Este trabalho foi suportado pelo NIH R01NS087990 (MSL, IVB).

<ol>
	<li>Shah, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell-based+therapies+for+tumors+in+the+brain:+are+we+there+yet?.">Stem cell-based therapies for tumors in the brain: are we there yet?.</a> Neuro Oncol. 18 (8), 1066-1078 (2016).</li><li>Balyasnikova, I. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+significantly+extends+survival+of+irradiated+mice+with+experimental+brain+tumors.">Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cells significantly extends survival of irradiated mice with experimental brain tumors.</a> Mol Ther. 22 (1), 140-148 (2014).</li><li>Reitz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+of+neural+stem/progenitor+cells:+a+noninvasive+passage+to+target+intracerebral+glioma.">Intranasal delivery of neural stem/progenitor cells: a noninvasive passage to target intracerebral glioma.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 1 (12), 866-873 (2012).</li><li>Dey, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+Oncolytic+Virotherapy+with+CXCR4-Enhanced+Stem+Cells+Extends+Survival+in+Mouse+Model+of+Glioma.">Intranasal Oncolytic Virotherapy with CXCR4-Enhanced Stem Cells Extends Survival in Mouse Model of Glioma.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 7 (3), 471-482 (2016).</li><li>Ahmed, A. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+preclinical+evaluation+of+neural+stem+cell-based+cell+carrier+for+targeted+antiglioma+oncolytic+virotherapy.">A preclinical evaluation of neural stem cell-based cell carrier for targeted antiglioma oncolytic virotherapy.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 105 (13), 968-977 (2013).</li><li>Kim, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+stem+cells+target+experimental+intracranial+medulloblastoma+and+deliver+a+therapeutic+gene+leading+to+tumor+regression.">Human neural stem cells target experimental intracranial medulloblastoma and deliver a therapeutic gene leading to tumor regression.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 12 (18), 5550-5556 (2006).</li><li>Lee, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+rat+brainstem+glioma+using+human+neural+stem+cells+and+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Targeting rat brainstem glioma using human neural stem cells and human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 15 (15), 4925-4934 (2009).</li><li>Lesniak, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+therapy+for+malignant+glioma:+neural+stem+cells.">Targeted therapy for malignant glioma: neural stem cells.</a> Expert Rev Neurother. 6 (1), 1-3 (2006).</li><li>Robinson, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GLPs+and+the+Importance+of+Standard+Operating+Procedures.">GLPs and the Importance of Standard Operating Procedures.</a> BioPharm International. 16 (8), (2003).</li><li>World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook: Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). , (2009).</li><li>NIH. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Number: NOT-OD-16-011. Implementing Rigor and Transparency) in NIH &amp; AHRQ Research Grant Applications. , (2015).</li><li>Wakimoto, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+primary+tumor+phenotype+and+genotype+in+glioblastoma+stem+cells.">Maintenance of primary tumor phenotype and genotype in glioblastoma stem cells.</a> Neuro Oncol. 14 (2), 132-144 (2012).</li><li>Cheng, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+In+Vivo+SPECT+Imaging+of+Neural+Stem+Cells+Functionalized+with+Radiolabeled+Nanoparticles+for+Tracking+of+Glioblastoma.">Dynamic In Vivo SPECT Imaging of Neural Stem Cells Functionalized with Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Tracking of Glioblastoma.</a> J Nucl Med. 57 (2), 279-284 (2016).</li><li>Pritchett-Corning, K. R., Luo, Y., Mulder, G. B., White, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+rodent+surgery+for+the+new+surgeon.">Principles of rodent surgery for the new surgeon.</a> J Vis Exp. (47), (2011).</li><li>Clark, A. J., Fakurnejad, S., Ma, Q., Hashizume, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+Imaging+of+an+Immunocompetent+Animal+Model+for+Glioblastoma.">Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma.</a> J Vis Exp. (107), (2016).</li><li>Ulasov, I. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survivin-driven+and+fiber-modified+oncolytic+adenovirus+exhibits+potent+antitumor+activity+in+established+intracranial+glioma.">Survivin-driven and fiber-modified oncolytic adenovirus exhibits potent antitumor activity in established intracranial glioma.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 18 (7), 589-602 (2007).</li><li>Danielyan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+of+cells+to+the+brain.">Intranasal delivery of cells to the brain.</a> Eur J Cell Biol. 88 (6), 315-324 (2009).</li><li>Dhuria, S. V., Hanson, L. R., Frey, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+to+the+central+nervous+system:+mechanisms+and+experimental+considerations.">Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: mechanisms and experimental considerations.</a> J Pharm Sci. 99 (4), 1654-1673 (2010).</li><li>Gross, E. A., Swenberg, J. A., Fields, S., Popp, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+morphometry+of+the+nasal+cavity+in+rats+and+mice.">Comparative morphometry of the nasal cavity in rats and mice.</a> J Anat. 135 (Pt 1), 83-88 (1982).</li><li>Marieb, E. N., Hoehn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Human Anatomy &amp; Physiology. , (2007).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm conflito de interesses para declarar.

Embora a via intranasal de administração de fármaco tenha sido amplamente explorada para moléculas pequenas, nanomedicinas e compostos de proteína 18 , a aplicação de células-tronco terapêuticas para o alvo do tumor cerebral intranasal é muito nova no espectro de terapias de tumores cerebrais em desenvolvimento 2 , 3 , 4 . Existem complexidades intrínsecas envolvidas em relação aos comportam...

A baixa toxicidade, a baixa imunogenicidade e o tropismo intrínseco do tumor cerebral de células-tronco humanas são características atraentes para a entrega de veículos terapêuticos 1 . As novas terapias baseadas em células-tronco para tumores cerebrais malignos são inovações promissoras desenvolvidas nos últimos anos e a adaptação intranasal desta estratégia terapêutica representa um salto para a tradução clínica, na medida em que a administração não invasiva e repetida pode reduzir drasticamente a barreira para aplicações de pacientes e Pode ser adaptável para serviços ambulatoriais sem anestesia geral ou serviço hospitalar prolongado associado a procedimentos cirúrgicos invasivos 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Nós e outros fomos pioneiros na via intranasal da administração de células estaminais aos tumores cerebrais e colocamos o trabalho de base para alguns dos princípios básicosDe pesquisa de tradução usando modelos de xenogravagem de mouse 2 , 3 , 4 , bem como investigou a migração de células-tronco in vivo por meio de suporte de reagentes de ressonância magnética (MRI) 2 . Através destas explorações-piloto, acumulamos uma experiência substancial e obtivemos informações sobre como construir melhor uma estratégia de avaliação pré-clínica robusta usando modelos de mouse de xenoenxerto (PDX) bem estabelecidos do paciente (PDX) de glioma maligno, mantendo a resolução de investigação para examinar a Detalhes mecanicistas matizados dos fenômenos biológicos sofisticados da entrada no cérebro intranasal do cérebro de células estaminais terapêuticas entregues à cavidade nasal. Aqui, descrevemos os princípios de um protocolo de operação padronizado para demonstrar o estado atual das investigações experimentais usando uma linha de células-tronco neural humana bem estabelecida HB1.F3.CD 5 <sup&gt;, 6 , 7 , 8 , que é facilmente modificável para se adaptar a modelos de tumor específicos ou estratégias usando células-tronco humanas como portadores terapêuticos.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="774">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 900</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Hypoxic Cell Culture Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VIOS 160i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Cell culture supplies (Plastics)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Varies</td>
			<td>Replaceable with any source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:236px;">Legend Micro 21R Refrigerated Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75002490</td>
			<td>Replaceable with any source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Bench centrifuge Sorvall ST16R&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75004240</td>
			<td>Replaceable with any source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:236px;">Micro syringe 702N 25&#181;l (22S/2&#34;/2)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Hamilton Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">80400</td>
			<td>Flat tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:236px;">Sample Tray for Irradiator</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Best Theratronics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A13826</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">To set up mice protection with lead shield</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Leica DMi8 Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Leica Microsystem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Leica CM1860 UV cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Leica Microsystem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Exel International Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-841-31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Corning Phosphate Buffer Saline</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Corning Cellgro/ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Corning Cellgro/ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Trypsin 0.05%</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Corning Cellgro/ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:236px;">Hyaluronidase from bovine testes</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intranasal delivery of therapeutic stem cells to glioblastoma in a mouse model

O tropismo intrínseco para doenças malignas do cérebro torna as células-tronco como portadores promissores de agentes terapêuticos contra tumores malignos. A entrega de células estaminais terapêuticas através da via intranasal é uma estratégia alternativa recentemente descoberta, com forte potencial de tradução clínica, devido à sua natureza não invasiva em relação à implantação intracraniana ou parto via via sistêmica. A falta de barreira hematoencefálica fortalece ainda mais o potencial terapêutico das células estaminais submetidas à entrada de cérebro intranasal. Este artigo resume as técnicas essenciais utilizadas em nossos estudos e descreve os princípios básicos da estratégia intranasal para a administração de células estaminais usando um modelo de mouse de xenoenxertos de glioma intracraniano. Demonstramos os procedimentos otimizados que geram resultados consistentes e reprodutíveis com parâmetros experimentais específicos predeterminados e oferecem diretrizes para o fluxo de trabalho simplificado que garantem uma execução eficiente e uma experiência confiável.Resultado ntal. O artigo foi concebido para servir de base para uma maior personalização experimental com base em hipóteses, tipos de células estaminais ou especificações tumorais.

O pré-tratamento hipóxico ( Figura 4A ) 4 e a sobre-expressão CXCR4 ( Figuras 4B e 4C ) 4 aumentam significativamente a presença da membrana celular dos receptores CXCR4 como demonstrado pela citometria de fluxo. O tumorismo tumoral demonstrado por NSCs (flechas azuis), é mostrado na histologia do tecido tumoral (círculo vermelho). A presença de células-tronco marcadas ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutic Stem Cells to Glioblastoma in a Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutic Stem Cells to Glioblastoma in a Mouse Model

As células estaminais são portadores terapêuticos promissores para tratar tumores cerebrais devido ao seu tropismo intrínseco de tumor. A entrega de células estaminais intranasais não invasivas ultrapassa a barreira hematoencefálica e demonstra um forte potencial de tradução clínica. Este artigo resume os princípios básicos da administração de células estaminais intranasais em um modelo de glioma de mouse.

Entrega intranasal de células-tronco terapêuticas para Glioblastoma em um modelo de mouse

The intrinsic tropism towards brain malignancies renders stem cells as promising carriers of therapeutic agents against malignant tumors. The delivery of ...

intranasal-delivery-therapeutic-stem-cells-to-glioblastoma-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.1K visualizações.  Northwestern University.  As células estaminais são portadores terapêuticos promissores para tratar tumores cerebrais devido ao seu tropismo intrínseco de tumor. A entrega de células estaminais intranasais não invasivas ultrapassa a barreira hematoencefálica e demonstra um forte potencial de tradução clínica. Este artigo resume os princípios básicos da administração de células estaminais intranasais em um modelo de glioma de mouse. 

Vídeo: Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutic Stem Cells to Glioblastoma in a Mouse Model

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus. For example, in utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has been used to successfully treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.1,2 In several other conditions, however, IUT has been attempted without success.3 Given these mixed results, the availability of an efficient non-human model to study the biological sequelae of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy is critical to advance this field. We and others have used the mouse model of IUT to study factors affecting successful engraftment of in utero transplanted hematopoietic stem cells in both wild-type mice4-7 and those with genetic diseases.8,9 The fetal environment also offers considerable advantages for the success of in utero gene therapy. For example, the delivery of adenoviral10, adeno-associated viral10, retroviral11, and lentiviral vectors12,13 into the fetus has resulted in the transduction of multiple organs distant from the site of injection with long-term gene expression. in utero gene therapy may therefore be considered as a possible treatment strategy for single gene disorders such as muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis. Another potential advantage of IUT is the ability to induce immune tolerance to a specific antigen. As seen in mice with hemophilia, the introduction of Factor IX early in development results in tolerance to this protein.14 
In addition to its use in investigating potential human therapies, the mouse model of IUT can be a powerful tool to study basic questions in developmental and stem cell biology. For example, one can deliver various small molecules to induce or inhibit specific gene expression at defined gestational stages and manipulate developmental pathways. The impact of these alterations can be assessed at various timepoints after the initial transplantation. Furthermore, one can transplant pluripotent or lineage specific progenitor cells into the fetal environment to study stem cell differentiation in a non-irradiated and unperturbed host environment.
The mouse model of IUT has already provided numerous insights within the fields of immunology, and developmental and stem cell biology. In this video-based protocol, we describe a step-by-step approach to performing IUT in mouse fetuses and outline the critical steps and potential pitfalls of this technique.

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The mouse model of in utero transplantation is a versatile tool that can be used to study the potential clinical applications of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy in the fetus. In this protocol, we present a general approach to performing this technique

Um modelo do rato de No Utero Transplante

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus.  For example, in ...

Medicina

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality treatment consisting of surgical resection, post-operative radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy 1. New therapeutic approaches are clearly needed to improve patient survival and quality of life. The development of more effective treatment strategies would be aided by animal models of GBM that recapitulate human disease yet allow serial imaging to monitor tumor growth and treatment response. In this paper, we describe our technique for the precise stereotactic implantation of bio-imageable GBM cancer cells into the brains of nude mice resulting in tumor xenografts that recapitulate key clinical features of GBM 2. This method yields tumors that are reproducible and are located in precise anatomic locations while allowing in vivo bioluminescent imaging to serially monitor intracranial xenograft growth and response to treatments 3-5. This method is also well-tolerated by the animals with low perioperative morbidity and mortality.

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

We describe an integrated method for the precise, stereotactic implantation of human glioblastoma multiforme cells into the brains of nude mice and subsequent serial in vivo imaging to monitor growth and response to treatment of the resultant xenografts.

Implantação estereotáxica intracraniana e<em&gt; Em vivo</em&gt; Imaging Bioluminescent de xenoenxertos de tumores em um Sistema Modelo de Rato Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality ...

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is non-invasive and allows large molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier access to the CNS. Drugs are directly targeted to the CNS with intranasal delivery, reducing systemic exposure and thus unwanted systemic side effects1. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways via an extracellular route and does not require drug to bind to any receptor or axonal transport2. Intranasal delivery is a widely publicized method and is currently being used in human clinical trials3.
Intranasal delivery of drugs in animal models allows for initial evaluation of pharmacokinetic distribution and efficacy. With mice, it is possible to administer drugs to awake (non-anesthetized) animals on a regular basis using a specialized intranasal grip. Awake delivery is beneficial because it allows for long-term chronic dosing without anesthesia, it takes less time than with anesthesia, and can be learned and done by many people so that teams of technicians can dose large numbers of mice in short periods. Efficacy of therapeutics administered intranasally in this way to mice has been demonstrated in a number of studies including insulin in diabetic mouse models 4-6 and deferoxamine in Alzheimer's mouse models. 7,8
The intranasal grip for mice can be learned, but is not easy and requires practice, skill, and a precise grip to effectively deliver drug to the brain and avoid drainage to the lung and stomach. Mice are restrained by hand using a modified scruff in the non-dominant hand with the neck held parallel to the floor, while drug is delivered with a pipettor using the dominant hand. It usually takes 3-4 weeks of acclimating to handling before mice can be held with this grip without a stress response. We have prepared this JoVE video to make this intranasal delivery technique more accessible.

A method to intranasally administer drugs to awake mice for the purpose of targeting the brain is described. This method allows for repeat dosing over long periods using intranasal administration of drug without anesthesia, and nose-to-brain delivery with minimal systemic exposure.

A administração intranasal de Terapêutica do SNC para Ratos Awake

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering  therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is  non-invasive and allows large ...

High Throughput Characterization of Adult Stem Cells Engineered for Delivery of Therapeutic Factors for Neuroprotective Strategies

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are a powerful cellular resource and have been used in numerous studies as potential candidates to develop strategies for treating a variety of diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize MSCs as cellular vehicles engineered for delivery of therapeutic factors as part of a neuroprotective strategy for rescuing the damaged or diseased nervous system. In this study we used mouse MSCs that were genetically modified using lentiviral vectors, which encoded brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), together with green fluorescent protein (GFP). 
Before proceeding with in vivo transplant studies it was important to characterize the engineered cells to determine whether or not the genetic modification altered aspects of normal cell behavior. Different culture substrates were examined for their ability to support cell adhesion, proliferation, survival, and cell migration of the four subpopulations of engineered MSCs. High content screening (HCS) was conducted and image analysis performed. 
Substrates examined included: poly-L-lysine, fibronectin, collagen type I, laminin, entactin-collagen IV-laminin (ECL). Ki67 immunolabeling was used to investigate cell proliferation and Propidium Iodide staining was used to investigate cell viability. Time-lapse imaging was conducted using a transmitted light/environmental chamber system on the high content screening system.
Our results demonstrated that the different subpopulations of the genetically modified MSCs displayed similar behaviors that were in general comparable to that of the original, non-modified MSCs. The influence of different culture substrates on cell growth and cell migration was not dramatically different between groups comparing the different MSC subtypes, as well as culture substrates. 
This study provides an experimental strategy to rapidly characterize engineered stem cells and their behaviors before their application in long-term in vivo transplant studies for nervous system rescue and repair.

This study describes an experimental platform to rapidly characterize engineered stem cells and their behaviors before their application in long-term in vivo transplant studies for nervous system rescue and repair.

High Throughput caracterização de células-tronco adultas modificadas para liberação de fatores terapêuticos como estratégia de neuroproteção

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are a powerful cellular resource and have been used in numerous studies as potential candidates to ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Estudar o cancro do pâncreas Stem características celulares para desenvolver estratégias Novo tratamento

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

A Neonatal do rato Spinal Cord Injury Compression Modelo

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

Vein Interposition Model: A Suitable Model to Study Bypass Graft Patency

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. Research models for bypass graft failure are essential for a better understanding of pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during graft patency loss. Large animal models, such as pigs or sheep, resemble human anatomical structures but require special facilities and equipment. This video describes a rat vein interposition model to investigate vein graft patency loss. Rats are inexpensive and easy to handle. Compared to mouse models, the convenient size of rats permits better operability and enables a sufficient amount of material to be obtained for further diverse analysis. In brief, the inferior epigastric vein of a donor rat is harvested and used to replace a segment of the femoral artery. Anastomosis is conducted via single stitches and sealed with fibrin glue. Graft patency can be monitored non-invasively using duplex sonography. Myointimal hyperplasia, which is the main cause for graft patency loss, develops progressively over time and can be calculated from histological cross sections.

This video demonstrates a model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia after venous interposition surgery in rats.

Veia Interposição Modelo: Um modelo adequado para estudar Bypass Graft Perviedade

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. ...

Image-Guided Resection of Glioblastoma and Intracranial Implantation of Therapeutic Stem Cell-seeded Scaffolds

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer, carries a life expectancy of 12-15 months. The short life expectancy is due in part to the inability of the current treatment, consisting of surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy, to eliminate invasive tumor foci. Treatment of these foci may be improved with tumoricidal human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs exhibit potent tumor tropism and can be engineered to express therapeutic proteins that kill tumor cells. Advancements in preclinical models indicate that surgical resection induces premature MSC loss and reduces therapeutic efficacy. Efficacy of MSC treatment can be improved by seeding MSCs on a biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffold. MSC delivery into the surgical resection cavity on a PLA scaffold restores cell retention, persistence, and tumor killing. To study the effects of MSC-seeded PLA implantation on GBM, an accurate preclinical model is needed. Here we provide a preclinical surgical protocol for image-guided tumor resection of GBM in immune-deficient mice followed by MSC-seeded scaffold implantation. MSCs are engineered with lentiviral constructs to constitutively express and secrete therapeutic TNF&#945;-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as well as green fluorescent protein (GFP) to allow fluorescent tracking. Similarly, the U87 tumor cells are engineered to express mCherry and firefly luciferase, providing dual fluorescent/luminescent tracking. While currently used for investigating stem cell mediated delivery of therapeutics, this protocol could be modified to investigate the impact of surgical resection on other GBM interventions.

Tumor-seeking therapeutic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise as a treatment for invasive glioblastoma. Optimal transplantation involves delivery of MSCs into the tumor resection cavity on scaffolds. Here, preclinical techniques to study MSC treatment of glioblastoma are provided including: image-guided tumor resection; implantation of MSC-seeded scaffolds; and postoperative therapy tracking.

Ressecção guiada por imagem de Glioblastoma e intracraniana implantação de andaimes terapêuticos de células-tronco-semeado

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer, carries a life expectancy of 12-15 months. The short life expectancy is due in ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medição de contratilidade isométrica da artéria mesentérica Mouse usando fio miografia

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, there have been few reports regarding not only the quantitative analysis but also optimal administration conditions and dosing regimens for investigations of nose-to-brain delivery. The limited progress in research on nose-to-brain pathway mechanisms using rodents represents a significant impediment in terms of designing nose-to-brain delivery systems for candidate drugs.
To gain some headway in this regard, we developed and evaluated two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia for experimental animals. We also describe a method for the evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radio-labeled [14C]-inulin (molecular weight: 5,000) as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.
Initially, we developed a pipette-based intranasal administration protocol using temporarily openable masks, which enabled us to perform reliable administration to animals under stable anesthesia. Using this system, [14C]-inulin could be delivered to the brain with little experimental error.
We subsequently developed an intranasal administration protocol entailing reverse cannulation from the airway side through the esophagus, which was developed to minimize the effects of mucociliary clearance (MC). This technique led to significantly higher levels of [14C]-inulin, which was quantitatively detected in the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, and medulla oblongata, than the pipette method. This appears to be because retention of the drug solution in the nasal cavity was substantially increased by active administration using a syringe pump in a direction opposite to the MC into the nasal cavity.
In conclusion, the two methods of intranasal administration developed in this study can be expected to be extremely useful techniques for evaluating pharmacokinetics in rodents. The reverse cannulation method, in particular, could be useful for evaluating the full potential of nose-to-brain delivery of drug candidates.

Here, we describe two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia with minimal physical stress for experimental animals. We also describe a method for quantitative evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radiolabeled [14C]-inulin as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.

Novos métodos para a Administração Intranasal sob anestesia por inalação para avaliar a entrega da droga de nariz-de-Brain

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain ...