Gostaríamos de agradecer a Pablo Vital e Johnny Mosley para ajuda com amostragem de campo e Viviana Nadal e Irina Ognevich pela ajuda com as análises de laboratório.

1. Datalogger instalação e funcionamento <ol><li>identificar uma fazenda de estudo e instalar um datalogger que aciona um mostruário para coletar amostras de fluxo composto numa base proporcional de fluxo, que requer monitorização de níveis de canal, revoluções de cabeça de bomba e a equação de calibração bomba.</li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1: amostrador ISCO usado para o programa autoamostragem procedimentos para a água de drenagem composto e as partículas de água amostragem. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>
<ol start="3"> <li>monitorizar os níveis de canal fazenda usando transdutores de pressão instalados nos canais de entrada e saída ao lado da estação de bomba.</li>
	<li>Bomba de monitor de velocidade usando os interruptores de proximidade são instalados sobre as cabeças de bomba; velocidade é gravada pelo datalogger em rotações por minuto (rpm). 
	Nota: Interruptores de proximidade são pedaços de metal que, quando passou por cima do outro contagem o número de rotações. Eles são soldados sobre as cabeças de bomba.</li>
	<li>Precipitação medida usando uma derrubada da cubeta pluviômetro que está conectado para o datalogger. 
	Nota: O datalogger se comunica pelo rádio telemetria para uma estação de rádio base, localizada no centro de educação e pesquisa de Everglades UF/IFAS. Telemetria não é necessária para controlar a coleta de amostra, apenas para coleta de dados e armazenamento.</li>
</ol> 2. Amostragem de água de fluxo ponderado de drenagem <ol><li>fluxo de drenagem calcular usando um datalogger e uma equação de calibração da bomba para cada bomba. Amostragem de fluxo ponderado de drenagem é conseguida por um mostruário que é accionado pelo datalogger, depois que um volume de drenagem do gatilho é alcançado. 
	Nota: As taxas de velocidade e fluxo da bomba variam mais de 24 h. A amostragem de ISCO é desencadeada pelo volume de água descarregada, não a taxa. O mostruário está programado para coletar uma amostra de sub, depois que um volume fixo de água de descarga. O volume de descarga de água é calibrado com base no número de rotações da bomba.</li>
	<li>Coletar uma amostra de água composta (mínimo de 500 mL) usando um em situ automatizado amostrador localizado na estação de bomba e programá-lo para capturar uma amostra de água composta diária durante eventos de drenagem. 
	Nota: O sampler ISCO é plumas para os tanques de coleta usando tubos desviado através de um datalogger que leva uma amostra de 2 L a cada 2 min até 400 L.</li>
	<li>Período de descarga volumes de desencadeamento de amostra de programa para permitir um máximo de 30 amostras por 24 h.
	<ol><li>Programa o datalogger para coletar amostras de fluxo composto seguindo estas etapas: programa Enter &#8594; programa &#8594; fluxo com base em amostragem &#8594; amostra cada 1 pulsos &#8594; 30 amostras compostas &#8594; Volume de amostra de 130 mL &#8594; calibrar Amostra Volume [n] &#8594; digite a hora de início [n] &#8594; sequência completa do programa.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Armazenar as amostras compostas fluxo ponderado em um frigorífico no local a 4 ° C até coleta e transporte de volta para o laboratório para análises em um refrigerador cheio de gelo.</li>
	<li>Analisar as amostras de água para P reativa solúvel dentro de 24 horas desde o momento da coleta de amostra. Amostras utilizadas para análise de P Total (TP) podem ser acidificadas e armazenadas a 4 ° C por até 28 dias 15.</li>
</ol> 3. Capturando as partículas em suspensão <ol><li>colocar uma série de PVC 200 L dois tanques de decantação para coletar água de descarga do canal de exploração ao longo da duração do período de drenagem para capturar e caracterizar as partículas em suspensa.
	<ol><li>Programa para o datalogger para coletar as partículas em suspensa amostras seguindo estas etapas: programa &#8594; tempo com base em amostragem &#8594; cada 2 min da amostra &#8594; amostras compostas [200] &#8594; calibrar o Volume de amostra [n] &#8594; digite Start Time [n] &#8594; Sequência completa &#8594; botão amostragem.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Colete a água de drenagem fluxo ponderado nos tanques de configuração (2L cada 2min) com base no volume de água ao longo de um período de coleta de 24 h.</li></ol>
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2: dois 200 L tanques usados para coletar a água de drenagem. As partículas em suspensa resolver para fora na parte inferior do tanque e são transferidas em baldes de 5 galões. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>
<ol start="3"> <li>desviar o excesso de água usando mangueiras como partículas começam a se estabelecer em tanques de.</li>
	<li>Transferir as partículas em baldes de 5 galões, transportá-los para o laboratório e colocá-los em geladeira a 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Sifão fora o excesso de água após 24h a contentar e transferir as partículas em cones de sedimentação de Imhoff.</li>
	<li>Depois de se contentar com pelo menos 1 h, sifão fora o excesso de água, uma última vez antes de que se estabeleceram as partículas são transferidas para frascos de parafuso-top 500ml pré-pesados para armazenamento em 4 ° C.</li>
	<li>Pesa frascos com amostras de partículas.</li>
	<li>Prosseguir com as análises de fracionamento de fósforo, conforme descrito por Hedley e Stewart 14.</li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3: Imhoff, fixando-se cones usados para coletar a partículas em suspensa, capturadas no tanque de decantação. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

<ol>
	<li>Sims, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+loss+in+agricultural+drainage:+historical+perspective+and+current+research.">Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: historical perspective and current research.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 27, 277-293 (1997).</li><li>Van Esbroeck, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+and+subsurface+phosphorus+export+from+agricultural+fields+during+peak+flow+events+over+the+non-growing+season+in+regions+with+cool,+temperate+climates.">Surface and subsurface phosphorus export from agricultural fields during peak flow events over the non-growing season in regions with cool, temperate climates.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 72, 65-76 (2017).</li><li>Bhadha, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+mass+balance+and+internal+load+in+an+impacted+subtropical+isolated+wetland.">Phosphorus mass balance and internal load in an impacted subtropical isolated wetland.</a> Water Air Soil Pollut. 218, 619-632 (2011).</li><li>Eyre, B. D., McConchie, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+implications+of+sedimentological+studies+for+environmental+pollution+assessment+and+management:+Examples+from+fluvial+system+in+north+Queensland+and+western+Australia.">The implications of sedimentological studies for environmental pollution assessment and management: Examples from fluvial system in north Queensland and western Australia.</a> Sediment. Geol. 85, 235-252 (1993).</li><li>Bhadha, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+phosphorus+release+and+storage+capacity+from+an+impacted+subtropical+wetland.">Soil phosphorus release and storage capacity from an impacted subtropical wetland.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. , 74 (2010).</li><li>Kenney, W. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-basin,+mass-balance+approach+for+identifying+critical+phosphorus-loading+thresholds+in+shallow+lakes.">Whole-basin, mass-balance approach for identifying critical phosphorus-loading thresholds in shallow lakes.</a> Journal of Paleolim. 51, 515-528 (2014).</li><li>Freebairn, D. N., Wockner, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+of+soil+erosion+on+vertisols+of+the+Eastern+Darling+Downs,+Queensland.+Effects+of+surface+conditions+on+soil+movement+within+contour+bay+catchments.">A study of soil erosion on vertisols of the Eastern Darling Downs, Queensland. Effects of surface conditions on soil movement within contour bay catchments.</a> Aust. J.Soil Res. 24, 135-158 (1986).</li><li>Erickson, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Optimizing stormwater treatment practices: a handbook of assessment and maintenance. , (2013).</li><li>Abtew, W., Obeysekera, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drainage+Generation+and+Water+Use+in+the+Everglades+Agricultural+Area+Basin.">Drainage Generation and Water Use in the Everglades Agricultural Area Basin.</a> J. Amer. Water Res. Asso. 32, 1147-1158 (1996).</li><li>Daroub, S. 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A Rotating para água de drenagem, coleta de partículas foram colocados perto da saída da bomba estação dataloggers. Alimentação era fornecida por baterias de 12 V que são carregadas por painéis solares. A Rotating eram controladas pelos dataloggers de no local, que transformou a Rotating quando as bombas de saída correu e lhes desligado quando parou de bombear. As aberturas das linhas de entrada de amostra foram posicionadas 0,5 m acima do fundo do canal e upflow da estação de bomba. As linhas de entrada real...

O destino e o transporte de partículas em suspensa tem sido objecto de numerosos estudos devido ao seu papel na eutrofização, particularmente em sistemas agrícolas1,2. Uma avaliação abrangente dos nutrientes contidos na matéria particulada dentro de um sistema aquático é necessária investigar inúmeras questões ambientais tais como, a ciclagem interna de nutrientes e liberar a sobrejacente água coluna3, estabilidade de substrato, disponibilidade de luz dentro da coluna de água e eventualmente as preocupações de qualidade de água para os ecossistemas a jusante4. A quantidade de fósforo (P), armazenada sob a forma de partículas (matéria orgânica ou sedimentos) é normalmente maior que o de coluna de água5. Um estudo conduzido por Kenney et al. 6 mostrou que sedimentos recentes que foram depositados no lago Lochloosa, Florida foram entre a faixa etária de 1900 e 2006. Estes sedimentos mais jovens continham P quase 55 vezes mais do que isso, que estava presente na coluna de água. Uma abordagem para caracterizar o impacto potencial que as partículas podem ter sobre um determinado sistema é realizar um inventário quantitativo de fósforo armazenado no sedimento descarregado durante eventos de drenagem. Coleta e análise destas partículas descarregadas podem ajudar a estimar os impactos a jusante enriquecimento de nutrientes em ecossistemas sensíveis.
Eventos de tempestade normalmente representam uma pequena fração de tempo, no entanto, podem contribuir a maioria dos P carga descarga na drenagem de fazenda. Isso ocorre porque a fim de impedir a inundação de campos, um grande volume de água é drenado durante curtos períodos de tempo. Taxas de fluxo e a intensidade de precipitação são vitais fatores que podem controlar a concentração de sedimentos suspensos no segundo turno por terra7de condução. Projetar métodos de monitoramento que capta as amostras de água composto de fluxo ponderado ajudaria a evitar erros associados a eventos de chuva de complexos, de alta intensidade. Durante eventos de descarga de alta como tempestades, as mudanças rápidas e drásticas em concentrações podem não ser representativa da concentração média de poluentes para o volume incremental. Portanto, amostras de água de fluxo ponderado com muito mais precisão representa a concentração de um evento de descarga conforme é um somatório de cargas ao longo de um período de tempo8. As amostras de fluxo ponderado mais comuns são automaticamente coletadas amostras discretas ou compostas. Capturando as partículas em suspensa exportadas da fazenda drenagem durante a descarga nos permite quantificar a severidade do evento na carga P. O método descrito neste estudo ajuda captura as partículas que mais tarde podem ser caracterizadas por várias propriedades físicas e químicas. A novidade da descarga de drenagem usando um método de fluxo contínuo composto versus garra amostragem de amostragem é que é uma melhor representação das condições de campo durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem. Considerando que, a amostragem de garra é um "instantâneo" em tempo e talvez não totalmente representam o efeito de todo o evento.
A área agrícola de Everglades (CEA) no sul da Flórida, Estados Unidos da América é uma grande extensão de Everglades originais que foi canalizado e drenado para o cultivo, desenvolvimento comercial e residencial. Quase 1100 milhões de m3 de água é descarregada anualmente e através da CEA ao sul e sudeste9. Os solos nas CEA são Histosols que geralmente contêm mais 85% orgânico importa em peso e têm menos de 35% de conteúdo mineral10. Canal de sedimentos geralmente têm baixa densidade (entre 0,14 g cm-3 para 0,35 g cm-3), teor de matéria orgânica elevada (entre 31-35%) e valores de P Total (TP), que variam entre 726-1,089 mg kg-1 11.
Para fins desta demonstração, foi selecionada uma fazenda dentro de CEA. O hydroscape de como a água flui dentro CEA depende de bombas e gravidade. Cada exploração agrícola em CEA compreende pelo menos um canal principal e várias valas de campo. O campo das valas execução perpendicular ao canal principal. As bombas normalmente servem um propósito duplo; Eles entregam água de irrigação para a fazenda e também água de drenagem para fora do local de descarga. Quando os campos precisam ser drenados, água no canal principal é abaixada, e para as valas, impulsionadas por um gradiente hidráulico drena a água do campo. Devido a apenas uma leve inclinação na superfície maior parte da precipitação que ocorre sobre os fluxos de campos através do perfil do solo em trânsito para o campo das valas.  Durante a irrigação, o sistema é invertido. Não há nenhuma rede de drenagem de telha no CEA. O lençol freático é mantido a uma altura específica devido a uma camada confinando de subalterno de rocha de calcário dos solos.  É trazer água através dos canais principais; valas de campo são preenchidas, e água é permitida para infiltrar-se no perfil do solo para elevar os níveis do lençol freático nos campos. Normalmente, as demandas por água de irrigação nas CEA ocorrem durante março, abril e maio (estação seca), com muito pouca descarga de drenagem. Em contraste, o volume de água descarregado entre junho e outubro (estação chuvosa) é significativamente maior. A presença de canal banco bermas e valas permite o escoamento de superfície mínimo como uma fonte potencial de carga P em fazenda canais12.
Esta experiência visual, apresentamos um novo método de capturar fluxo ponderado as partículas em suspensa durante eventos de drenagem que podem ser usados mais tarde para a caracterização físico-químicas tais como densidade, teor de matéria orgânica e fracionamento P13 ,14.

<table width="602">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Datalogger</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">model CR1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Auto-sampler</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">ISCO</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td>model 3700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Pressure transducer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">KPSI</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td>model 700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Tipping bucket rain guage</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Texas Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td>model TR-525</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7447-40-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">1310-73-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7647-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Sulfuric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7664-93-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Potassium Persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7727-21-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">12054-85-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">L-Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">50-81-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">100 mg/L Anhydrous Phosphate Standard</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">ERA</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Antimony Potassium Tartrate Trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">28300-74-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Durapore Membrane Filters</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">HVLP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Whatman #41 Filter Paper</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">1441-150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fixed Speed Reciprocal Shaker E6010</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Eberbach Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">E6010.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Disposable Culture Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">14-961-29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Allegra 25R Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Becker Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">U.S. 605168-AC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Bemis Company Inc PM 999</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">13-374-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Oak Ridge Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">3119-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fisherbrand 20mL HDPE Scintillation Vials with Urea Cap</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">03-337-23C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fisherbrand&#160;Natural Polypropylene Jars with White Polypropylene Unlined Cap</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">02-912-024A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">0.45 membrane filters</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>Item # UX-15945-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">100 ml digestion tubes</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>TC1000-0735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Glass funnels</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>03-865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Spectronic 20 Genesys</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>4001-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">QuikChem</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Latchat</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">8500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

capturing flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from agricultural canals during drainage events

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os métodos utilizados para captação de água de fluxo ponderado e partículas em suspensa dos canais da fazenda durante a drenagem de descarga eventos. Fazenda de canais podem ser enriquecidas por nutrientes como fósforo (P) que são suscetíveis aos transportes. Fósforo na forma de partículas em suspensa pode contribuir significativamente para as globais cargas de P na água de drenagem. Realizou-se um experimento de tanque de decantação para capturar partículas em suspensa durante eventos de drenagem discreta. Fazenda água de descarga de canal foi coletada em uma série de dois tanques de decantação de 200 L durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem, a fim de representar uma sub-amostra composta da água sendo descarregada. Cones de sedimentação de Imhoff, finalmente, são usados para ajustar para fora as partículas em suspensa. Isto é conseguido por sifão a água dos tanques de decantação através dos cones. Então, as partículas são coletadas para análises físico-químicas.

O método descrito neste estudo nos permite capturar água e partículas em suspensão que está sendo descarregada durante eventos de bombeamento em canais de fazendas. A água e partículas, que são coletadas são fluxo ponderado, o que significa que eles são representante de toda a duração do evento bombeamento e não apenas um única vez instantâneo; tornando-se altamente representativo do tipo de material a ser descarregado. A água e as partículas em suspensa podem ser armazen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events at JoVE.com

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Nutrientes presentes em forma de partículas podem contribuir significativamente para as globais cargas nas águas de drenagem agrícola. Este estudo descreve um romance método para capturar ponderada fluxo de água e partículas em suspensa da fazenda canal de drenagem durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem.

Capturando o fluxo ponderado água e partículas em suspensa de canais agrícolas durante eventos de drenagem

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

15.7K visualizações.  University of Florida. Nutrientes presentes em forma de partículas podem contribuir significativamente para as globais cargas nas águas de drenagem agrícola. Este estudo descreve um romance método para capturar ponderada fluxo de água e partículas em suspensa da fazenda canal de drenagem durante toda a duração do evento a drenagem.

Vídeo: Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of agricultural waters. Here, water is filtered through sterile Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), which consist&#160;of a simple gauze filter enclosed in a plastic cartridge, to concentrate bacteria. Following filtration, non-selective or selective enrichments for the target bacteria are performed in the MMS. For colorimetric detection of the target bacteria, the enrichments are then assayed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PADs) embedded with bacteria-indicative substrates. Each substrate reacts with target-indicative bacterial enzymes, generating colored products that can be detected visually (qualitative detection) on the &#181;PAD. Alternatively, digital images of the reacted &#181;PADs can be generated with common scanning or photographic devices and analyzed using ImageJ software, allowing for more objective and standardized interpretation of results. Although the biochemical screening procedures are designed to identify the aforementioned bacterial pathogens, in some cases enzymes produced by background microbiota or the degradation of the colorimetric substrates may produce a false positive. Therefore, confirmation using a more discriminatory diagnostic is needed. Nonetheless, this bacterial concentration and detection platform is inexpensive, sensitive (0.1 CFU/ml detection limit), easy to perform, and rapid (concentration, enrichment, and detection are performed within approximately 24&#160;hr), justifying its use as an initial screening method for the microbiological quality of agricultural water.

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

A protocol involving integrated concentration, enrichment, and end-point colorimetric detection of foodborne pathogens in large volumes of agricultural water is presented here. Water is filtered through Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), enriched with selective or non-selective media, and detection is performed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PAD) imbedded with bacterial-indicative colorimetric substrates.

Papel colorimétrico à base de Detecção de<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt;,<em&gt; Salmonella</em&gt; Spp. E<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; A partir de grandes volumes de água Agrícola

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of ...

Ambiente

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

Determinados pelo Laboratório Fósforo Flux do Lago Sedimentos como medida de Fósforo Interno Carregando

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

Medição do fluxo de gases com efeito de Solos Agrícolas Usando Chambers estáticos

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

EPA Método 1615. Medição de Enterovirus e Norovirus Ocorrência na água por cultura e RT-qPCR. Parte III. Detecção de vírus por RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Caracterização e aplicação de amostradores passivos de monitorização de pesticidas em água

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Extração de Pesticidas Organoclorados de Pelotização de Plástico e Análise de Tipo de Plástico

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Monitoramento Contínuo de Nutrientes e Sedimentos em Bacias Agrícolas

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

Medição e mapeamento de padrões de erosão e deposição relacionadas às concentrações de carbonato de solo sob gestão agrícola

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce stable foams and emulsions, and can act as a thickener. Recently interest in this product has been enhanced through the internet where it is proposed that this solution, now called aquafaba by a growing community, can be used a replacement for egg and milk protein. As aquafaba is both new and being developed by an internet based community little is known of its composition or properties. Aquafaba was recovered from 10 commercial canned chickpea products and correlations among aquafaba composition, density, viscosity and foaming properties were investigated. Proton NMR was used to characterize aquafaba composition before and after ultrafiltration through membranes with different molecular weight cut offs (MWCOs of 3, 10, or 50 kDa). A protocol for electrophoresis, and peptide mass fingerprinting is also presented. Those methods provided valuable information regarding components responsible for aquafaba functional properties. This information will allow the development of practices to produce standard commercial aquafaba products and may help consumers select products of superior or consistent utility.

Aquafaba is a viscous juice from canned chickpea that, when stirred vigorously, produces a relatively stable white froth or foam. The primary research goal is to identify the components of aquafaba that contribute viscosifying/thickening properties using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, and peptide mass fingerprinting.

Composição e propriedades de Aquafaba: água recuperada de grão de bico enlatado comercialmente

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

Contínua hidrológicos e monitoramento da qualidade do Vernal lagoas de água

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...