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Chapter 4

Measures of Variation

What is Variation?
What is Variation?
Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of ...
Range
Range
The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the ...
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
The most commonly used measure of variation is the standard deviation. It is a numerical value measuring how far data values are from their mean. The ...
Standard Error of the Mean
Standard Error of the Mean
The sampling variability of a statistic is defined as how much the statistic varies from one sample to another. The sampling variability of a statistic is ...
Calculating Standard Deviation
Calculating Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is the most common measure of variation. It is a value that tells us how far a data value is from the mean value in a dataset. ...
Variance
Variance
 The deviations show how spread out the data are about the mean. A positive deviation occurs when the data value exceeds the mean, whereas a negative ...
Coefficient of Variation
Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation measures the dispersion of the data points or distribution around the mean. Using the coefficient of variation, we can ...
Range Rule of Thumb to Interpret Standard Deviation
Range Rule of Thumb to Interpret Standard Deviation
The range rule of thumb in statistics helps us calculate a dataset's minimum and maximum values with known standard deviation. This rule is based on ...
Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation
Empirical Method to Interpret Standard Deviation
The empirical rule, also known as the three-sigma rule, allows a statistician to interpret the standard deviation in a normally distributed dataset. The ...
Chebyshev's Theorem to Interpret Standard Deviation
Chebyshev's Theorem to Interpret Standard Deviation
Chebyshev’s theorem, also known as Chebyshev’s Inequality, states that the proportion of values of a dataset for K standard deviation is ...
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean Absolute Deviation
The mean absolute deviation is also a measure of the variability of data in a sample. It is the absolute value of the average difference between the data ...
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