Name: multi-modal home sleep monitoring in older adults
Uploaded: 2019-01-26T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults at JoVE.com

We thank the participants for their time.
Funding: This study was supported by the following grants from the National Institutes of Health: P01 AG03991; P01 AG026276; P50 AG05681; K76 AG054863; UL1 TR000448; KL2 TR000450. The Ellison Medical Foundation and a Physician Scientist Training Award from the American Sleep Medicine Foundation also supported this study. The funding sources had no role in the study design, data collection, management, analysis, interpretation of the data, or manuscript preparation.

This protocol was approved by the Washington University Human Research Protection Office.
Instructions were written specific to commercially available devices and their related software for data collection (see Table of Materials).
1. Set up of the sleep monitoring devices prior to the participant visit
<ol>
	<li>Connect a fully charged actigraphy device to the docking station and open the actigraphy software. Initialize actigraphy device to record for the desired...

<ol>
	<li>Ju, Y. -. E., Lucey, B. P., Holtzman, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+and+Alzheimer+disease+pathology-a+bidirectional+relationship.">Sleep and Alzheimer disease pathology-a bidirectional relationship.</a> Nature Reviews Neurology. 10 (2), 115-119 (2014).</li><li>Musiek, E. S., Holtzman, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+linking+circadian+clocks,+sleep,+and+neurodegeneration.">Mechanisms linking circadian clocks, sleep, and neurodegeneration.</a> Science. 354 (6315), 1004-1008 (2016).</li><li>Kushida, C. 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A., Peral-Peral, B., Arenas-Gaitan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elderly+Persons+and+Internet+Use.">Elderly Persons and Internet Use.</a> Social Science Computer Review. 31 (4), 389-403 (2013).</li><li>Cohen-Mansfield, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+memory+aids+for+community-dwelling+elderly+persons:+attitudes,+preferences,+and+potential+utilization.">Electronic memory aids for community-dwelling elderly persons: attitudes, preferences, and potential utilization.</a> Journal of Applied Gerontology. 24 (1), 3-20 (2005).</li><li>Lin, C. I. C., Tang, W. -. h., Kuo, F. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="Mommy+wants+to+learn+the+computer":+how+middle-aged+and+elderly+women+in+Taiwan+learn+ICT+through+social+support.">"Mommy wants to learn the computer": how middle-aged and elderly women in Taiwan learn ICT through social support.</a> Adult Education Quarterly. 62 (1), 73-90 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Alice PDX Provider Manual. , (2013).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Sleep Profiler Patient Instructions. , (2012).</li><li>Altaf, Q. -. a. A., Ali, A., Piya, M. K., Raymond, N. T., Tahrani, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+obstructive+sleep+apnea+and+intra-epidermal+nerve+fiber+density,+PARP+activation+and+foot+ulceration+in+patients+with+type+2+diabetes.">The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and intra-epidermal nerve fiber density, PARP activation and foot ulceration in patients with type 2 diabetes.</a> Journal of Diabetes Complications. 30 (7), 1315-1320 (2016).</li><li>Nilius, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized+controlled+trial+to+validate+the+Alice+PDX+ambulatory+device.">A randomized controlled trial to validate the Alice PDX ambulatory device.</a> Nature and Science of Sleep. 9, 171-180 (2017).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Actiwatch technicial guide. , (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Sleep profiler portal technical manual. , (2013).</li><li>Ju, Y. -. 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B., Williams, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+night+effect:+an+EEG+study+of+sleep.">The first night effect: an EEG study of sleep.</a> Psychophysiology. 2 (3), 263-266 (1966).</li><li>Barnes, C. M., Drake, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prioritizing+sleep+health:+public+health+policy+recommendations.">Prioritizing sleep health: public health policy recommendations.</a> Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10 (6), 733-737 (2015).</li></ol>

This protocol is the novel application of instructional manuals in conjunction with participant education for in-home ambulatory sleep monitoring. Based on the results, the implementation of the protocol with instruction manuals improves the feasibility of in-home sleep testing in older adults. In-lab polysomnography remains the gold standard for sleep monitoring but may be limited by cost as well as disrupted sleep due to the new environment (i.e., the &#34;first night&#34; effect19). This protoc...

The relationship between sleep and Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a growing area of research with sleep disturbances hypothesized to have a role in both AD pathogenesis and as a biomarker for AD pathology1,2. In order to study the relationship between sleep and AD biomarkers, cognitively normal or very mildly impaired participants aged &#8805;65 years old are recruited from a longitudinal study of aging at the Knight Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Research Center (ADRC) at Washington University School of Medicine. Although this study was focused on AD research, the methods presented here have broad applicability to home sleep testing in older adults. Attended in-lab polysomnography is the gold standard for sleep monitoring3, but such monitoring can be cost-prohibitive and inconvenient for participants. An alternative is home sleep testing. The accuracy of home sleep studies may be improved by having trained sleep technicians assist participants inside their homes with device placement, but this can also be intrusive and time-consuming4. Therefore, this protocol was developed to instruct the participants how to set up sleep monitoring devices at home and still collect reliable data.
Participants were asked to wear a home sleep test (HST) for measuring sleep-disordered breathing (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea) and periodic leg movements. Following HST recording, participants wore a single-channel EEG device for 6 nights to monitor brain waves for EEG-based sleep staging. Previous findings indicate that the single-channel EEG device has a high level of agreement with polysomnography for multiple sleep parameters5. Throughout the single-channel EEG and HST monitoring period, participants completed a sleep log and were asked to wear actigraphy on their nondominant wrist for the entire duration of the sleep study to track activity. Studies were defined as acceptable if there were at least 2 nights recorded by the single-channel EEG device with &#60;10% artifact and at least 1 night recorded on the HST with &#8805;4 hours of scorable data. Initially, the failure rate due to poor data quality was ~40&#8722;50%. Repeat monitoring for participants with poor data quality was deemed too burdensome, therefore, this protocol was developed.
Previous work found that many elderly persons have difficulty adjusting to technological interventions6,7,8,9. This impacts numerous fields from geriatrics to education and is particularly relevant to medical studies in which older adults must use or interact with unfamiliar technologies. In order to reduce in-home study failure rates, education manuals were created that provided pictures and step-by-step directions to set up the HST and single-channel EEG devices. The education manuals were derived from the device user manuals10,11. Additionally, a 24-hour helpline was provided to participants, so they could reach a member of the study team at any time with any questions or concerns.
To analyze the impact of this protocol, a retrospective review was conducted on the success and failure rates for acceptable data quality from the at-home sleep monitoring before and after implementation of the education manuals. The data sources were successful recordings and participant calls to research study staff with questions. Participants were asked to come into the sleep center to learn about the sleep monitoring equipment. During the 2-hour visit, a study team member educated each participant about the equipment using the manuals, which provided step-by-step instructions for device usage. After reviewing the manuals in the office and being guided through the application and use of the devices, participants were given the opportunity to independently practice applying the home sleep monitoring devices using the manuals as a guide. Feedback was provided to participants during the visit and they were given the opportunity to ask questions in addition to reapplying the equipment as needed. Participants then took the equipment home, put the ambulatory equipment on themselves at night, and were encouraged to call a study team member at any time, day or night, for assistance troubleshooting any questions or problems.
All single-channel EEG studies were scored manually by registered sleep technologists who were validated, gold-standard scorers using modified American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) scoring criteria5. HST recordings included airflow measured by nasal pressure transducer and thermistor, respiratory effort measured by thoracic and abdominal respiratory inductance plethysmograph belts, body position, pulse oximetry, and leg electromyogram (EMG) using the optional ExG yoke. Lights off and lights on were determined by the time that each participant pressed the event button on the HST device and/or entry in a sleep log. A registered sleep technologist manually scored the HST studies and then a board-certified sleep physician performed an epoch-by-epoch review of each study.
Following the introduction of this protocol, the failure rate was reduced to 19% and reliable data was obtained. The protocol represents a novel, low-cost, and effective way to increase the success rate of at-home sleep studies. While the HST device has been used in some studies, it is primarily used as a diagnostic tool and not for scientific studies12,13. This protocol also provides a method that allows participants to easily use a Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) machine while they are wearing either the HST or single-channel EEG device. The use of the HST and single-channel EEG devices with education manuals is a particularly useful research tool that could be more widely utilized using the method shown in this protocol.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1063px;" width="1062">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:353px;">Actigraph</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">1048090</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Actiwatch 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Actiware site license</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>1114828</td>
			<td>Actigraphy software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Actigraphy docking station</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>1048092</td>
			<td>Actiwatch charger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Home Sleep Test (HST)</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>1043941</td>
			<td>Alice PDX device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sleepware G3 software</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>1082462</td>
			<td>Alice PDX software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">CPAP titration kit</td>
			<td>Pro-tech</td>
			<td>P1391</td>
			<td>Connects PAP to HST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;3-foot SpO2 Extension Cable (Nonin)&#160;</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>927-3</td>
			<td>Oximeter cable for HST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SpO2 Sensor (Nonin)</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>936</td>
			<td>Oximeter finger clip for HST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SD Card Reader</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>1047300</td>
			<td>card reader for HST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">EXG yoke</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>1040808</td>
			<td>HST cable for leg leads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Dual Snap Leg Lead Wires</td>
			<td>MVAP</td>
			<td>TLC0048</td>
			<td>leg leads for HST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Small Foam Electrodes</td>
			<td>MVAP</td>
			<td>5000ZT</td>
			<td>electrodes for leg leads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Thermistor Airflow Sensor</td>
			<td>Pro-tech</td>
			<td>P1388</td>
			<td>HST thermoistor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Oral/Nasal Air flow Pressure Cannula</td>
			<td>Saltar Labs</td>
			<td>5760-7</td>
			<td>Pressure Transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Zrip DuraBelt kit</td>
			<td>Phillips Respironics</td>
			<td>P1837</td>
			<td>HST Thoracic and Abdominal belt kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Single-channel EEG</td>
			<td>Advanced Brain Monitoring</td>
			<td>SP40-1001</td>
			<td>Sleep Profiler device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SP Sensor EEG kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Brain Monitoring</td>
			<td>SP40-4225.1</td>
			<td>Sleep Profiler electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">CPAP masks</td>
			<td>Resmed</td>
			<td>62925, 63504, 63506, 63507, 63445, 63446, 63447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multi-modal home sleep monitoring in older adults

The gold standard for sleep monitoring is attended in-lab polysomnography; however, this method may be cost-prohibitive and inconvenient for patients and research participants. Home sleep testing has gained momentum in the field of sleep medicine due to its convenience and lower cost, as well as being more naturalistic. The accuracy and quality of home sleep testing, however, may be variable because studies are not monitored by sleep technologists. There has been some success in improving the accuracy of home sleep studies by having trained sleep technicians assist participants inside their homes with putting on the devices, but this can be intrusive and time-consuming for those involved. In this protocol, participants undergo at-home sleep monitoring with multiple devices: 1) a single-channel EEG device; 2) a home sleep test for sleep-disordered breathing and periodic limb movements; 3) actigraphy; and 4) sleep logs. A major challenge of this study is obtaining high-quality sleep monitoring data on the first attempt in order to minimize participant burden. This protocol describes the implementation of educational manuals with step-by-step instructions and photos. The goal is to improve the quality of home sleep testing.

Single-channel EEG 
At the start of the study, an acceptable overnight recording with the single-channel EEG device was defined as 1) aligning with the sleep period defined by sleep log and/or actigraphy device, and 2) &#60;10% of the recording unscorable due to movement, myogenic, electrode, or other artifacts. Each participant needed at least 2 nights meeting these criteria. Prior to the implementation of the single-channel EEG manual, 14 participants wore the sing...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults at JoVE.com

Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults

Here, we present a protocol to improve the quality of data from home sleep testing by providing a method to enhance instructions through a structured participant visit. This protocol includes the implementation of a step-by-step educational manual with photos to ensure proper placement of equipment.

The gold standard for sleep monitoring is attended in-lab polysomnography; however, this method may be cost-prohibitive and inconvenient for patients and ...

Our protocol has increased both the reliability of acquiring high quality sleep monitoring data in the home as well as the ease of use for older adults. The implementation of an educational flip manual has created consistency during in-person training. In addition to providing step-by-step instructions for participants to reference at home.This protocol improved the reliability of home sleep testing which can be used to diagnose some sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder. Monitoring sleep-wake activity in older adults may be important for studies and many areas of research including cardiovascular disease and dementia. Home sleep monitoring is more naturalistic and has a lower cost than sleep testing in a laboratory.Begin by escorting the participant into the set up room. Instruct the participant about the home sleep test device or HST. Place the black lanyard strap around the neck and tighten until it is comfortably snug.Next, have the participant stand up and position the blue belt with the holster around the chest directly under the armpits with the buckle almost centered. Then, place the other blue belt around the waist and tighten the belt until it is snug enough so it does not slide when moving during the night. Point the arrow on the belt buckle facing down.Next, snap the white box into the holster on the chest belt. And open the device by sliding the button at the top of the device to the right. Plug the chest wires into the ports on the bottom of the chest belt buckle.And plug the abdominal wires into the ports on the bottom of the abdominal belt buckle. Place the prongs of the white wire in the nose and wrap the wire around their ears. Pull the plastic piece up toward the neck to secure.Position the second set of prongs in their nostrils and wrap tubing around the participants ears. Ensure that the two prongs from the canula fit just inside the nose and position the longer prong in front of the mouth. Slide the plastic piece up toward the neck to secure and use a small piece of tape to affix both sets of tubing to each cheek.Then, run the long red and white leg wires through each pant leg along the side to avoid them getting tangled during the night and affix with sticky patches. Next, locate the anterior tibialis muscle on the outside of the participant's leg and place the sticky patches directly on the muscle at least two finger widths apart from one another. Lastly, apply tape over each sticky patch to cover it.Bend the knee and tape the wire above each knee to prevent them from getting tangled. Begin by pinching the top of the oximeter to open the clip. Match up the picture of a fingernail on the outside of the clip to the fingernail of the middle or index finger and place the oximeter on the index or middle finger.Wrap tape around the outside of the oximeter clip to secure and tuck the extra oximeter cable in the chest belt to avoid getting tangled in the wire. Then unless using PAP look at the man on the display screen and confirm that no signals are flashing. Once all sensors are on properly, and lines are solid, close the device.Tell the participant that if the yellow light on the outside of the device starts flashing during the night the device has lost a signal. If this happens, open up the device to check the display window to determine which signal has been lost. Once identified, reattach the sensor that has come off.Then, press the circular event button on the outside of the device at lights out and again at lights on. Open the device and check the good study indicator circle. If the participant wears PAP attach a PAP titration kit to the device to measure PAP flow by twisting it into the connector designated for the nasal canula.Ask the participant to attach the PAP mask to one side of the titration kit adaptor and the hose to the other side of the adaptor. Inform the participant that the line connected to the mouth and the yellow light on the device will flash the entire time if used with positive airway pressure or PAP. A piece of tape is placed over both flashing lights as a reminder to the participant.Then, place the single channel EEG device over the participant's head to demonstrate proper placement. Instruct the participant on how to adjust the head gear for proper fit and where to affix the electrodes on the forehead for accurate placement. Finally, instruct the participant to apply the device before the mask at night in order to allow removal of the mask without dislodging the device.These results indicate a single channel EEG hypnogram showing artifact free data collection during different sleep stages. On the other hand these results show a hypnogram in which there was artifact. And thus the sensors on the single channel EEG were unable to record brain wave activity during different sleep stages.Further, it is feasible to obtain high quality sleep monitoring at home in an elderly population with a single channel EEG device for sleep staging and an HST to screen for sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea as shown here. The most important thing to remember in this protocol is to break the instructions down into small steps to simplify the procedure as much as possible for the participant. Following this procedure a clinical participant or research patient should be able to independently apply the home sleep testing equipment.This procedure has allowed researchers to perform detailed sleep-wake assessments at home in older adults. Additionally we have used this procedure to study how sleep changes at different stages of Alzheimer's disease.

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