Подготовка донора и сердце Урожай: <ol><li style="text-align: left"> Мышь анестезией с внутрибрюшинного введения фенобарбитала и помещены на спине на операционном поле. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Долго средней линии брюшной надрез. Брюшной содержание отказался марлей налево, чтобы разоблачить брюшной аорты и нижней полой вены. </li><li style="text-align: left"> 1 мл гепарина (10u/ml) вводится в нижней полой вены для гепаринизация. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Торакотомия производится: ребра делятся по обе стороны позвоночника и передней стенки груди заемными до подвергать сердце. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Нижней полой вены, верхней полой вены и непарный вены лигировали с 6-0 шелка и разделен выше лигатуры. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Восходящей аорты и легочной артерии разделяются и разделен насколько дистально насколько это возможно. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Легочной вены перевязаны и разделить дистальнее связей. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Сердце озарен 4 С о физиологический раствор. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Сердце хранится в лед холодный раствор раствором. </li></ol> Получатель Подготовка и трансплантации <ol><li style="text-align: left"> Мышь анестезией с внутрибрюшинного введения фенобарбитала и помещены на спине на операционном поле. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Долго средней линии брюшной надрез. Брюшной содержимое убираются вне брюшной полости марлей, чтобы разоблачить брюшной аорты и нижней полой вены. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Ветвей брюшной аорты и нижней полой вены подвергаются и лигировали с 10-0 швов. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Проксимальной и дистальной лигатуры расположены вокруг аорты и нижней полой вены, соответственно. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Венотомия выполнен в нижней полой вены реципиента с 30 иглы. Открытие затем распространяется на длину равную легочной аорты донора с микро-ножниц. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Aortotomy выполнен в брюшной аорты получателя, 30 иглы. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Открыл брюшной аорты и нижней полой вены орошаются с физиологическим раствором. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Сердце донора помещается на левой стороне живота получателя и покрыт марлей. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Пребывание швы располагаются на проксимальных и дистальных вершины получателя брюшной аорты с восходящей аорты донора. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Анастомоз в правой части брюшной аорты реципиента и восходящей аорты донора комплектуются продолжает швов. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Два швов пребывания производится сначала в проксимальных и дистальных вершине вершине нижней полой вены получателя с легочной артерии донора для анастомоза легочной артерии донора и нижней полой вены получателя. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Левой стене нижнюю полую вену и легочную артерию донора закрыта с продолжением швов во внутренней нижней полой вены. </li><li style="text-align: left"> После одного узла с проксимальных шва пребывания вершине, правой стенки нижней полой вены и легочной артерии донора закрыты продолжает швов снаружи нижней полой пещере. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Сердце донора не переходит к правой стороне живота получателя. Правой стенки брюшной аорты реципиента и восходящей аорты анастомоза донора закрыты продолжать швов. </li><li style="text-align: left"> После анастомоза сделан, дистальной лигатуры удаляется проверить кровотечение из анастомоза. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Если есть немного ни к какому кровотечение из анастомоза, проксимальных лигатуры удаляется. Сердце донора наполняется кровью немедленно; цвет сердце становится красным и начинает биться снова. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Кишечник возвращаются в животе, которая закрыта с 6-0 непрерывной нити. </li><li style="text-align: left"> Получатель мыши помещается на теплое место. Через час получателя восстанавливается. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Corry, R. o. b. e. r. t. . J., Winn, H. e. n. r. y. . J., Russell, P. a. u. l. . S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primarily+vascularized+allografts+of+heart+in+mice.">Primarily vascularized allografts of heart in mice.</a> Transplantation. 16, 343-350 (1973).</li></ol>

Результаты Мы успешно провели более 1000 случаев гетеротопической трансплантации сердца у мышей и достигла более чем 90% успеха в разных линий мышей, в том числе дикого типа, трансгенные и мышей гена нокаутом. Обсуждение С докторами. Корри и Рассел ввел гетеротопическо...

heterotopic heart transplantation in mice

Мышь гетеротопической трансплантации сердца широко используется, поскольку она была введена доктором. Корри и Рассел в 1973 году. Это особенно ценно для изучения отторжения и иммунный ответ теперь, что новые трансгенные и мышей гена нокаутом доступны, и большое число иммунологических реагентов были разработаны. Модель пересадке сердца является менее строгим, чем модели пересадке кожи, хотя технически более сложным. Мы разработали модифицированную технику и выполнили более 1000 успешных случаев гетеротопической трансплантации сердца у мышей. При принятии анастомоз восходящей аорты и брюшной аорты, два швов пребывания помещены в проксимальных и дистальных вершины получателя брюшной аорты с восходящей аорты с донорами, то с помощью 11-0 шва для анастомоза по обе стороны от аорты с продолжением швов. Пребывание швов делают анастомоз проще и 11-0 имеет идеальный размер шва, чтобы избежать кровотечения и тромбоз. При принятии анастомоз легочной артерии и нижней полой вены, два швов пребывания принимаются на вершине проксимальных и дистальных вершине нижней полой вены с получателем с легочной артерии с донорами. Левой стене нижнюю полую вену и легочную артерию донора с закрыта с продолжением швы с внутренней стороны нижней полой вены после того, один узел с проксимальных пребывания вершине шва правой стенки нижней полой вены и легочной артерии с донорами закрыты с продолжением швов снаружи нижней полой пещере с 10-0 швов. Этот метод проще, поскольку для выполнения анастомоза производится только на одной стороне нижней полой вены и 10-0 швов нужного размера, чтобы избежать кровотечения и тромбоз. В этой статье мы представить подробную информацию о технике в дополнение к видео.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice at JoVE.com

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

Мышь гетеротопической модель трансплантации сердца была доказана многими исследователями важным методом изучения механизмов отторжения и иммунного ответа. Тем не менее, методы участвуют все еще сложной. Изменяя стандартные методы, которые мы имели успех с более чем 1000 трансплантатов.

Гетеротопическая трансплантации сердца у мышей

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

heterotopic-heart-transplantation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

29.3K Views.  University of California, San Francisco - UCSF. Мышь гетеротопической модель трансплантации сердца была доказана многими исследователями важным методом изучения механизмов отторжения и иммунного ответа. Тем не менее, методы участвуют все еще сложной. Изменяя стандартные методы, которые мы имели успех с ?...

Video: Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

Трансплантация почки Всего мозга у взрослых данио рерио

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Малый трансплантации кишечника у мышей

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice

Our protocol was developed to cleanly and easily deliver islets or cells under the kidney capsule of diabetic or normal mice. We found that it was easier to concentrate the islets or cells into pellets in the final delivery tubing (PE50) used to transplant the cells under the kidney capsule. This technique provides both speed and ease while reducing any undue stress to the cells or to the mouse.

Loading: Settled, hand picked, islets or pelleted cells are carefully aspirated off the bottom of a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube using a p200 pipetteman and a straight, thin-wall pipette tip. A length of PE50 tubing is attached to the pipette tip using a small silicone adapter tubing. Cells are allowed to settle, in the tip, and then are transferred to the PE50 tubing by slowly dialing the pipetteman. Once the cells are near the end of the PE50 tubing, a kink is made and the silicone adaptor tubing is placed over the kink. The PE50 tubing is transferred to a 15 mL conical containing a cut 5 mL pipet, and the PE50 tubing is taped over the side of the 5 mL pipet to prevent curling during centrifuging. Cells are allowed to reach 1,000 rpm and stopped.
Transplantation: Recipient mice are anesthetized, shaved, and cleaned. A small incision is made on the left flank of the mouse and the kidney is exposed. The kidney, fat, and tissue are kept moist with normal saline swab. The distal end of the PE50 is attached to a Hamilton screw drive syringe, containing a pipette tip, using the silicone adaptor tubing. A small nick is made on the right flank side of the kidney, not too large nor too deep. The beveled end of the PE50 tubing, nearest the cells, is carefully placed under the capsule, the tubing is moved around gently to make space while swabbing normal saline; a dry capsule can tear easily. A small air bubble is delivered under the capsule by slowly dialing the syringe screw drive. Islets are then slowly delivered behind the air bubble. Once the islets have been delivered kidney homeostasis is maintained and the knick is cauterized with low heat. The kidney is placed back into the cavity and the peritoneum and skin are sutured and stapled. Mice are immediately treated with Flunixin and Buprenorphine s.q. and placed in a cage on a heating pad.

Our protocol was developed to cleanly and easily deliver islets or cells under the kidney capsule of mice. Cells are concentrated into pellets in the final tubing used for transplanting the cells under the kidney capsule. The ease of this technique reduces stress to the cells and the mouse.

Трансплантация панкреатических островков в почку капсулой мышей с диабетом

Our protocol was developed to cleanly and easily deliver islets or cells under the kidney capsule of diabetic or normal mice.  We found that it was easier ...

Murine Skin Transplantation

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. The aim of this video-article is to provide the viewer with a step-by-step visual demonstration of skin transplantation using the mouse model. The protocol is divided into 5 main components: 1) harvesting donor skin; 2) preparing recipient for transplant; 3) skin transplant; 4) bandage removal and monitoring graft rejection; 5) helpful hints. Once proficient, the procedure itself should take &lt;10 min to perform.

Allogeneic skin transplantation is a standard model to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. This video-article provides a visual tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&gt;C57BL/6 skin transplant.

Трансплантация кожи мышей

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to ...

Visualizing the Beating Heart in Drosophila

The Drosophila heart has recently emerged as a good model system for examining the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying function in myogenic hearts. A key step in examining heart function in the fly is finding a way to access the heart in a manner that preserves its myogenic function while still allowing the beating heart organ to be observed and recorded. Two different methods for observing and recording the beating heart in both larva and adult Drosophila are described here. Our semi-intact preparation using adult flies allows clear visualization of the abdominal heart without interference from the pigmented cuticle and overlying fat bodies. To record larval heart beats it is necessary to immobilize the larva, which minimizes body wall movements thereby reducing heart movements that are not associated with myocardial contractions. Our methodologies produce stable adult and larval heart preparations that can beat for hours at rates of 1-3 Hz.

Visualizing the Beating Heart in Drosophila

Technique required for visualizing the beating heart in larval and adult Drosophila are presented. Each life stage requires a different methodology.

Визуализация бьющееся сердце в Drosophila</em

The Drosophila heart has recently emerged as a good model system for examining the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying function in ...

Heterotopic and Orthotopic Tracheal Transplantation in Mice used as Models to Study the Development of  Obliterative Airway Disease

Obliterative airway disease (OAD) is the major complication after lung transplantations that limits long term survival (1-7).
To study the pathophysiology, treatment and prevention of OAD, different animal models of tracheal transplantation in rodents have been developed (1-7). Here, we use two established models of trachea transplantation, the heterotopic and orthotopic model and demonstrate their advantages and limitations.
For the heterotopic model, the donor trachea is wrapped into the greater omentum of the recipient, whereas the donor trachea is anastomosed by end-to-end anastomosis in the orthotopic model.
In both models, the development of obliterative lesions histological similar to clinical OAD has been demonstrated (1-7).
This video shows how to perform both, the heterotopic as well as the orthotopic tracheal transplantation technique in mice, and compares the time course of OAD development in both models using histology.

This video shows and compares two experimental models to study the development of obliterative airway disease (OAD) in mice, the heterotopic and orthotopic tracheal transplantation model.

Гетеротопическая и Ортотопическая трахеи трансплантации в мышах используются в качестве моделей для изучения развития Облитерирующий заболевание дыхательных путей

Obliterative airway disease (OAD) is the major complication after lung transplantations that limits long term survival (1-7).
To study the ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

Подготовка эмбрионов для электронной микроскопии Drosophila Эмбриональные трубки сердца

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

Количественная оценка γH2AX Очаги в ответ на ионизирующего излучения

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of &gamma;H2AX following Ionizing Radiation

An early molecular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is phosphorylation of the Ser-139 residue within the terminal SQEY motif of the histone H2AX1,2. This phosphorylation of H2AX is mediated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PI3K) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)3. The phosphorylated form of H2AX, referred to as &gamma;H2AX, spreads to adjacent regions of chromatin from the site of the DSB, forming discrete foci, which are easily visualized by immunofluorecence microscopy3. Analysis and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci has been widely used to evaluate DSB formation and repair, particularly in response to ionizing radiation and for evaluating the efficacy of various radiation modifying compounds and cytotoxic compounds4.
Given the exquisite specificity and sensitivity of this de novo marker of DSBs, it has provided new insights into the processes of DNA damage and repair in the context of chromatin. For example, in radiation biology the central paradigm is that the nuclear DNA is the critical target with respect to radiation sensitivity. Indeed, the general consensus in the field has largely been to view chromatin as a homogeneous template for DNA damage and repair. However, with the use of &gamma;H2AX as molecular marker of DSBs, a disparity in &gamma;-irradiation-induced &gamma;H2AX foci formation in euchromatin and heterochromatin has been observed5-7. Recently, we used a panel of antibodies to either mono-, di- or tri- methylated histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me1, H3K9me2, H3K9me3) which are epigenetic imprints of constitutive heterochromatin and transcriptional silencing and lysine 4 (H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K4me3), which are tightly correlated actively transcribing euchromatic regions, to investigate the spatial distribution of &gamma;H2AX following ionizing radiation8. In accordance with the prevailing ideas regarding chromatin biology, our findings indicated a close correlation between &gamma;H2AX formation and active transcription9. Here we demonstrate our immunofluorescence method for detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in non-adherent cells, with a particular focus on co-localization with other epigenetic markers, image analysis and 3D-modeling.

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of &amp;#947;H2AX following Ionizing Radiation

Microscopic analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci, which form following the phosphorylation of H2AX at Ser-139 in response to DNA double-strand breaks, has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we used an antibody to mono-methylated histone H3 at lysine 4 as an epigenetic marker of actively transcribing euchromatin, to evaluate the spatial distribution of radiation-induced &gamma;H2AX formation within the nucleus.

Оценка пространственного распределения γH2AX следующие ионизирующих излучений

An early molecular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is phosphorylation of the Ser-139 residue within the terminal SQEY motif of the histone ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

Клоногенных Пробирной: прилипшие клетки

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...