The authors were supported by: a CancerFree KIDS Research Grant, a March of Dimes Basil O&#8217;Connor Starter Scholar Award (#5-FY14-32), a Cincinnati Children&#8217;s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Trustee Grant Award; a CCHMC Research Innovation and Pilot Funding Award; and CCHMC developmental funds. Authors also acknowledge the Capel laboratory for the initial optimization of this technique.

<ol>
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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox9+plays+multiple+roles+in+the+lung+epithelium+during+branching+morphogenesis.">Sox9 plays multiple roles in the lung epithelium during branching morphogenesis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, E4456-E4464 (2013).</li><li>Si-Tayeb, K., Lemaigre, F. P., Duncan, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organogenesis+and+development+of+the+liver.">Organogenesis and development of the liver.</a> Dev. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Это исследование показывает, экс естественных весь орган метод капель, который имеет много потенциальных приложений для изучения развития плода. Этот метод может быть использован для нескольких органов, и позволяет исследователю решать биологические вопросы, которые трудно изу?...

Регенерации органов в естественных условиях в организме человека очень ограничены; Поэтому, тканевая инженерия, развитие тканей и органов из отдельных клеток, пожертвованных хозяина, становится привлекательной потенциал терапии замены органов. Правда, для этого терапевтическая стратегия, чтобы быть успешным, факторы и клеточные взаимодействия участвующих в морфогенезе органа должны быть тщательно изучены и хорошо изучены. Из-за неспособности изучения развития отдельных органов с традиционными подходами, исследователи обратились к альтернативным всей эмбриона или целых культур органов. Kalaskar др. 1 показали, что экс естественных условиях вся эмбриогенез культура дает сопоставимые результаты (в 58% культивируемых эмбрионов) в развитии внутриутробной, предполагая, что экс естественных условиях методы культура реальной альтернативой для органогенеза исследований. Индивидуальный система органной культуры, такие, как этот бывший естественных УЦИплет система культуры, позволяет весь анализ орган, независимо от системных эффектов, в то время как позволяет манипулировать конкретного сигнального пути или клеточных взаимодействий с помощью того фармакологических реагентов или антител. Традиционно, изучение развития плода органа была ограничена трансгенных мышей и нокаут технологий, в дополнение к фармакологических реагентов, поставляемых материнской. Тем не менее, существуют технические вопросы, связанные с эти методы и процедуры в естественных условиях; большинство проблем вращаются вокруг эффектов воздействия на различные органы одновременно, что часто приводит к эмбриональной летальности. Дополнительной проблемой исследований манипулирования на развитие плода фармакологически является материнский эффект препаратов на эмбриональное развитие в утробе матери (например, материнской метаболизма препарата прежде чем он достигнет эмбриона), и если такие реагенты могут проходить через плацентарный барьер. Описан метод целая культура органЗдесь был адаптирован из протокола, впервые описанным Maatouk и др. 2, в котором целые гонады эмбриона инкубируют в бывших естественных вертикальных культур капель. Одним из важных преимуществ культивирования эмбриональные половые железы, что ингибиторы низкомолекулярные легко получить доступ к весь орган по простой диффузии. . Дефолко др показали, что использование этого исключая виво капель способ культивирования в сочетании с ингибиторами низкомолекулярных может быть использован для изучения процессов и взаимодействий, происходящих во время развития гонад 3 сигнализации; эти процессы будет трудно рассмотреть в естественных условиях из-за технических проблем (например, прохождение препаратов через плаценту или летальности влияет несколько органов, используя генетические или фармакологические подходы). Капелька культура является не только улучшение в некоторых аспектах более внутриутробно экспериментов, но и является улучшением по сравнению в пробирке и экс VIСистемы VO, а также. Использование клеточных линий для изучения морфогенеза крайне сложно, потому что они не имеют разнообразные типы клеток, отсутствие критических внеклеточного матрикса (ЕСМ) компоненты, которые позволяют формирования архитектуры органа и могут проявлять артефакты в сигнальных каскадов. Хотя тканевая инженерия добилась значительных улучшений в создании каркасов, имитирующих ECM, отсутствие знаний в отношении которых сигналы требуются каждого типа клеток во время органогенеза делает его сложным, чтобы построить систему органов в пробирке. Другие бывшие естественных систем были установлены ранее для изучения органогенеза, или, более конкретно формообразования, и были очень успешными для живой визуализации органов плода в агар 4, 5 transwells, фильтры 6, и другие эшафот матрицы 7,8. Преимущество системы капель культуры является то, что она позволяет изучение морфогенеза, предоставляя возможность использовать меньше реагентов, которые оften дорого, но и придания поверхности органом напряжение, что очень важно для роста и сигнализации возможностей 9. В мыши, начальная яичко морфогенез происходит между эмбриональной (E) E11.5 этапы и E13.5; Эти этапы включают в себя оптимальное окно времени для изучения факторов, которые влияют на сексуальную конкретных дифференциации. Среди важных процессов, происходящих во время формирования семенников то поколение архитектуры семенников мозга и формирование семенников конкретных сосудистой сети. Используя этот исключая виво целого органа системы капель культуры, человек способен изменять мужской конкретных васкуляризации и ингибируют семенников морфогенез посредством использования ингибитора низкомолекулярных, что блокирует активность рецепторов для фактора роста эндотелия сосудов (VEGF); VEGF-опосредованной сосудистой реконструкции имеет решающее значение для развития яичек 10-12. Этот метод может успешно применяться к другим органам и может предназначаться определенное времяОкна развития. Всего монтажа изображений орган позволяет визуализировать жизненно важных структур, а также структурные и клеточные изменения, вытекающие из администрации различных ингибиторов. Важно отметить, что эта система имеет преимущество в том, что исследователь может обойти потенциальные вмешивающиеся эффекты от материнской введения препарата или системного нарушения во время естественных условиях в целевых стратегий генов. Таким образом, вся эта органом экс естественных условиях система культуры капель может значительно улучшить способность понимать взаимодействие и сигнализацию, которые происходят именно в рамках конкретных органов во время развития плода.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Glasses: Squares (22 mm x 22 mm, No. 1.5)</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-541B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sally Hansen Xtreme Wear Nail Polish, Invisible</td>
			<td>Sally Hansen</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-Strip 0.2 mL PCR Tubes &#38; Detached Flat Caps</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>T3218-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetman L P1000L, P200L, P20L, P10L, P2L</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>FA10006M, FA10005M, FA10003M, FA10002M, FA10001M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>91460-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Posi-Click 1.7 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>C2170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Posi-Click 0.6 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>C2176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#956;l SHARP Precision Barrier Tips</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>P1096FR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 &#956;l SHARP Precision Barrier Tips</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>P1121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#956;l SHARP Precision Barrier Tips</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>P1122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 &#956;l SHARP Precision Barrier Tips</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>P1126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe with 27gauge needles</td>
			<td>BD PrecisionGlide</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305559</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 &#956;M PES syringe filter</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28145-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grade 3 Qualitative Filter Paper Standard Grade, circle, 185 mm</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1003-185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primaria 35mm Easy Grip Style Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon/Corning</td>
			<td>353801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dishes, Sterile (100 mm x 15 mm)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>New Brunswick Galaxy 14 S CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>CO14S-120-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Nuare</td>
			<td>NU-425-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-090-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioExpress GyroMixer Variable XL</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>R-3200-1XL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mastercycler Pro Thermal Cycler with control panel</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>950040015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMZ445 stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiImage Light Cabinet with AlphaEase Software</td>
			<td>Alpha Innotech Corporation</td>
			<td>Discontinued</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute 200 proof Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2818-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate (Dibasic MW 142) Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S374-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate (Monobasic MW 136) KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5379-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S671-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3911-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2393-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5670-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ambion Nuclease-Free Water</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9938&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XY PCR Primer&#160;</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A38-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2482-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% Ethidium bromide solution</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1302-10</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>E-3120-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>367176-2.5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1503-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP Set, 100 mM Solutions</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>R0182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Choice Taq polymerase with 10x Buffer</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>CB-4050-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>O4042-500</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FluorMount-G</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A144212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), powder, Fraction V, Heat shock isolation</td>
			<td>Bioexpress</td>
			<td>0332-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), triple 100-nm filtered</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>03-600-511</td>
			<td>Heat-inactivate before using</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Use at 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Hybri-max, sterile-filtered</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor II - CAS 269390-69-4 - Calbiochem</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>676481</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Anti-Sox9 Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5535</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:4,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Anti-Mouse PECAM1 (CD31) Antibody</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553370</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) Antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9661S</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat E-cadherin / CDH1 Antibody (ECCD-2)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>13-1900</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 3342, trihydrochloride, trihydrate</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (Molecular Probes)</td>
			<td>H1399</td>
			<td>Use at 2ug/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3 AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>712-165-153</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Rat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>712-605-153</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A31572</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21206</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21208</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A31573</td>
			<td>Use at dilution: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using ex vivo upright droplet cultures of whole fetal organs to study developmental processes during mouse organogenesis

Исследуя органогенез в утробе матери является технически сложным процессом, в плацентарных млекопитающих из-за недоступности реагентов для эмбрионов, которые развиваются в матке. Недавно разработанная экс естественных условиях в вертикальном положении метод капель культура обеспечивает привлекательную альтернативу исследований, проведенных в период внутриутробного развития. Экс естественных капель культура дает возможность исследовать и управлять клеточных взаимодействий и различные сигнальные пути с применением различного блокирования и активирующих соединений; Кроме того, влияние различных фармакологических реагентов на разработке конкретных органов могут быть изучены без нежелательных побочных эффектов системного доставки лекарств в матке. По сравнению с другими системами в пробирке, капли культура не только позволяет способности к обучению трехмерного морфогенеза и межклеточных взаимодействий, которые не могут быть воспроизведены в линии клеток млекопитающих, но и требует существенно меньше Reagents чем другие экс естественных условиях и в пробирке протоколов. Эта статья демонстрирует правильное мыши плода рассечение органов и вертикально методы капли культуры, а затем весь орган иммунофлюоресценции, чтобы продемонстрировать эффективность метода. Экс естественных способ культивирования капель позволяет формировать архитектуры органа сопоставимы к тому, что наблюдается в естественных условиях и могут быть использованы для изучения в противном случае трудно-исследования процессов в связи с эмбриональной летальности в моделях в естественных условиях. В модельной системе приложений, ингибитор малые молекулы будут использованы для исследования роли васкуляризации в яичек формообразования. Это экс естественных способ культивирования капелек с возможностью расширения до других органов и систем плода, таких как легких и потенциально других, хотя каждый орган должен быть широко изучены, чтобы определить, какие специфические для органа модификации протокола. Эта система органом культура обеспечивает гибкость в экспериментирования с органами плода, и результаты obtained используя этот метод поможет исследователям получить представление развития плода.

Экс естественных капель культура позволяет манипулировать целые органы, такие, как гонады, изучать клеточные взаимодействия и динамики. Рисунок 1 демонстрирует в поэтапно, как приготовить E11.5 половые железы капель культуру. Первые шаги в протоколе культуры включают в себ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis at JoVE.com

Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

The&#160;ex vivo&#160;upright droplet culture is an alternative to current&#160;in vitro&#160;and&#160;in vivo&#160;experimental techniques. This protocol is easy to perform and requires smaller amounts of reagent, while permitting the ability to manipulate and study fetal vascularization, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.

С помощью<em&gt; Экс Vivo</em&gt; Вертикальный воздушно-капельных Культуры всей фетальных органов по изучению процессов развития во Mouse органогенеза

Investigating organogenesis in utero is a technically challenging process in placental mammals due to inaccessibility of reagents to embryos that develop ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

12.4K Views.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. The ex vivo upright droplet culture is an alternative to current in vitro and in vivo experimental techniques. This protocol is easy to perform and requires smaller amounts of reagent, while permitting the ability to manipulate and study fetal vascularization, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.

Video: Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

Ex Vivo Culture of Pharyngeal Arches to Study Heart and Muscle Progenitors and Their Niche

The pharyngeal mesoderm of developing embryos contributes to broad regions of head and heart musculature. We have developed a novel method to study head and heart progenitor cell development with pharyngeal arches (also known as branchial arches) ex vivo. Using this method, we have recently described that the second pharyngeal arch contains self-renewing heart progenitors and serves as a microenvironment for expansion of the progenitors during mouse heart development. The progenitor cells remain undifferentiated and expansive inside the arch, but quickly become functional cardiomyocytes as they migrate out of the arch. We also reported that first pharyngeal arch contains muscle progenitors giving rise to myotubes after leaving the arch. Here, we demonstrate the procedure for the dissection and ex vivo culture of first and second pharyngeal arches from developing mouse embryos. The method enables one to study head and heart progenitor/muscle development, including cardiomyocyte and myotube formation in detail ex vivo.

Ex Vivo Culture of Pharyngeal Arches to Study Heart and Muscle Progenitors and Their Niche

Here, we present a protocol to culture pharyngeal arches to study the biology of heart and muscle progenitor cells and their microenvironment.

Экс Vivo культуры глотки Арки для изучения Сердце и мышцы предшественников и свою нишу

The pharyngeal mesoderm of developing embryos contributes to broad regions of head and heart musculature. We have developed a novel method to study head ...

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

The primary cilium is fundamentally important for the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells and for neuronal differentiation during embryonic, postnatal, and adult life. In addition, most differentiated neurons possess primary cilia that house signaling receptors, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, and signaling molecules, such as adenylyl cyclases. The primary cilium determines the activity of multiple developmental pathways, including the sonic hedgehog pathway during embryonic neuronal development, and also functions in promoting compartmentalized subcellular signaling during adult neuronal function. Unsurprisingly, defects in primary cilium biogenesis and function have been linked to developmental anomalies of the brain, central obesity, and learning and memory deficits. Thus, it is imperative to study primary cilium biogenesis and ciliary trafficking in the context of neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons. However, culturing methods for primary neurons require considerable expertise and are not amenable to freeze-thaw cycles. In this protocol, we discuss culturing methods for mixed populations of neural stem/progenitor cells using primary neurospheres. The neurosphere-based culturing methods provide the combined benefits of studying primary neural stem/progenitor cells: amenability to multiple passages and freeze-thaw cycles, differentiation potential into neurons/glia, and transfectability. Importantly, we determined that neurosphere-derived neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons are ciliated in culture and localize signaling molecules relevant to ciliary function in these compartments. Utilizing these cultures, we further describe methods to study ciliogenesis and ciliary trafficking in neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons. These neurosphere-based methods allow us to study cilia-regulated cellular pathways, including G-protein-coupled receptor and sonic hedgehog signaling, in the context of neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons.

The primary cilium is fundamentally important in neural progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and adult neuronal function. Here, we describe a method to study ciliogenesis and the trafficking of signaling proteins to cilia in neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons using primary neurosphere cultures.

Использование первичных культур нейросферы для изучения первичных ресничек

The primary cilium is fundamentally important for the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells and for neuronal differentiation during embryonic, ...

Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

Due to its formidable tools for molecular genetic studies, Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the most prominent model species in plant biology and, especially, in plant reproductive biology. However, plant morphological, anatomical, and ultrastructural analyses traditionally involve time-consuming embedding and sectioning procedures for bright field, scanning, and electron microscopy. Recent progress in confocal fluorescence microscopy, state-of-the-art 3-D computer-aided microscopic analyses, and the continuous refinement of molecular techniques to be used on minimally processed whole-mount specimens, has led to an increased demand for developing efficient and minimal sample processing techniques. In this protocol, we describe techniques for properly dissecting Arabidopsis flowers and siliques, basic clearing techniques, and some staining procedures for whole-mount observations of reproductive structures.

Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

In this protocol, we describe techniques for the proper dissection of Arabidopsis flowers and siliques, some basic clearing techniques, and selected staining procedures for whole-mount observations of reproductive structures.

Целом гора очистки и окраски Arabidopsis цветок органов и Siliques

Due to its formidable tools for molecular genetic studies, Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the most prominent model species in plant biology and, ...

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound (30/45MHZ) System

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CHDs is&#160;crucial for inventing new preventive and therapeutic strategies. Mutant mouse models are powerful tools to discover new&#160;mechanisms&#160;and environmental stress modifiers that drive cardiac development and their potential&#160;alteration in CHDs. However, efforts to establish the causality of these putative contributors have been limited to histological&#160;and molecular studies&#160;in non-survival animal experiments, in which&#160;monitoring the key physiological and hemodynamic parameters is&#160;often absent. Live imaging technology has become an essential tool to establish the&#160;etiology of CHDs. In particular,&#160;ultrasound imaging can be used prenatally without surgically exposing the fetuses,&#160;allowing maintaining&#160;their baseline physiology while monitoring the impact of environmental stress&#160;on the hemodynamic and structural aspects of cardiac chamber development. Herein, we use the High-Frequency Ultrasound (30/45)&#160;system to examine the cardiovascular system in fetal mice at E18.5 in utero at the baseline and in response to prenatal hypoxia exposure. We demonstrate the feasibility of the system to measure cardiac chamber size, morphology, ventricular function, fetal heart rate, and umbilical artery flow indices, and their alterations in fetal mice exposed to systemic chronic hypoxia in utero in real time.

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System

High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetal mouse has improved imaging resolution and can provide precise non-invasive characterization of cardiac development and structural defects. The protocol outlined herein is designed to perform real-time fetal mice echocardiography in vivo.

Плода мышь сердечнососудистой визуализации с помощью системы высокой частоты ультразвука (30/45 МГц)

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular ...

Three-dimensional Organotypic Cultures of Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Moreover, although existing culture techniques allow biochemical perturbations, these methods do not provide a means to study the effects of mechanical force and tissue stiffness during development of the inner ear sensory organs. Here we describe a method for three-dimensional organotypic culture of the intact murine utricle and cochlea that overcomes these limitations. The technique for adjustment of a three-dimensional matrix stiffness described here permits manipulation of the elastic force opposing tissue growth. This method can therefore be used to study the role of mechanical forces during inner ear development. Additionally, the cultures permit virus-mediated gene delivery, which can be used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This culture method preserves innate hair cells and supporting cells and serves as a potentially superior alternative to the traditional two-dimensional culture of vestibular and auditory sensory organs.

Three-dimensional organotypic cultures of the murine utricle and cochlea in optically clear collagen I gels preserve innate tissue morphology, allow for mechanical stimulation through adjustment of matrix stiffness, and permit virus-mediated gene delivery.

Трехмерные Organotypic культуры вестибулярных и слуховых органов чувств

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. ...

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

В естественных условиях метод для изучения целостности барьер крови яички мыши

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...

Analysis of Cardiac Chamber Development During Mouse Embryogenesis Using Whole Mount Epifluorescence

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection of mouse embryos and visualization of embryonic mouse ventricular chambers during heart development using ventricular specific fluorescent reporter knock-in mice (MLC-2v-tdTomato mice). Heart development involves a linear heart tube formation, the heart tube looping, and four chamber septation. These complex processes are highly conserved in all vertebrates. The mouse embryonic heart has been widely used for heart developmental studies. However, due to their extremely small size, dissecting mouse embryonic hearts is technically challenging. In addition, visualization of cardiac chamber formation often needs in situ hybridization, beta-galactosidase staining using LacZ reporter mice, or immunostaining of sectioned embryonic hearts. Here, we describe how to dissect mouse embryonic hearts and directly visualize ventricular chamber formation of MLC-2v-tdTomato mice using whole mount epifluorescent microscopy. With this method, it is possible to directly examine heart tube formation and looping, and four chamber formation without further experimental manipulation of mouse embryos. Although the MLC-2v-tdTomato reporter knock-in mouse line is used in this protocol as an example, this protocol can be applied to other heart-specific fluorescent reporter transgenic mouse lines.

We present the protocols to examine mouse heart development using whole mount epifluorescent microscopy on mouse embryos dissected from ventricular specific MLC-2v-tdTomato reporter knock-in mice. This method allows us to directly visualize each stage of the ventricular formation during mouse heart development without labor-intensive histochemical methods.

Анализ развития сердечной камеры во время эмбриогенеза мыши с помощью эпифлуоресцентного вся гора

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection of mouse embryos and visualization of embryonic mouse ventricular chambers during ...

Human Ex vivo Wound Model and Whole-Mount Staining Approach to Accurately Evaluate Skin Repair

Chronic non-healing wounds, which primarily affect the elderly and diabetic, are a significant area of clinical unmet need. Unfortunately, current chronic wound treatments are inadequate, while available pre-clinical models poorly predict the clinical efficacy of new therapies. Here we describe a high throughput, pre-clinical model to assess multiple aspects of the human skin repair response. Partial thickness wounds were created in human ex vivo skin and cultured across a healing time course. Skin wound biopsies were collected in fixative for the whole-mount staining procedure. Fixed samples were blocked and incubated in primary antibody, with detection achieved via fluorescently conjugated secondary antibody. Wounds were counterstained and imaged via confocal microscopy before calculating percentage wound closure (re-epithelialization) in each biopsy. Applying this protocol, we reveal that 2 mm excisional wounds created in healthy donor skin are fully re-epithelialized by day 4-5 post-wounding. On the contrary, closure rates of diabetic skin wounds are significantly reduced, accompanied by perturbed barrier reformation. Combining human skin wounding with a novel whole-mount staining approach allows a rapid and reproducible method to quantify ex vivo wound repair. Collectively, this protocol provides a valuable human platform to evaluate the effectiveness of potential wound therapies, transforming pre-clinical testing and validation.

Here we demonstrate an optimized technique for assessing wound repair using ex vivo human skin combined with a whole-mount staining approach. This methodology provides a pre-clinical platform for the evaluation of potential wound therapies.

Модель раны человека Ex vivo и подход к окрашиванию цельного крепления для точной оценки восстановления кожи

Chronic non-healing wounds, which primarily affect the elderly and diabetic, are a significant area of clinical unmet need. Unfortunately, current chronic ...

Ex Utero Culture of Mouse Embryos from Pregastrulation to Advanced Organogenesis

Postimplantation mammalian embryo culture methods have been generally inefficient and limited to brief periods after dissection out of the uterus. Platforms have been recently developed for highly robust and prolonged ex utero culture of mouse embryos from egg-cylinder stages until advanced organogenesis. These platforms enable appropriate and faithful development of pregastrulating embryos (E5.5) until the hind limb formation stage (E11). Late gastrulating embryos (E7.5) are grown in rotating bottles in these settings, while extended culture from pregastrulation stages (E5.5 or E6.5) requires a combination of static and rotating bottle cultures. In addition, sensitive regulation of O2 and CO2 concentration, gas pressure, glucose levels, and the use of a specific ex utero culture medium are critical for proper embryo development. Here, a detailed step-by-step protocol for extended ex utero mouse embryo culture is provided. The ability to grow normal mouse embryos ex utero from gastrulation to organogenesis represents a valuable tool for characterizing the effect of different experimental perturbations during embryonic development.

Ex Utero Culture of Mouse Embryos from Pregastrulation to Advanced Organogenesis

An enhanced platform for whole-embryo culture allows continuous and robust ex utero development of postimplantation mouse embryos for up to six days, from pregastrulation stages until advanced organogenesis. In this protocol, we detail the standard procedure for successful embryo culture using static plates and rotating bottle systems.

Ex Utero Культура эмбрионов мышей от прегаструляции до продвинутого органогенеза

Postimplantation mammalian embryo culture methods have been generally inefficient and limited to brief periods after dissection out of the uterus. ...

Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis

Mammalian craniofacial development is a complex morphological process during which multiple cell populations coordinate to generate the frontonasal skeleton. These morphological changes are initiated and sustained through diverse signaling interactions, which often include protein phosphorylation by kinases. Here, two examples of physiologically-relevant contexts in which to study phosphorylation of proteins during mammalian craniofacial development are provided: mouse facial processes, in particular E11.5 maxillary processes, and cultured mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells derived from E13.5 secondary palatal shelves. To overcome the common barrier of dephosphorylation during protein isolation, adaptations and modifications to standard laboratory methods that allow for isolation of phosphoproteins are discussed. Additionally, best practices are provided for proper analysis and quantification of phosphoproteins following western blotting of whole cell protein lysates. These techniques, particularly in combination with pharmacological inhibitors and/or murine genetic models, can be used to gain greater insight into the dynamics and roles of various phosphoproteins active during craniofacial development.

The protocol presents a method for isolating whole cell protein lysates from dissected mouse embryo facial processes or cultured mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells and performing subsequent western blotting to assess phosphorylated protein levels.

Выделение лизатов цельноклеточного белка из процессов лица мыши и культивируемых клеток небной мезенхимы для анализа фосфопротеинов

Mammalian craniofacial development is a complex morphological process during which multiple cell populations coordinate to generate the frontonasal ...