Name: a simple flow cytometry based assay to determine in vitro antibody dependent enhancement of dengue virus using zika virus convalescent serum
Uploaded: 2018-04-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum at JoVE.com

The described project was supported by funds from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences to JJM. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of Defense, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or any other agency of the U.S. Government.
WGV performed all the experiments and analyzed the data; JJM designed and supervised the study; WGW and JJM wrote the paper.

The serum samples used to demonstrate the protocol described here were obtained from rhesus macaques that were housed and cared for in accordance with local, state and federal policies in an Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC)-accredited facility. All animal experiments were reviewed and approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and samples were acquired through a tissue sharing protocol.
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Flaviviruses such as DENV and ZIKV share significant evidence of homology in both their structural and non-structural proteins that generate antibodies that cross-react with each other13,14. These cross-reactive antibody responses have been shown to enhance of infection both in vivo and in vitro with either a heterologous serotype or other related flaviviruses1,2. The potential to cross ...

Antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection is a process whereby partially cross-reactive antibody responses induced by a serotype of virus enhances uptake of another serotype of virus, leading to increased viral replication and viremia. ADE has been extensively documented in Dengue virus (DENV) infections where four major serotypes are prevalent. In a subset of patients, ADE is associated with Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). We have recently shown that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection induced significantly high levels of DENV cross-reactive antibody responses that caused ADE of DENV in vitro and likely contributed to the enhancement of DENV viremia in vivo1,2. Antibody dependent enhancement assays are a valuable tool to assess the capacity of antibodies to enhance secondary infection with related viruses and provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of flavivirus infections and inform the development of vaccines.
The assay described here uses DENV RVPs along with K562 cells that are normally impermissible to infection. RVPs are structurally intact replication incompetent DENV viral particles that encode a sub-genomic green fluorescent protein (GFP) replicon that is expressed after a single round of replication3. As such, cells that become infected with RVPs fluoresce green and can be readily detected using flow cytometry or microscopy. The RVPs used in this assay were obtained from commercial sources. They can, however, be generated against other viruses and used in the assay described in this manuscript. Meanwhile, K562 cells are an Fc&#947;III-receptor-expressing leukemia cell line that bind to the Fc region of antibodies and become infected in the presence of sub-neutralizing concentrations of antibody4,5.
ADE assays have been extensively used in studies investigating the risk factors for severe dengue and to delineate the mechanisms of in vitro ADE6,7,8.The ADE assay described here can be quickly and easily used to determine the capacity of serum to enhance in vitro infection using RVPs and flow cytometry, as compared to other assays used currently, which require either the determination of plaque forming units (pfu) in Vero cells or antibody staining of infected cells6,7,8,9,10,11, both of which are time consuming and labor intensive.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="794">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">DENV 1-4 RVP</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Integral Molecular</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RVP-501</td>
			<td style="width:323px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">K562 cells</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CCL-243</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">RPMI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">GE lifesceinces</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH 30910.03</td>
			<td>10% FBS in RPMI-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">MP biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1670049</td>
			<td>100 IU Pen/mL, 100 ug Strep/mL in RPMI-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Cellegro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-060-Cl</td>
			<td>0.025M in RPMI-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">MEM Non-essential Amino Acid Solution (100&#215;)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7145</td>
			<td>1x in RPMI-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Cellegro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-000-Cl</td>
			<td>1mM in RPMI-10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MT25005CI&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Sterile V-bottom plates</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">333-8001-01V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">BD Falcon Polypropylene 5 ml FACS tubes</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60819-728</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Non-sterile U-bottom plates</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ref 353910</td>
			<td>A high throughput alternative to FACS tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">5mL, sterile, serological pipette</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P7127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">200uL sterile pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3020 CPS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">20uL sterile pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">50-200uL multichannel pipette</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3975-8-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">5-50uL multichannel pipette</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3975-9-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">20% formadehyde</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Tousimis</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;#1008B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Water Bath</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TSCOL35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">thermomixer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2231000387</td>
			<td>An alternative to a waterbath for heat inactivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-998-213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Liquid Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9724348</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Flowjo 9.8</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">TreeStar, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flow cytometry analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD FACSDiva 6.1.2</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Becton Dikinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">BD LSR II flow cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Becton Dikinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:215px;">Liquid Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9724348</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple flow cytometry based assay to determine in vitro antibody dependent enhancement of dengue virus using zika virus convalescent serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity of antibodies or serum to enhance infection in impermissible cell lines have relied on using viral output in the media followed by plaque assays to quantify infection. More recently, these assays have examined Dengue virus (DENV) infection in the cell lines using fluorescently labeled antibodies. Both these approaches have limitations that restrict the widespread use of these techniques. Here, we describe a simple in vitro assay using Dengue virus reporter viral particles (RVPs) that express green fluorescent protein and K562 cells to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of DENV infection using serum that was obtained from rhesus macaques 16 weeks after infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). This technique is reliable, involves minimal manipulation of cells, does not involve the use of live replication competent virus, and can be performed in a high throughput format to get a quantitative readout using flow cytometry. Additionally, this assay can be easily adapted to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of other flavivirus infections such as Yellow Fever virus (YFV), Japanese Equine Encephalitis virus (JEEV), West Nile virus (WNV) etc. where RVPs are available. The ease of setting up the assay, analyzing the data, and interpreting results makes it highly amenable to most laboratory settings.

Sera from 4 rhesus macaques were collected 16 weeks after infection with ZIKV and tested for their potential to enhance DENV-1, 2, 3 and 4 infection in K562 cells. The animals had peak viremia of ~1 x 105 copies of ZIKV RNA/mL of plasma by day 3 after infection that declined to levels that were below the limit of detection by 7 days after infection. No viremia was detected in the plasma at 16 weeks post-infection. Then, the RVP assay was performed and the collected data were an...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum at JoVE.com

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

We describe a simple and easy protocol for measuring antibody dependent enhancement of infection by Zika virus convalescent serum using Dengue virus Reporter Viral Particles.

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

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