Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco—Monmouth University
A factorial design is a common type of experiment where there are two or more independent variables. This video demonstrates a 2 x 2 factorial design used to explore how self-awareness and self-esteem may influence the ability to decipher nonverbal signals. This video leads students through the basics of a factorial design including, the nature of a factorial design and what distinguishes it from other designs, the benefits of factorial design, the importance and nature of interactions, main effect and interaction hypotheses, and how to conduct a factorial experiment.
1. Introduction of topic/research question
2. Key variables
3. Research hypotheses
4. Defining the variables
5. Establishing conditions
Table 1. Factorial Design. Shown are the possible combinations of factors for a 2 x 2 design.
6. Measuring the dependent variable (accuracy in decoding nonverbal communication)
7. Conducting the study
After collecting data from 136 people, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the two main effects and interactions. As shown in Figure 1, contrary to the hypothesized pattern, when participants had high self-awareness, they were more accurate when they had low self-esteem; however, when they had low self-awareness, they were more accurate when they had high self-esteem.
Beyond their influence on deciphering the meaning in a person’s eyes, greater self-awareness can lead those with low self-esteem to experience more negative emotions such as feeling depressed.
If researchers can identify factors that cause greater accuracy in understanding non-verbal communication, it is possible that individuals can learn how to read other’s nonverbal signals better. Think of all of the contexts where being able to accurately understand a person’s expressions would help. Working in sales, playing sports, interviewing job candidates, and going on dates. Really, nonverbal communication is everywhere and figuring out ways to read it more accurately can only help.
Figure 1. Nonverbal communication deciphering by self-esteem and self-awareness. Shown are the mean scores across conditions.
A factorial design is commonly used in psychology experiments. This design is beneficial for a variety of topics, ranging from pharmacological influences on fear responses to the interactions of varying levels of stress and types of exercise.
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