Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Summary

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

Abstract

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Introduction

The study of neuroscience concerns an investigation of how cells in the brain mediate specific functions¹. These can be cellular in nature such as how glia cells confer immunity in the central nervous system or can involve experiments that aim to explain how the activity of neurons in the dorsal hippocampus leads to spatial navigation. In a broad sense, cellular function is determined by the proteins that are expressed in a cell and the activity of these proteins². As a result, measuring the expression and/or activity of proteins in brain cells are critical for the study of neuroscience.

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Protocol

The following protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Delaware. Male Sprague Dawley rats approximately 55–75 days old were used for this protocol.

1. Brain Extraction and Tissue Preparation

1. Anesthetize rat with isoflurane in anesthesia induction chamber until rat no longer exhibits a response to foot pinch.
2. Sacrifice rats via rapid decapitation using a guillotine.
3. Cut skin on skull posterior to anterior and clear from top of skull.
4. Use rongeurs to carefully remove the back part of skull, and then using small dissecting scissors cut ....

Results

Prior to using high-resolution scanning for immunohistochemistry, one should verify that the protocol works. This can be accomplished using a validation assay where brain sections from the same animal are incubated with primary and secondary antibodies, secondary antibody alone, or neither primary nor secondary antibody. Results for such a validation assay are shown in Figure 2. In this reaction we were detecting the immediate early gene c-Jun in the dorsal h.......

Discussion

The results presented in this article show that near-infrared immunocytochemistry in combination with high-resolution scanning can be used to obtain semi-quantitative measures of protein expression in brain tissue. It can also be used to label two proteins simultaneously in the same brain region. We have previously used near-infrared immunohistochemistry to measure immediate early gene expression in multiple brain regions^9,10. Immediate early genes can be used as.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Brain Extraction
Anesthesia Induction Chamber	Kent Scientific	VetFlo-0530SM
Kleine Guillotine	Harvard Apparatus	73-1920
Friedman Rongeur	Fine Science Tools	16000-14	used to remove back of skull
Delicate Dissecting Scissors	Fischer Scientific	08-951-5	used to cut upward along midline of skull
Micro Spatula	Fischer Scientific	21-401-5	used to scoop out brain
Glass Microscope Slides	Fischer Scientific	12-549-6
Immunohistochemical Reaction
Triton X-100			Used as a mild detergent to permeabilize cells after fixing in Paraformaldehyde, also used as mild detergent in combination with host serum and secondary antibody
Tween-20			Used as a small amount of detergent added to TBS  to procuce TBS-T after coverslipping slides with primary antibody
Licor Odyssey scanner	Licor Biotechnology Inc.
Image Studio	Licor Biotechnology Inc.