Name: isolation and culture of primary human gingival epithelial cells using y-27632
Uploaded: 2021-11-06T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Primary Human Gingival Epithelial Cells using Y-27632 at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Key Program of Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019ZD36) and the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (2019GSF108107) to X.W.; the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (2018GSF118240) to J.G.; Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province (2018WS163) to Z.X., and the Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province (2019WS045) to J.S.

Human tissues used in this protocol are fresh adult gingival tissues discarded from extractions of impacted teeth in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department according to the guidelines of the Institution&#39;s Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol No. GR201711, Date: 02-27-2017).
1. Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Collect fresh adult gingival tissues in 15 mL tubes containing 10 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with 3% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) and keep the tis...

<ol>
	<li>Takahashi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gingival+barrier:+regulation+by+beneficial+and+harmful+microbes.">Gingival barrier: regulation by beneficial and harmful microbes.</a> Tissue Barriers. 7, 1651158 (2019).</li><li>Michea, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+control+of+the+human+pDC+response+to+extracellular+bacteria.">Epithelial control of the human pDC response to extracellular bacteria.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 43, 1264-1273 (2013).</li><li>Bedran, T. B., Mayer, M. P., Spolidorio, D. P., Grenier, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+anti-inflammatory+activity+of+the+antimicrobial+peptides+human+beta-defensin-3+(hBD-3)+and+cathelicidin+(LL-37)+in+a+three-dimensional+co-culture+model+of+gingival+epithelial+cells+and+fibroblasts.">Synergistic anti-inflammatory activity of the antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) and cathelicidin (LL-37) in a three-dimensional co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts.</a> PloS one. 9, 106766 (2014).</li><li>Sciezynska, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+human+primary+keratinocytes-a+methods+review.">Isolation and culture of human primary keratinocytes-a methods review.</a> Experimental Dermatology. 28, 107-112 (2019).</li><li>Bryja, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+the+different+methods+used+in+the+primary+culture+of+oral+mucosa+cells.">Overview of the different methods used in the primary culture of oral mucosa cells.</a> Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 33, 397-401 (2019).</li><li>Kedjarune, U., Pongprerachok, S., Arpornmaeklong, P., Ungkusonmongkhon, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culturing+primary+human+gingival+epithelial+cells:+comparison+of+two+isolation+techniques.">Culturing primary human gingival epithelial cells: comparison of two isolation techniques.</a> Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery: Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 29, 224-231 (2001).</li><li>Klingbeil, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+two+cellular+harvesting+methods+for+primary+human+oral+culture+of+keratinocytes.">Comparison of two cellular harvesting methods for primary human oral culture of keratinocytes.</a> Cell and Tissue Banking. 10, 197-204 (2009).</li><li>Qian, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+simple+isolation+method+to+obtain+both+epidermal+and+dermal+stem+cells+from+human+skin+specimen.">One-step simple isolation method to obtain both epidermal and dermal stem cells from human skin specimen.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1879, 139-148 (2019).</li><li>Wen, J., Zu, T., Zhou, Q., Leng, X., Wu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Y-27632+simplifies+the+isolation+procedure+of+human+primary+epidermal+cells+by+selectively+blocking+focal+adhesion+of+dermal+cells.">Y-27632 simplifies the isolation procedure of human primary epidermal cells by selectively blocking focal adhesion of dermal cells.</a> Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. 12, 1251-1255 (2018).</li><li>Liu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+and+efficient+method+to+isolate+primary+human+keratinocytes+from+adult+skin+tissue.">A simplified and efficient method to isolate primary human keratinocytes from adult skin tissue.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. , (2018).</li><li>Lauer, G., Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad, M., Otten, J. 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Keratin expression in fetal and adult gingival cells.</a> In Vitro Cellular &amp; Developmental Biology: Journal of the Tissue Culture Association. 26, 596-603 (1990).</li><li>Guarino, M., Tosoni, A., Nebuloni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+contribution+of+epithelium+to+organ+fibrosis:+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">Direct contribution of epithelium to organ fibrosis: epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> Human Pathology. 40, 1365-1376 (2009).</li><li>Hatakeyama, S., Yaegashi, T., Takeda, Y., Kunimatsu, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+bromodeoxyuridine-incorporating,+p63-+and+p75(NGFR)-+expressing+cells+in+the+human+gingival+epithelium.">Localization of bromodeoxyuridine-incorporating, p63- and p75(NGFR)- expressing cells in the human gingival epithelium.</a> Journal of Oral Science. 49, 287-291 (2007).</li><li>Bayar, G. 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G., Green, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+a+keratinizing+epithelium+in+culture+by+a+cloned+cell+line+derived+from+a+teratoma.">Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma.</a> Cell. 6, 317-330 (1975).</li><li>Oda, D., Watson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+oral+epithelial+cell+culture+I.+Improved+conditions+for+reproducible+culture+in+serum-free+medium.">Human oral epithelial cell culture I. Improved conditions for reproducible culture in serum-free medium.</a> In Vitro Cellular &amp; Developmental Biology: Journal of the Tissue Culture Association. 26, 589-595 (1990).</li><li>Boyce, S. T., Ham, R. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+of+human+keratinocyte+culture+from+skin+explants:+cell+expansion+is+linked+to+markers+of+activated+progenitor+cells.">An improved method of human keratinocyte culture from skin explants: cell expansion is linked to markers of activated progenitor cells.</a> Experimental Dermatology. 18, 720-726 (2009).</li><li>Smola, H., Krieg, T., Irene, M., Leigh, E., Lane, B., Watt, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The keratinocyte handbook. 375, 311 (1994).</li><li>Shwetha, H. 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The gingival tissue is a key structure that maintains periodontal integrity and health. Gingival epithelial cells have significant roles in the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissue and can be used in scientific research and clinical applications and related fields, including oral biology, pharmacology, toxicology, and oral mucosa deficiencies18. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a stable and efficient method to harvest oral epithelial cells19. Primary epithelia...

The human gingiva, the first line defense structure that protects periodontal tissue, is not only a physical and chemical barrier1, but also secretes different classes of inflammatory mediators that participate in immune responses and constitute an immune barrier2,3. The gingival epithelium plays an important role in the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissue. Therefore, studying the defense and immunity of the gingival epithelium is of great significance for understanding the occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontitis. The isolation and culture of gingival epithelial cells from human gingival tissue is the first step required for studying the gingival epithelium. Such a procedure requires basic operations such as producing seed cells for tissue engineering, in vitro models of periodontal associated diseases, and materials for repairing periodontal defects.
Primary gingival epithelial cells are characterized by a low division rate in vitro4, researchers have been looking for an optimal isolation and cultivation method for decades. To date, two different techniques, a direct explant method and an enzymatic method, are commonly used in laboratories to obtain primary gingival epithelium cells in vitro4,5. The direct explant method has advantages such as the requirement of a lower amount of tissue specimens and simple isolation procedure, but it has the disadvantages of longer culture time and susceptibility to contamination5. Although the enzymatic method shortens the culture time required, the efficiency is relatively low and varies depending on the enzymes and medium used. Kedjarune et al.6 showed that the direct explant method, which requires more time before subculture (2 weeks), appeared to be more successful for culturing gingival epithelial cells compared to the enzymatic method. However, comparing these two methods, Klingbeil et al.7 found that the enzymatic method had the best results for primary cultures of oral epithelial cells, and it was possible to obtain the optimal cell yield within the shortest time period (11.9 days versus 14.2 days).
Therefore, it was important to develop a more convenient and effective method for the isolation and culture of oral epithelial cells4. We previously reported that adding Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), simplifies the isolation procedure of human primary epidermal cells and keratinocytes from adult skin tissues8,9,10. We developed G-medium, a new conditioned inoculation medium that spontaneously separates epidermal from dermal cells and supports the growth and yield of primary epidermal cells8,9,10. In the present study, we developed a new serum-free isolation and culture technique for gingival epithelial cells by combining G-medium with Y-27632. In essence, our method is based on a simplification of the traditional two-step enzymatic method, so we compared our new method with the direct explant method. This modified enzymatic method significantly shortens the time required to separate gingival epithelial cells from gingival tissue and increases the efficiency of culturing gingival epithelial cells.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Names</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Abbreviations &#38; Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess automated cell counter</td>
			<td>Shanghai Ruiyu Bio-science&#38;Technology Co.Ltd.</td>
			<td>BBA0218AC</td>
			<td>Automatic cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>51026333</td>
			<td>For cell incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall ST 16R Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75004380</td>
			<td>Cell centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30702115</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>KIRGEN</td>
			<td>171003</td>
			<td>For cell centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>KIRGEN</td>
			<td>190691J</td>
			<td>For cell digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Corning incorporated</td>
			<td>431792</td>
			<td>Cell filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered solution</td>
			<td>Solarbio Life Science</td>
			<td>P1020-500</td>
			<td>Washing solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>C11995500</td>
			<td>Component of neutralization medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Defined K-SFM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10785-012</td>
			<td>Gingival epithelial&#160; cells culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>04-001-1AC5</td>
			<td>Component of neutralization medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.05% Trypsin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25300-062</td>
			<td>For HGGEPCs dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dilution Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>50-9701</td>
			<td>For coating matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17105-041</td>
			<td>For HGGEPCs isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type I</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17100-017</td>
			<td>For HGGEPCs isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12 Nutrient Mix, Hams</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31765035</td>
			<td>Component of G-medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td>Growth factor in G-medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-2 Millipore</td>
			<td>Merck Biosciences</td>
			<td>341595</td>
			<td>Growth factor in G-medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Gene Operation</td>
			<td>IAD1011</td>
			<td>ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fungizone</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15290026</td>
			<td>Preparation for G-medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF Recombinant Human Protein</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>PHG0311</td>
			<td>Growth factor in G-medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counting Kit-8</td>
			<td>Dojindo Molecular Technologies</td>
			<td>CK04</td>
			<td>For Cell proliferation assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Anti-Human CK18</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab82254</td>
			<td>For immunofluorescence staining to check differentiation marker of HGGEPCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Anti-Human Cytokeratin10</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab76318</td>
			<td>For immunofluorescence staining to check differentiation marker of HGGEPCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-human Vimentin</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>3390</td>
			<td>For immunofluorescence staining of Gingival fibroblasts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Anti-Human pan-ck</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>550951</td>
			<td>For immunofluorescence staining to check differentiation marker of HGGEPCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rabbit anti-Ki67</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>15580</td>
			<td>For immunofluorescence staining to check differentiation marker of HGGEPCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rabbit anti-p63</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>619002</td>
			<td>For immunofluorescence staining to check differentiation marker of HGGEPCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rabbit anti-p75NGFR</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab52987</td>
			<td>For immunofluorescence staining to check differentiation marker of HGGEPCs</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of primary human gingival epithelial cells using y-27632

The gingival tissue is the first structure that protects periodontal tissues and plays meaningful roles in many oral functions. The gingival epithelium is an important structure of gingival tissue, especially in the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissue. Studying the functions of gingival epithelial cells has crucial scientific value, such as repairing oral defects and detecting the compatibility of biomaterials. As human gingival epithelial cells are highly differentiated keratinized cells, their lifespan is short, and they are difficult to passage. So far, there are only two ways to isolate and culture gingival epithelial cells, a direct explant method and an enzymatic method. However, the time required to obtain epithelial cells using the direct explant method is longer, and the cell survival rate of the enzymatic method is lower. Clinically, the acquisition of gingival tissue is limited, so a stable, efficient, and simple in vitro isolation and culture system is needed. We improved the traditional enzymatic method by adding Y-27632, a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, which can selectively promote the growth of epithelial cells. Our modified enzymatic method simplifies the steps of the traditional enzymatic method and increases the efficiency of culturing epithelial cells, which has significant advantages over the direct explant method and the enzymatic method.

Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the direct explant method and the modified enzymatic method. The direct explant method does not need any digestive enzyme during the whole process. In contrast, the traditional enzymatic method usually needs two sets of digestive enzymes, dispase and collagenase, to separate the epithelial sheet from the underlying fibroblast layer, and then trypsin to release the epithelial cells into suspension. Our new method omits the step of separation and is a simp...

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Isolation and Culture of Primary Human Gingival Epithelial Cells using Y-27632

Here we present a modified method for the isolation and culture of human gingival epithelial cells by adding the Rock inhibitor, Y-27632, to the traditional method. This method is easier, less time-consuming, enhances stem cell properties, and produces larger numbers of high-potential epithelial cells both for the laboratory and for clinical applications.

The gingival tissue is the first structure that protects periodontal tissues and plays meaningful roles in many oral functions. The gingival epithelium is ...

So general goal of this cell-based protocol is to isolate and encounter Human Gingival Epithelial Cells in order to improve the shortcomings of direct eggplant method.From the new modified endothemic method, we can get larger numbers of primary gingival epithelial cells in a relatively short time, based on our materials and equipment.So human tissue used in this protocol were fresh adult gingival tissues discarded from extractions of impacted teeth in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department according to the guidelines of the Institution's Human Research Ethics Committee.The New Modified Enzymatic Method.Gingival Tissue Pretreatment.Wash the tissues with 75%ethanol for 30 seconds.And then, with washing solution twice for five minutes each.Digestion of Gingival Tissue.Cut the tissues into tiny pieces with two surgical blades.Add 2.5mg/mililitre dispase and collagenase-1 solution into a 1.5 mililitre centrifuge tube.Put the tissue pieces into the 1.5 mililitre centrifuge tube.Incubate for 15-20 minutes in a 37

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Research

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Bioengineering

Rotating Cell Culture Systems for Human Cell Culture: Human Trophoblast Cells as a Model

The field of human trophoblast research aids in understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the nature of these studies, human in vivo experimentation is impossible. A combination of primary cultures, explant cultures and trophoblast cell lines1 support our understanding of invasion of the uterine wall2 and remodeling of uterine spiral arteries3,4 by extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs), which is required for successful establishment of pregnancy. Despite the wealth of knowledge gleaned from such models, it is accepted that in vitro cell culture models using EVT-like cell lines display altered cellular properties when compared to their in vivo counterparts5,6. Cells cultured in the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) display morphological, phenotypic, and functional properties of EVT-like cell lines that more closely mimic differentiating in utero EVTs, with increased expression of genes mediating invasion (e.g. matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)) and trophoblast differentiation7,8,9. The Saint Georges Hospital Placental cell Line-4 (SGHPL-4) (kindly donated by Dr. Guy Whitley and Dr. Judith Cartwright) is an EVT-like cell line that was used for testing in the RCCS.
The design of the RCCS culture vessel is based on the principle that organs and tissues function in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment. Due to the dynamic culture conditions in the vessel, including conditions of physiologically relevant shear, cells grown in three dimensions form aggregates based on natural cellular affinities and differentiate into organotypic tissue-like assemblies10,11,12 . The maintenance of a fluid orbit provides a low-shear, low-turbulence environment similar to conditions found in vivo. Sedimentation of the cultured cells is countered by adjusting the rotation speed of the RCCS to ensure a constant free-fall of cells. Gas exchange occurs through a permeable hydrophobic membrane located on the back of the bioreactor. Like their parental tissue in vivo, RCCS-grown cells are able to respond to chemical and molecular gradients in three dimensions (i.e. at their apical, basal, and lateral surfaces) because they are cultured on the surface of porous microcarrier beads. When grown as two-dimensional monolayers on impermeable surfaces like plastic, cells are deprived of this important communication at their basal surface. Consequently, the spatial constraints imposed by the environment profoundly affect how cells sense and decode signals from the surrounding microenvironment, thus implying an important role for the 3-D milieu13.
We have used the RCCS to engineer biologically meaningful 3-D models of various human epithelial tissues7,14,15,16. Indeed, many previous reports have demonstrated that cells cultured in the RCCS can assume physiologically relevant phenotypes that have not been possible with other models10,17-21. In summary, culture in the RCCS represents an easy, reproducible, high-throughput platform that provides large numbers of differentiated cells that are amenable to a variety of experimental manipulations. 
In the following protocol, using EVTs as an example, we clearly describe the steps required to three-dimensionally culture adherent cells in the RCCS.

Traditional, two dimensional cell culture techniques often result in altered characteristics with respect to differentiation markers, cytokines and growth factors. Three-dimensional cell culture in the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) reestablishes expression of many of these factors as shown here with an extravillous trophoblast cell line.

The field of human trophoblast research aids in  understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the  nature of these ...

Detection and Isolation of Circulating Melanoma Cells using Photoacoustic Flowmetry

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that have separated from a macroscopic tumor and spread through the blood and lymph systems to seed secondary tumors1,2,3. CTCs are indicators of metastatic disease and their detection in blood samples may be used to diagnose cancer and monitor a patient&prime;s response to therapy. Since CTCs are rare, comprising about one tumor cell among billions of normal blood cells in advanced cancer patients, their detection and enumeration is a difficult task. We exploit the presence of pigment in most melanoma cells to generate photoacoustic, or laser induced ultrasonic waves in a custom flow cytometer for detection of circulating melanoma cells (CMCs)4,5. This process entails separating a whole blood sample using centrifugation and obtaining the white blood cell layer. If present in whole blood, CMCs will separate with the white blood cells due to similar density. These cells are resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and introduced into the flowmeter. Rather than a continuous flow of the blood cell suspension, we induced two phase flow in order to capture these cells for further study. In two phase flow, two immiscible liquids in a microfluidic system meet at a junction and form alternating slugs of liquid6,7. PBS suspended white blood cells and air form microliter slugs that are sequentially irradiated with laser light. The addition of a surfactant to the liquid phase allows uniform slug formation and the user can create different sized slugs by altering the flow rates of the two phases. Slugs of air and slugs of PBS with white blood cells contain no light absorbers and hence, do not produce photoacoustic waves. However, slugs of white blood cells that contain even single CMCs absorb laser light and produce high frequency acoustic waves. These slugs that generate photoacoustic waves are sequestered and collected for cytochemical staining for verification of CMCs.

We have developed a flow cytometer using laser induced ultrasound to detect circulating melanoma cells as an early indicator of metastatic disease.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that have separated from a macroscopic tumor and spread through the blood and lymph systems to seed ...

Isolation of Cellular Lipid Droplets: Two Purification Techniques Starting from Yeast Cells and Human Placentas

Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles that can be found in most eukaryotic and certain prokaryotic cells. Structurally, the droplets consist of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. One of the most useful techniques in determining the cellular roles of droplets has been proteomic identification of bound proteins, which can be isolated along with the droplets. Here, two methods are described to isolate lipid droplets and their bound proteins from two wide-ranging eukaryotes: fission yeast and human placental villous cells. Although both techniques have differences, the main method - density gradient centrifugation -&#160;is shared by both preparations. This shows the wide applicability of the presented droplet isolation techniques.

In the first protocol, yeast cells are converted into spheroplasts by enzymatic digestion of their cell walls. The resulting spheroplasts are then gently lysed in a loose-fitting homogenizer. Ficoll is added to the lysate to provide a density gradient, and the mixture is centrifuged three times. After the first spin, the lipid droplets are localized to the white-colored floating layer of the centrifuge tubes along with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the plasma membrane, and vacuoles. Two subsequent spins are used to remove these other three organelles. The result is a layer that has only droplets and bound proteins.

In the second protocol, placental villous cells are isolated from human term placentas by enzymatic digestion with trypsin and DNase I. The cells are homogenized in a loose-fitting homogenizer. Low-speed and medium-speed centrifugation steps are used to remove unbroken cells, cellular debris, nuclei, and mitochondria. Sucrose is added to the homogenate to provide a density gradient and the mixture is centrifuged to separate the lipid droplets from the other cellular fractions.

The purity of the lipid droplets in both protocols is confirmed by Western Blot analysis. The droplet fractions from both preps are suitable for subsequent proteomic and lipidomic analysis.

Two techniques for isolating cellular lipid droplets from 1) yeast cells and 2) human placentas are presented. The centerpiece of both procedures is density gradient centrifugation, where the resulting floating layer containing the droplets can be readily visualized by eye, extracted, and quantified by Western Blot analysis for purity.

Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles that can be found in most eukaryotic and certain prokaryotic cells. Structurally, the droplets consist of a core of ...

Isolation of Primary Human Colon Tumor Cells from Surgical Tissues and Culturing Them Directly on Soft Elastic Substrates for Traction Cytometry

Cancer cells respond to matrix mechanical stiffness in a complex manner using a coordinated, hierarchical mechano-chemical system composed of adhesion receptors and associated signal transduction membrane proteins, the cytoskeletal architecture, and molecular motors1, 2. Mechanosensitivity of different cancer cells in vitro are investigated primarily with immortalized cell lines or murine derived primary cells, not with primary human cancer cells. Hence, little is known about the mechanosensitivity of primary human colon cancer cells in vitro. Here, an optimized protocol is developed that describes the isolation of primary human colon cells from healthy and cancerous surgical human tissue samples. Isolated colon cells are then successfully cultured on soft (2 kPa stiffness) and stiff (10 kPa stiffness) polyacrylamide hydrogels and rigid polystyrene (~3.6 GPa stiffness) substrates functionalized by an extracellular matrix (fibronectin in this case). Fluorescent microbeads are embedded in soft gels near the cell culture surface, and traction assay is performed to assess cellular contractile stresses using free open access software. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy on different stiffness substrates provides useful information about primary cell morphology, cytoskeleton organization and vinculin containing focal adhesions as a function of substrate rigidity.

A protocol is described to extract primary human cells from surgical colon tumor and normal tissues. The isolated cells are then cultured on soft elastic substrates (polyacrylamide hydrogels) functionalized by an extracellular matrix protein, and embedded with fluorescent microbeads. Traction cytometry is performed to assess cellular contractile stresses.

Cancer cells respond to matrix mechanical stiffness in a complex manner using a coordinated, hierarchical mechano-chemical system composed of adhesion ...

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

The glycoprotein family of collagens represents the main structural proteins in the human body, and are key components of biomaterials used in modern tissue engineering. A technical bottleneck is the deposition of collagen in vitro, as it is notoriously slow, resulting in sub-optimal formation of connective tissue and subsequent tissue cohesion, particularly in skin models. Here, we describe a method which involves the addition of differentially-sized sucrose co-polymers to skin cultures to generate macromolecular crowding (MMC), which results in a dramatic enhancement of collagen deposition. Particularly, dermal fibroblasts deposited a significant amount of collagen I/IV/VII and fibronectin under MMC in comparison to controls.
The protocol also describes a method to decellularize crowded cell layers, exposing significant amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) which were retained on the culture surface as evidenced by immunocytochemistry. Total matrix mass and distribution pattern was studied using interference reflection microscopy. Interestingly, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and co-cultures produced cell-derived matrices (CDM) of varying composition and morphology. CDM could be used as &#34;bio-scaffolds&#34; for secondary cell seeding, where the current use of coatings or scaffolds, typically from xenogenic animal sources, can be avoided, thus moving towards more clinically relevant applications.
In addition, this protocol describes the application of MMC during the submerged phase of a 3D-organotypic skin co-culture model which was sufficient to enhance ECM deposition in the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ), in particular, collagen VII, the major component of anchoring fibrils. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of anchoring fibrils in cultures developed with MMC, as compared to controls. This is significant as anchoring fibrils tether the dermis to the epidermis, hence, having a pre-formed mature DEJ may benefit skin graft recipients in terms of graft stability and overall wound healing. Furthermore, culture time was condensed from 5 weeks to 3 weeks to obtain a mature construct, when using MMC, reducing costs.

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

We present a protocol to obtain cell-derived matrices rich in extracellular matrix proteins, using macromolecular crowders (MMC). In addition, we present a protocol which incorporates MMC in 3D organotypic skin co-culture generation, which reduces culture time while maintaining maturity of construct.

The glycoprotein family of collagens represents the main structural proteins in the human body, and are key components of biomaterials used in modern ...

Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro

Blood platelets prepared for transfusion gradually lose hemostatic function during storage. Platelet function can be investigated using a variety of (indirect) in vitro experiments, but none of these is as comprehensive as microfluidic flow chambers. In this protocol, the reconstitution of thrombocytopenic fresh blood with stored blood bank platelets is used to simulate platelet transfusion. Next, the reconstituted sample is perfused in microfluidic flow chambers which mimic hemostasis on exposed subendothelial matrix proteins. Effects of blood donation, transport, component separation, storage and pathogen inactivation can be measured in paired experimental designs. This allows reliable comparison of the impact every manipulation in blood component preparation has on hemostasis. Our results demonstrate the impact of temperature cycling, shear rates, platelet concentration and storage duration on platelet function. In conclusion, this protocol analyzes the function of blood bank platelets and this ultimately aids in optimization of the processing chain including phlebotomy, transport, component preparation, storage and transfusion.

Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro

Platelet transfusion and hemostasis was modeled using blood reconstitution and microfluidic flow chambers to investigate the function of blood banking platelets. The data demonstrate the consequences of platelet storage lesion on hemostasis, in vitro.

Blood platelets prepared for transfusion gradually lose hemostatic function during storage. Platelet function can be investigated using a variety of ...

Generation of ESC-derived Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells Using Decellularized Lung Scaffolds

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions. Due to this complexity, recapitulation of lung development in vitro to promote differentiation of stem cells to lung epithelial cells has been challenging. In this protocol, decellularized lung scaffolds are used to mimic the 3-dimensional environment of the lung and generate stem cell-derived airway epithelial cells. Mouse embryonic stem cell are first differentiated to the endoderm lineage using an embryoid body (EB) culture method with activin A. Endoderm cells are then seeded onto decellularized scaffolds and cultured at air-liquid interface for up to 21 days. This technique promotes differentiation of seeded cells to functional airway epithelial cells (ciliated cells, club cells, and basal cells) without additional growth factor supplementation. This culture setup is defined, serum-free, inexpensive, and reproducible. Although there is limited contamination from non-lung endoderm lineages in culture, this protocol only generates airway epithelial populations and does not give rise to alveolar epithelial cells. Airway epithelia generated with this protocol can be used to study cell-matrix interactions during lung organogenesis and for disease modeling or drug-discovery platforms of airway-related pathologies such as cystic fibrosis.

This protocol efficiently directs mouse embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm to mature airway epithelial cells. This differentiation technique uses 3-dimensional decellularized lung scaffolds to direct lung lineage specification, in a defined, serum-free culture setting.

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) by Flow Cytometry

Neurodegenerative diseases often have a devastating impact on those affected. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is implicated in an array of diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, in addition to normal aging. Despite their importance, RGCs have been extremely difficult to study until now due in part to the fact that they comprise only a small percentage of the wide variety of cells in the retina. In addition, current isolation methods use intracellular markers to identify RGCs, which produce non-viable cells. These techniques also involve lengthy isolation protocols, so there is a lack of practical, standardized, and dependable methods to obtain and isolate RGCs. This work describes an efficient, comprehensive, and reliable method to isolate primary RGCs from mice retinae using a protocol based on both positive and negative selection criteria. The presented methods allow for the future study of RGCs, with the goal of better understanding the major decline in visual acuity that results from the loss of functional RGCs in neurodegenerative diseases.

Isolation of Primary Murine Retinal Ganglion Cells RGCs by Flow Cytometry

Millions of people suffer from retinal degenerative diseases that result in irreversible blindness. A common element of many of these diseases is the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This detailed protocol describes the isolation of primary murine RGCs by positive and negative selection with flow cytometry.

Neurodegenerative diseases often have a devastating impact on those affected. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is implicated in an array of diseases, ...

Handling and Assessment of Human Primary Prostate Organoid Culture

This paper describes a detailed protocol for three-dimensional (3D) culturing, handling, and evaluation of human primary prostate organoids. The process involves seeding of epithelial cells sparsely in a 3D matrix gel on a 96-well microplate with media changes to cultivate expansion into organoids. Morphology is then assessed by whole-well capturing of z-stack images. Compression of z-stacks creates a single in-focus image from which organoids are measured to quantify a variety of outputs, including circularity, roundness, and area.DNA, RNA, and protein can be collected from organoids recovered from the matrix gel. Cell populations of interest can be assessed by organoid dissociation and flow cytometry. Formalin-fixation-paraffin-embedding (FFPE) followed by sectioning is used for the histological assessment and antibody staining. Whole-mount immunofluorescent staining preserves organoid morphology and facilitates observation of protein localization in organoids in situ. Commercial assays that are traditionally used for 2D monolayer cells can be modified for 3D organoids. Used together, the techniques in this protocol provide a robust toolbox to quantify prostate organoid growth, morphologic characteristics, and expression of differentiation markers.

Here, we present a protocol to guide human primary prostate organoid handling then suggest endpoints to assess phenotype. Seeding, culture maintenance, recovery from matrix gel, morphologic quantification, embedding and sectioning, FFPE sectioning, whole-mount staining, and application of commercial assays are described.

This paper describes a detailed protocol for three-dimensional (3D) culturing, handling, and evaluation of human primary prostate organoids. The process ...

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be considered, to date, a promising source of pluripotent cells for the management of currently untreatable diseases, for the reconstitution and regeneration of injured tissues and for the development of new drugs. Despite all the advantages related to the use of iPSCs, such as the low risk of rejection, the lessened ethical issues, and the possibility to obtain them from both young and old patients without any difference in their reprogramming potential, problems to overcome are still numerous. In fact, cell reprogramming conducted with viral and integrating viruses can cause infections and the introduction of required genes can induce a genomic instability of the recipient cell, impairing their use in clinic. In particular, there are many concerns about the use of c-Myc gene, well-known from several studies for its mutation-inducing activity. Fibroblasts have emerged as the suitable cell population for cellular reprogramming as they are easy to isolate and culture and are harvested by a minimally invasive skin punch biopsy. The protocol described here provides a detailed step-by-step description of the whole procedure, from sample processing to obtain cell cultures, choice of reagents and supplies, cleaning and preparation, to cell reprogramming by the means of a commercial non-modified RNAs (NM-RNAs)-based reprogramming kit. The chosen reprogramming kit allows an effective reprogramming of human dermal fibroblast to iPSCs and small colonies can be seen as early as 24 h after the first transfection, even with modifications with the respect to the standard datasheet. The reprogramming procedure used in this protocol offers the advantage of a safe reprogramming, without the risk of infections caused by viral vector-based methods, reduces the cellular defense mechanisms, and allows the generation of xeno-free iPSCs, all critical features that are mandatory for further clinical applications.

Cell reprogramming requires the introduction of key genes, which regulate and maintain the pluripotent cell state. The protocol described enables the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) colonies from human dermal fibroblasts without viral/integrating methods but using non-modified RNAs (NM-RNAs) combined with immune evasion factors reducing cellular defense mechanisms.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be considered, to date, a promising source of pluripotent cells for the management of currently untreatable ...