Chapter 11
Жидкости, твердые тела и межмолекулярные силы
Молекулярное сравнение газов, жидкостей и твердых тел
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...
Межмолекулярные и внутримолекулярные силы
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...
Межмолекулярные силы
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...
Сравнение межмолекулярных сил: точка плавления, точка кипения и смешиваемость
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...
Поверхностное натяжение, капиллярное действие и вязкость
Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded ...
Фазовые переходы
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the ...
Фазовые переходы: испарение и конденсация.
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...
Давление газа
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally ...
Уравнение Клаузиуса-Клапейрона
The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor ...
Фазовые переходы: плавление и замерзание
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy ...
Фазовые переходы: сублимация и осаждение.
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and ...
Кривые нагрева и охлаждения
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance ...
Фазовые диаграммы
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. ...
Структуры твердых тел
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...
Молекулярные и ионные Твердые тела
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their ...
Ионные кристаллические структуры
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is ...
Металлические твердые тела
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a ...
Теория полос
When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, ...
Сетевые ковалентные твердые тела
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, ...
Рентгеновская кристаллография
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, ...
Центрирующее и координационное число решетки
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its ...
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