innate+immunity.">Neutrophil extracellular traps: double-edged swords of innate immunity.</a> J Immunol. 189 (6), 2689-2695 (2012).</li><li>Menegazzi, R., Decleva, E., Dri, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Killing+by+neutrophil+extracellular+traps:+fact+or+folklore?.">Killing by neutrophil extracellular traps: fact or folklore?.</a> Blood. 119 (5), 1214-1216 (2012).</li><li>Parker, H., Albrett, A. M., Kettle, A. J., Winterbourn, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloperoxidase+associated+with+neutrophil+extracellular+traps+is+active+and+mediates+bacterial+killing+in+the+presence+of+hydrogen+peroxide.">Myeloperoxidase associated with neutrophil extracellular traps is active and mediates bacterial killing in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 91 (3), 369-376 (2012).</li><li>Martinod, K., Wagner, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrombosis:+tangled+up+in+NETs.">Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs.</a> Blood. 123 (18), 2768-2776 (2014).</li><li>Pratesi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+from+patients+with+rheumatoid+arthritis+target+citrullinated+histone+4+contained+in+neutrophils+extracellular+traps.">Antibodies from patients with rheumatoid arthritis target citrullinated histone 4 contained in neutrophils extracellular traps.</a> Ann Rheum Dis. 73 (7), 1414-1422 (2014).</li><li>Nauseef, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+human+neutrophils+from+venous+blood.">Isolation of human neutrophils from venous blood.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1124, 13-18 (2014).</li><li>Gray, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+conventional+protein+kinase+C+(PKC)+is+critical+in+the+generation+of+human+neutrophil+extracellular+traps.">Activation of conventional protein kinase C (PKC) is critical in the generation of human neutrophil extracellular traps.</a> J Inflamm (Lond). 10 (1), 12 (2013).</li><li>Jeffery, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dogs+cast+NETs+too:+Canine+neutrophil+extracellular+traps+in+health+and+immune-mediated+hemolytic+anemia.">Dogs cast NETs too: Canine neutrophil extracellular traps in health and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.</a> Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 168 (3-4), 262-268 (2015).</li><li>McCracken, J. M., Allen, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+human+neutrophil+apoptosis+and+lifespan+in+health+and+disease.">Regulation of human neutrophil apoptosis and lifespan in health and disease.</a> J Cell Death. 7, 15-23 (2014).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada para revelar.

O ensaio de libertação de ADN apresentadas é um ensaio prontamente quantificável para ADN extracelular. O método foi adaptado de técnicas semelhantes utilizadas para avaliar a formação de NET em outras espécies, mas as velocidades de centrifugação, as concentrações de agonista e os tempos de incubação foram alteradas para optimizar o processo para uso com neutrófilos canino 8,17,18. ajustes similares poderiam ser feitas para adaptar o método para outras espécies. O ensaio é simples e barato...

Há mais de 70 milhões de cães de estimação nos EUA sozinho 1. Como membros da família valorizados, estes animais muitas vezes recebem corte cuidados médicos borda. Igualmente porque partilham o nosso ambiente, os cães podem fornecer insights sobre a patogênese e tratamento da doença humana 1. No entanto, se a tradução descobertas na medicina humana em tratamentos veterinários, ou vice-versa, é importante caracterizar completamente as variações das espécies, mesmo em sistemas altamente conservadas, tal como a resposta imune inata. Exemplos de diferenças entre o canino e sistema imune inato humano incluem a alta expressão de CD4 no cão neutrófilos 2; a ausência de um homólogo funcional do sensor de flagelina citoplasmática IPAF em cães e 3 a expressão de um híbrido da caspase 1/4 em carnívoros 4. Armadilhas extracelulares dos neutrófilos (NETS) são um componente relativamente recentemente descoberta da imunidade inata 5. As redes são de redes de ADN proteínas, nuclear e granular liberados em resposta a uma ampla gama de estímulos inflamatórios ou infecciosos 6. Estruturas de tipo rede foram demonstradas em muitas espécies, incluindo galinhas 7, peixes, moluscos 8 9 e acoelomates 10, mas há variações de espécies. Por exemplo, os neutrófilos murino respondem mais lentamente a estímulos NETosis do que os neutrófilos humanos, e formam NET menos difusa 11. Há um grande corpo de evidências a partir de várias espécies que as redes aprisionam micróbios, e mais controversa pode ser diretamente envolvidos na eliminação de agentes patogénicos 12,13. No entanto, os componentes NET também melhorar danos nos tecidos, promover a trombose e agir como auto-antígenos 14,15. O equilíbrio entre os efeitos benéficos e deletérios da NET podem variar entre diferentes doenças e espécies diferentes, o que sugere que é importante investigar NET, tanto em espécie e condição de interesse. Aqui nósdescrevem um protocolo simples para induzir e medir a libertação de redes por neutrófilos canino. Este método é semelhante às utilizadas para isolar os neutrófilos 16 e induzir NETosis em outras espécies, mas as condições, tais como a concentração de agonista e tempo de incubação foram optimizados para os neutrófilos canino. Um ensaio de libertação de uma rede similar quantificação do ADN foi também descrita em outras espécies, mas o método aqui apresentado é também optimizado para cães 8,17,18.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="546">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col span="2" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:204px;">Plastic Whole Blood tube with spray-coated K2EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">367835</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Histopaque-1077</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dextran-500</td>
			<td>Accurate chemical and scientific corp.</td>
			<td>AN228410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher scientific</td>
			<td>20012043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal bovine calf serum, heat inactivated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher scientific</td>
			<td>10100139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPMI Media 1640, without phenol red or L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher scientific</td>
			<td>32404-014</td>
			<td>Should be free from phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 well flat bottomed sterile polystyrene plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Platelet activating factor</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SYTOX Green Nucleic Acid Stain</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher scientific</td>
			<td>S7020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Synergy 2 Multi-Mode Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple fluorescence assay for quantification of canine neutrophil extracellular trap release

Neutrophil extracellular traps are networks of DNA, histones and neutrophil proteins released in response to infectious and inflammatory stimuli. Although a component of the innate immune response, NETs are implicated in a range of disease processes including autoimmunity and thrombosis. This protocol describes a simple method for canine neutrophil isolation and quantification of NETs using a microplate fluorescence assay. Blood is collected using conventional venipuncture techniques. Neutrophils are isolated using dextran sedimentation and a density gradient using conditions optimized for dog blood. After allowing time for attachment to the wells of a 96 well plate, neutrophils are treated with NET-inducing agonists such as phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate or platelet activating factor. DNA release is measured by the fluorescence of a cell-impermeable nucleic acid dye. This assay is a simple, inexpensive method for quantifying NET release, but NET formation rather than other causes of cell death must be confirmed with alternative methods.

Usando este protocolo, não deve haver uma mudança forte dobra na fluorescência após estimulação de neutrófilos com os controlos positivos, PMA e PAF. Como ilustrado na Figura 1B, a estimulação de neutrófilos caninos com 31 uM de PAF 1 para resultados de RH num aumento significativo 4,0 vezes na fluorescência em comparação com células não estimuladas (intervalo 2,0-5,8, n = 5) 18 cães. PMA a 0,1 uM (Figura 1A) é um agonista mai...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Fluorescence Assay for Quantification of Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release at JoVE.com

A Simple Fluorescence Assay for Quantification of Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release

armadilhas extracelulares dos neutrófilos (NETS) são redes de ADN, histonas e proteínas de neutrófilos. Embora um componente da resposta imunitária inata, redes estão implicados na autoimunidade e trombose. Este protocolo descreve um método simples para o isolamento dos neutrófilos canino e quantificação de redes que utilizam um ensaio de microplaca de fluorescência.

A fluorescência ensaio simples para a quantificação de Canine neutrófilos Extracelular Armadilha lançamento

Neutrophil extracellular traps are networks of DNA, histones and neutrophil proteins released in response to infectious and inflammatory stimuli. Although ...

a-simple-fluorescence-assay-for-quantification-canine-neutrophil

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.0K visualizações.  Iowa State University.  armadilhas extracelulares dos neutrófilos (NETS) são redes de ADN, histonas e proteínas de neutrófilos. Embora um componente da resposta imunitária inata, redes estão implicados na autoimunidade e trombose. Este protocolo descreve um método simples para o isolamento dos neutrófilos canino e quantificação de redes que utilizam um ensaio de microplaca de fluorescência. 

Vídeo: A Simple Fluorescence Assay for Quantification of Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: How to Generate and Visualize Them

Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant group of leukocytes in the peripheral blood. As professional phagocytes, they engulf bacteria and kill them intracellularly when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. We found that neutrophils have an additional way of killing microorganisms: upon activation, they release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind pathogens. These novel structures, or Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria1, fungi2 and parasites3. The structural backbone of NETs is DNA, and they are quickly degraded in the presence of DNases. Thus, bacteria expressing DNases are more virulent4. Using correlative microscopy combining TEM, SEM, immunofluorescence and live cell imaging techniques, we could show that upon stimulation, the nuclei of neutrophils lose their shape and the eu- and heterochromatin homogenize. Later, the nuclear envelope and the granule membranes disintegrate allowing the mixing of NET components. Finally, the NETs are released as the cell membrane breaks. This cell death program (NETosis) is distinct from apoptosis and necrosis and depends on the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by NADPH oxidase5. 
Neutrophil extracellular traps are abundant at sites of acute inflammation. NETs appear to be a form of innate immune response that bind microorganisms, prevent them from spreading, and ensure a high local concentration of antimicrobial agents to degrade virulence factors and kill pathogens thus allowing neutrophils to fulfill their antimicrobial function even beyond their life span. There is increasing evidence, however, that NETs are also involved in diseases that range from auto-immune syndromes to infertility6.
We describe methods to isolate Neutrophil Granulocytes from peripheral human blood7 and stimulate them to form NETs. Also we include protocols to visualize the NETs in light and electron microscopy.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are an important innate immune mechanism to fight pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites. Here we describe methods to isolate neutrophil granulocytes from human blood and to activate them to form NETs. We present preparation techniques to visualize NETs in light and electron microscopy.

Neutrófilos Traps Extracelular: Como Gerar e visualizá-los

Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant group of leukocytes in the peripheral blood. As professional phagocytes, they engulf bacteria and kill them ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Concurrent Quantification of Cellular and Extracellular Components of Biofilms

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a powerful tool for investigation of biofilms. Very few investigations have successfully quantified concurrent distribution of more than two components within biofilms because: 1)&#160;selection of fluorescent dyes having minimal spectral overlap is complicated, and 2)&#160;quantification of multiple fluorochromes poses a multifactorial problem. Objectives: Report a methodology to quantify and compare concurrent 3-dimensional distributions of three cellular/extracellular components of biofilms grown on relevant substrates. Methods: The method consists of distinct, interconnected steps involving biofilm growth, staining, CLSM imaging, biofilm structural analysis and visualization, and statistical analysis of structural parameters. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (strain UA159) were grown for 48 hr on sterile specimens of Point 4 and TPH3 resin composites. Specimens were subsequently immersed for 60 sec in either Biot&#232;ne PBF (BIO) or Listerine Total Care (LTO) mouthwashes, or water (control group; n=5/group). Biofilms were stained with fluorochromes for extracellular polymeric substances, proteins and nucleic acids before imaging with CLSM. Biofilm structural parameters calculated using ISA3D image analysis software were biovolume and mean biofilm thickness. Mixed models statistical analyses compared structural parameters between mouthwash and control groups (SAS software; &#945;=0.05). Volocity software permitted visualization of 3D distributions of overlaid biofilm components (fluorochromes). Results: Mouthwash BIO produced biofilm structures that differed significantly from the control (p&#60;0.05) on both resin composites, whereas LTO did not produce differences (p&#62;0.05) on either product. Conclusions: This methodology efficiently and successfully quantified and compared concurrent 3D distributions of three major components within S. mutans biofilms on relevant substrates, thus overcoming two challenges to simultaneous assessment of biofilm components. This method can also be used to determine the efficacy of antibacterial/antifouling agents against multiple biofilm components, as shown using mouthwashes. Furthermore, this method has broad application because it facilitates comparison of 3D structures/architecture of biofilms in a variety of disciplines.

A protocol for the concurrent quantification and comparison of three cellular and extracellular components within biofilms is presented. The methodology involves the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy, biofilm structural analysis and visualization software, and statistical analysis software.

Quantificação simultânea de celulares e extracelulares Componentes de biofilmes

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a powerful tool for investigation of biofilms. Very few investigations have successfully quantified ...

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils.&#160;This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state.&#160; Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration.&#160;This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil.&#160;Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface.&#160;The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1).&#160;Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000).&#160; The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls.&#160;This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces.&#160;Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections.&#160;A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Neutrophil trans-epithelial migration in response to mucosal bacterial infection contributes to epithelial injury and clinical disease.&#160;An in vitro model has been developed that combines pathogen, human neutrophils, and polarized human epithelial cell layers grown on transwell filters to facilitate investigations towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this phenomenon.

In vitro Ensaio de cocultura para avaliar migração trans epitelial de neutrófilo induzida por patógenos

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

Human Neutrophil Flow Chamber Adhesion Assay

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion involves many different adhesion molecules including members of the &beta;2 integrin family and their counter-receptors of the ICAM family. Recently, naturally occurring genetic variants in both &beta;2 integrins and ICAMs are reported to be associated with autoimmune disease. Thus, the quantitative adhesive capacity of neutrophils from individuals with varying allelic forms of these adhesion molecules is important to study in relation to mechanisms underlying development of autoimmunity. Adhesion studies in flow chamber systems can create an environment with fluid shear stress similar to that observed in the blood vessel environment in vivo. Here, we present a method using a flow chamber assay system to study the quantitative adhesive properties of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and to purified ligand substrates. With this method, the neutrophil adhesive capacities from donors with different allelic variants in adhesion receptors can be assessed and compared. This method can also be modified to assess adhesion of other primary cell types or cell lines.

A method of quantitating neutrophil adhesion is reported. This method creates a dynamic flow environment similar to that encountered in a blood vessel. It allows the investigation of neutrophil adhesion to either purified adhesion molecules (ligand) or endothelial cell substrate (HUVEC) in a context similar to the in vivo environment with sheer stress.

Fluxo de Neutrófilos Humanos Secção Ensaio de Adesão

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion ...

Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Isolation and Handling

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) have been recently identified as part of the neutrophil&#8217;s antimicrobial armamentarium. Apart from their role in fighting infections, recent research has demonstrated that they may be involved in many other disease processes, including cancer progression. Isolating purified NETs is a crucial element to allow the study of these functions.
In this video, we demonstrate a simplified method of cell free NET isolation from human whole blood using readily available reagents. Isolated NETs can then be used for immunofluorescence staining, blotting or various functional assays. This enables an assessment of their biologic properties in the absence of the potential confounding effects of neutrophils themselves.
A density gradient separation technique is employed to isolate neutrophils from healthy donor whole blood. Isolated neutrophils are then stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to induce NETosis. Activated neutrophils are then discarded, and a cell-free NET stock is obtained.
We then demonstrate how isolated NETs can be used in an adhesion assay with A549 human lung cancer cells. The NET stock is used to coat the wells of a 96 well cell culture plate O/N, and after ensuring an adequate NET monolayer formation on the bottom of the wells, CFSE labeled A549 cells are added. Adherent cells are quantified using a Nikon TE300 fluorescent microscope. In some wells, 1000U DNAse1 is added 10 min before counting to degrade NETs

Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps NETs Isolation and Handling

In the following protocol, we describe a very simple way to isolate Neutrophil Extracellular traps (NETs) from human whole blood using readily available reagents. We then demonstrate how the isolated NETs can be used in an in vitro adhesion assay with cancer cells.

Simplificado Humanos neutrófilos extracelulares Traps (NETs) Isolamento e Manuseio

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) have been recently identified as part of the neutrophil&#8217;s antimicrobial armamentarium. Apart from their role ...

In Vitro Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Dynamic and Quantitative Analysis by Fluorescence Microscopy

In response to invading pathogens, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are extracellular networks of DNA decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins. Excessive NET formation (NETosis) and citH3 release during sepsis is associated with multiple organ dysfunction and mortality in mice and humans but its implications in dogs are unknown. Herein, we describe a technique to isolate canine neutrophils from whole blood for observation and quantification of NETosis. Leukocyte-rich plasma, generated by dextran sedimentation, is separated by commercially available density gradient separation media and granulocytes collected for cell count and viability testing. To observe real-time NETosis in live neutrophils, cell permeant and cell impermeant fluorescent nucleic acid stains are added to neutrophils activated either by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Changes in nuclear morphology and NET formation are observed over time by fluorescence microscopy. In vitro NETosis is further characterized by co-colocalization of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) using a modified double-immunolabelling protocol. To objectively quantify NET formation and citH3 expression using fluorescence microscopy, NETs and citH3-positive cells are quantified in a blinded manner using available software. This technique is a specific assay to evaluate the in vitro capacity of canine neutrophils to undergo NETosis.

In Vitro Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Dynamic and Quantitative Analysis by Fluorescence Microscopy

We describe methods to isolate canine neutrophils from whole blood and visualize NET formation in live neutrophils using fluorescence microscopy. Also described are protocols to quantify NET formation and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) expression using immunofluorescence microscopy.

In Vitro Formação canina neutrófilos extracelular armadilha: Análise dinâmica e quantitativa por microscopia de fluorescência

In response to invading pathogens, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are extracellular networks of DNA decorated with ...

Quantification of Efferocytosis by Single-cell Fluorescence Microscopy

Studying the regulation of efferocytosis requires methods that are able to accurately quantify the uptake of apoptotic cells and to probe the signaling and cellular processes that control efferocytosis. This quantification can be difficult to perform as apoptotic cells are often efferocytosed piecemeal, thus necessitating methods which can accurately delineate between the efferocytosed portion of an apoptotic target versus residual unengulfed cellular fragments. The approach outlined herein utilizes dual-labeling approaches to accurately quantify the dynamics of efferocytosis and efferocytic capacity of efferocytes such as macrophages. The cytosol of the apoptotic cell is labeled with a cell-tracking dye to enable monitoring of all apoptotic cell-derived materials, while surface biotinylation of the apoptotic cell allows for differentiation between internalized and non-internalized apoptotic cell fractions. The efferocytic capacity of efferocytes is determined by taking fluorescent images of live or fixed cells and quantifying the amount of bound versus internalized targets, as differentiated by streptavidin staining. This approach offers several advantages over methods such as flow cytometry, namely the accurate delineation of non-efferocytosed versus efferocytosed apoptotic cell fractions, the ability to measure efferocytic dynamics by live-cell microscopy, and the capacity to perform studies of cellular signaling in cells expressing fluorescently-labeled transgenes. Combined, the methods outlined in this protocol serve as the basis for a flexible experimental approach that can be used to accurately quantify efferocytic activity and interrogate cellular signaling pathways active during efferocytosis.

Efferocytosis, the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells, is required to maintain homeostasis and is facilitated by receptors and signaling pathways that allow for the recognition, engulfment, and internalization of apoptotic cells. Herein, we present a fluorescence microscopy protocol for the quantification of efferocytosis and the activity of efferocytic signaling pathways.

Quantificação de Efferocytosis por microscopia de fluorescência de célula única

Studying the regulation of efferocytosis requires methods that are able to accurately quantify the uptake of apoptotic cells and to probe the signaling ...

Automated Image-Based Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Using NETQUANT

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like antimicrobial structures consisting of DNA and granule derived antimicrobial proteins. Immunofluorescence microscopy and image-based quantification methods remain important tools to quantitate neutrophil extracellular trap formation. However, there are key limitations to the immunofluorescence-based methods that are currently available for quantifying NETs. Manual methods of image-based NET quantification are often subjective, prone to error and tedious for users, especially non-experienced users. Also, presently available software options for quantification are either semi-automatic or require training prior to operation. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of an automated immunofluorescence-based image quantification method to evaluate NET formation called NETQUANT. The software is easy to use and has a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). It considers biologically relevant parameters such as an increase in the surface area and DNA:NET marker protein ratio, and nuclear deformation to define NET formation. Furthermore, this tool is built as a freely available app, and allows for single-cell resolution quantification and analysis.

Here, we present a protocol for generating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and operating NETQUANT, a fully automatic software option for quantification of NETs in immunofluorescence images.

Quantificação automatizada baseada em imagem de armadilhas extracelulares de neutrófilos usando NETQUANT

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like antimicrobial structures consisting of DNA and granule derived antimicrobial proteins. ...

A High-throughput Assay to Assess and Quantify Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. NETs have been demonstrated to serve as an important host defense mechanism that traps and kills microorganisms. On the other hand, they have been implicated in diverse systemic autoimmune diseases. NETs are immunogenic and toxic structures that contain a pool of relevant autoantigens including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Different forms of NETs can be induced depending on the stimulus. The amount of NETs can be quantified using different techniques including measuring DNA release in supernatants, measuring DNA-complexed with NET-molecules like myeloperoxidase (MPO) or neutrophil elastase (NE), measuring the presence of citrullinated histones by fluorescence microscopy, or flow cytometric detection of NET-components which all have different features regarding their specificity, sensitivity, objectivity, and quantity. Here is a protocol to quantify ex vivo NET formation in a highly-sensitive, high-throughput manner by using three-dimensional immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. This protocol can be applied to address various research questions about NET formation and degradation in health and disease.

This protocol describes a highly sensitive and high throughput neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) assay for the semi-automated quantification of ex vivo NET formation by immunofluorescence three-dimensional confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used to evaluate NET formation and degradation after different stimuli and can be used to study potential NET-targeted therapies.

Um ensaio de alta produtividade para avaliar e quantificar a formação de neutrófilos extracelular armadilha

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. ...

In Vitro Stimulation and Visualization of Extracellular Trap Release in Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

The release of extracellular traps (ETs) by neutrophils has been identified as a contributing factor to the development of diseases related to chronic inflammation. Neutrophil ETs (NETs) consist of a mesh of DNA, histone proteins, and various granule proteins (i.e., myeloperoxidase, elastase, and cathepsin G). Other immune cells, including macrophages, can also produce ETs; however, to what extent this occurs in vivo and whether macrophage extracellular traps (METs) play a role in pathological mechanisms has not been examined in detail. To better understand the role of METs in inflammatory pathologies, a protocol was developed for visualizing MET release from primary human macrophages in vitro, which can also be exploited in immunofluorescence experiments. This allows further characterization of these structures and their comparison to ETs released from neutrophils. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) produce METs upon exposure to different inflammatory stimuli following differentiation to the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. The release of METs can be visualized by microscopy using a green fluorescent nucleic acid stain that is impermeant to live cells (e.g., SYTOX green). Use of freshly isolated primary macrophages, such as HMDM, is advantageous in modeling in vivo inflammatory events that are relevant to potential clinical applications. This protocol can also be used to study MET release from human monocyte cell lines (e.g., THP-1) following differentiation into macrophages with phorbol myristate acetate or other macrophage cell lines (e.g., the murine macrophage-like J774A.1 cells).

Presented here is a protocol to detect macrophage extracellular trap (MET) production in live cell culture using microscopy and fluorescence staining. This protocol can be further extended to examine specific MET protein markers by immunofluorescence staining.

Estimulação e visualização in vitro da liberação extracelular da armadilha em macrófagos humanos monocyte-derivados diferenciados

The release of extracellular traps (ETs) by neutrophils has been identified as a contributing factor to the development of diseases related to chronic ...