Name: peptide scanning-assisted identification of a monoclonal antibody-recognized linear b-cell epitope
Uploaded: 2017-03-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope at JoVE.com

The authors thank Miss Ching-Chun Lin and Miss Diana Lin of the Core Facility of the Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB) of Academia Sinica for offering their expertise on peptide synthesis and DNA sequencing, respectively. This study was supported by Academia Sinica.

1. Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody
<ol>
	<li>Culture the RG-M56 mouse monoclonal hybridoma cells2 in serum-free medium in 175T flasks at 37 &#186;C with 5% CO2 supplement. Collect the supernatant when the color of the medium turns yellow after five days of incubation. 
	NOTE: Hybridoma cells were cultured in serum-free medium to avoid antibody contamination from fetal bovine serum.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the supernatant at 4,500 x g for 30 min at 4 &#186;C and discard the cell d...

<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propagation+of+yellow+grouper+nervous+necrosis+virus+(YGNNV)+in+a+new+nodavirus-susceptible+cell+line+from+yellow+grouper,+Epinephelus+awoara+(Temminck+&amp;+Schlegel),+brain+tissue.">Propagation of yellow grouper nervous necrosis virus (YGNNV) in a new nodavirus-susceptible cell line from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck &amp; Schlegel), brain tissue.</a> J Fish Dis. 24 (5), 299-309 (2001).</li><li>Lougee, E., Morjaria, S., Shaw, O., Collins, R., Vaughan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+approach+to+HLA+typing+designed+for+solid+organ+transplantation:+epityping+and+its+application+to+the+HLA-A+locus.">A new approach to HLA typing designed for solid organ transplantation: epityping and its application to the HLA-A locus.</a> Int J Immunogenet. 40 (6), 445-452 (2013).</li><li>Radulovich, N., Leung, L., Tsao, M. 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I., Deuitch, N., Peifer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Miraprep:+A+Protocol+that+Uses+a+Miniprep+Kit+and+Provides+Maxiprep+Yields.">The Miraprep: A Protocol that Uses a Miniprep Kit and Provides Maxiprep Yields.</a> PLoS One. 11 (8), e0160509 (2016).</li><li>Metzker, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+technologies+in+DNA+sequencing.">Emerging technologies in DNA sequencing.</a> Genome Res. 15 (12), 1767-1776 (2005).</li><li>Chiu, C. C., John, J. A., Hseu, T. H., Chang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+ayu+(Plecoglossus+altivelis)+Pit-1+in+Escherichia+coli:+its+purification+and+immunohistochemical+detection+using+monoclonal+antibody.">Expression of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) Pit-1 in Escherichia coli: its purification and immunohistochemical detection using monoclonal antibody.</a> Protein Expr Purif. 24 (2), 292-301 (2002).</li><li>Atassi, M. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigenic+structures+of+proteins.+Their+determination+has+revealed+important+aspects+of+immune+recognition+and+generated+strategies+for+synthetic+mimicking+of+protein+binding+sites.">Antigenic structures of proteins. Their determination has revealed important aspects of immune recognition and generated strategies for synthetic mimicking of protein binding sites.</a> Eur J Biochem. 145 (1), 1-20 (1984).</li><li>Opuni, K. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometric+epitope+mapping.">Mass spectrometric epitope mapping.</a> Mass Spectrom Rev. , (2016).</li><li>Chang, C. Y., Chiu, C. C., Christopher John, J. A., Liao, I. C., Lea&#241;o, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Aquaculture of Groupers. , 207-224 (2008).</li><li>Conti-Tronconi, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alpha-bungarotoxin+and+the+competing+antibody+WF6+interact+with+different+amino+acids+within+the+same+cholinergic+subsite.">Alpha-bungarotoxin and the competing antibody WF6 interact with different amino acids within the same cholinergic subsite.</a> Biochemistry. 30 (10), 2575-2584 (1991).</li><li>Briggs, S., Price, M. R., Tendler, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine+specificity+of+antibody+recognition+of+carcinoma-associated+epithelial+mucins:+antibody+binding+to+synthetic+peptide+epitopes.">Fine specificity of antibody recognition of carcinoma-associated epithelial mucins: antibody binding to synthetic peptide epitopes.</a> Eur J Cancer. 29 (2), 230-237 (1993).</li><li>Chen, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+Structures+of+a+Piscine+Betanodavirus:+Mechanisms+of+Capsid+Assembly+and+Viral+Infection.">Crystal Structures of a Piscine Betanodavirus: Mechanisms of Capsid Assembly and Viral Infection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11 (10), e1005203 (2015).</li><li>Badani, H., Garry, R. F., Wimley, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+entry+inhibitors+of+enveloped+viruses:+The+importance+of+interfacial+hydrophobicity.">Peptide entry inhibitors of enveloped viruses: The importance of interfacial hydrophobicity.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. , (2014).</li><li>Qureshi, N. M., Coy, D. H., Garry, R. F., Henderson, L. 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This protocol offers a rapid and straightforward technique to identify a mAb-recognized linear epitope. Taking into consideration the cost of peptide synthesis and the production efficiency of synthesizing peptides, the antigenic region of the virus coat protein was reduced by expressing serially truncated recombinant proteins before peptide scanning analysis. As such, the reliable and efficient E. coli pET expression system was used to produce these serially truncated recombinant proteins, as recombinant protei...

In the immune system, the recombination of V, D, and J segments allows for antibodies to create tremendous variations of complementarity determining regions (CDRs) for binding to various antigens to protect the host from pathogenic infection. The neutralizing defense of antibodies against antigens depends on the spatial complementarity between the CDRs of the antibodies and the epitopes of the antigens. Therefore, an understanding of this molecular interaction will assist prophylactic vaccine design and therapeutic peptide drug development. However, this neutralization interaction may be influenced both by multiple antigenic domains from one single antigen and by multiple CDRs of antibodies, which consequently make the epitope determination process more complex. Fortunately, the development of hybridoma technology, which fuses individual antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells, allows for a constantly dividing batch of cells to secrete one specific antibody, known as a monoclonal antibody (mAb)1. Hybridoma cells produce these pure, high-affinity mAbs to bind to a single antigenic domain of a specific antigen. With the relationship of the antigen-antibody established, several approaches, including peptide scanning, can be used to determine the epitope of an antigen using its corresponding mAb. Recent developments in synthetic peptide technology have made the peptide scanning technique more accessible and more convenient to perform. Briefly, a set of overlapping synthetic peptides are produced according to a target antigen sequence and are associated to a solid-supported membrane for mAb hybridization. Peptide scanning not only offers a simple way to map the antibody binding region, but also facilitates amino acid (aa) mutagenesis through residue scanning or substitution to evaluate the binding interaction between each aa residue of the epitope peptide and the CDRs of the antibody.
Here, the present study describes a protocol for the efficient identification of the linear epitope of the yellow grouper nervous necrosis virus (YGNNV) coat protein using a neutralizing mAb2,3,4. The protocol includes mAb preparation, construction and expression of serially truncated recombinant proteins, synthetic overlapping peptide design, dot-blot hybridization, alanine scanning, and substitution mutagenesis. Considering the high cost of peptide synthesis, the step of serially truncating the recombinant proteins of a desired target protein was modified, and the antigenic region was narrowed down to around 100 to 200 aa residues before the synthetic peptide array dot-blot analysis was performed.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybrid-SFM medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12045-076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbeccos&#39;s Phophate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pfu DNA Polymerase&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>EP0502&#160;</td>
			<td>Including buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10799009001</td>
			<td>Including buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NdeI&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0111S</td>
			<td>Including buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XhoI&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0146S</td>
			<td>Including buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pET-20b(+) vector</td>
			<td>Novagen, Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>69739</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E.coli DH-5&#945; competent cell</td>
			<td>RBC Bioscience</td>
			<td>RH617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E.coli BL-21(DE3) competent cell</td>
			<td>RBC Bioscience</td>
			<td>RH217</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0339-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrongen</td>
			<td>12780-052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropylthio-&#946;-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG)</td>
			<td>MDBio, Inc.</td>
			<td>101-367-93-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>106009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween-20)</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>X251-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0167-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Affymetrix, USB</td>
			<td>75825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0241-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0105-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0854-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaN3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2002-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCIP/NBT</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>NEL937001PK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG, Fc fragment antibody</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-055-008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immobilon-P (Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein G Agarose Fast Flow</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>16-266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick PCR Purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UVP BioSpectrum 600 Image System</td>
			<td>UVP</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VisionWorks LS Analysis Software Ver 6.8</td>
			<td>UVP</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MyCycler thermal cycler</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1709713</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

peptide scanning-assisted identification of a monoclonal antibody-recognized linear b-cell epitope

The identification of an antigenic epitope by the immune system allows for the understanding of the protective mechanism of neutralizing antibodies that may facilitate the development of vaccines and peptide drugs. Peptide scanning is a simple and efficient method that straightforwardly maps the linear epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Here, the authors present an epitope determination methodology involving serially truncated recombinant proteins, synthetic peptide design, and dot-blot hybridization for the antigenic recognition of nervous necrosis virus coat protein using a neutralizing mAb. This technique relies on the dot-blot hybridization of synthetic peptides and mAbs on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The minimum antigenic region of a viral coat protein recognized by the RG-M56 mAb can be narrowed down by step-by-step trimmed peptide mapping onto a 6-mer peptide epitope. In addition, alanine scanning mutagenesis and residue substitution can be performed to characterize the binding significance of each amino acid residue making up the epitope. The residues flanking the epitope site were found to play critical roles in peptide conformation regulation. The identified epitope peptide may be used to form crystals of epitope peptide-antibody complexes for an x-ray diffraction study and functional competition, or for therapeutics.

The goal of this experiment was to identify an epitope through dot blotting using mAb. To rapidly and efficiently narrow down the antigenic region recognized by mAb, the full-length and serially truncated YGNNV recombinant coat proteins with a 6xHis fusion tag at the C-terminus were expressed from an E. coli PET expression system10 (Figure 1A). The resulting recombinant proteins were spotted onto the PVDF membrane using RG-M56 mAb and anti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope at JoVE.com

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Here, the authors present a simple and efficient protocol to define a linear antigenic epitope using a purified monoclonal antibody and peptide scanning through dot-blot hybridization. The identified epitope can then be used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

The identification of an antigenic epitope by the immune system allows for the understanding of the protective mechanism of neutralizing antibodies that ...

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