Preparing Protein Producing Synthetic Cells using Cell Free Bacterial Extracts, Liposomes and Emulsion Transfer

Summary

This protocol describes the method, materials, equipment and steps for bottom-up preparation of RNA and protein producing synthetic cells. The inner aqueous compartment of the synthetic cells contained the S30 bacterial lysate encapsulated within a lipid bilayer (i.e., stable liposomes), using a water-in-oil emulsion transfer method.

Abstract

The bottom-up assembly approach for construction of synthetic cells is an effective tool for isolating and investigating cellular processes in a cell mimicking environment. Furthermore, the development of cell-free expression systems has demonstrated the ability to reconstitute the protein production, transcription and translation processes (DNA→RNA→protein) in a controlled manner, harnessing synthetic biology. Here we describe a protocol for preparing a cell-free expression system, including the production of a potent bacterial lysate and encapsulating this lysate inside cholesterol-rich lipid-based giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) (i.e., stable liposomes), to form synthetic cells. The protocol describes the methods for preparing the components of the synthetic cells including the production of active bacterial lysates, followed by a detailed step-by-step preparation of the synthetic cells based on a water-in-oil emulsion transfer method. These facilitate the production of millions of synthetic cells in a simple and affordable manner with a high versatility for producing different types of proteins. The obtained synthetic cells can be used to investigate protein/RNA production and activity in an isolated environment, in directed evolution, and also as a controlled drug delivery platform for on-demand production of therapeutic proteins inside the body.

Introduction

Synthetic cells are artificial cell-like particles, mimicking one or multiple functions of a living cell, such as the ability to divide, form membrane interactions, and synthesize proteins based on a genetic code^1,2,3. Synthetic cells that enclose cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems possess high modularity due to their ability to produce various proteins and RNA sequences following alterations in the DNA template. Presenting an attractive alternative to the current approaches of protein production, CFPS systems are based on cell lysate, purified components, or syntheti....

Protocol

NOTE: Illustration of the complete synthetic cells’ production protocol is presented in Figure 1. According to the user’s needs, the protein expression (section 3.2) and synthetic cell formation (section 4) parts of the protocol can also be carried out independently (with some adaptations).

1. Preparation of S30-T7 lysate

1. Streak plate the E. coli BL21(DE3) bacteria transformed with the T7 RNA polymerase expressing pAR1219 plasmid on a LB-agar plate supplemented with 50 µg/mL ampicillin to obtain single colonies.
2. Prepare a starter solution: Inoculate a single colon....

Results

We present a protocol for the preparation of synthetic cells by encapsulating a S30-T7 CFPS system based on BL21 E. coli inside lipid vesicles. A schematic description of the preparation process that includes an image of each stage is presented in Figure 2. The success of the synthetic cell preparation process is dependent on the appropriate performance of each stage and effected by different parameters. The protocol should be adjusted to accommodate the production of a specific pro.......

Discussion

This protocol introduces a simple and affordable method for the production of large quantities of protein-producing synthetic cells. The yield of active cells is dependent on careful and accurate execution of the protocol with emphasis on several critical steps. In the lysate preparation section of this method, it is essential to reach the appropriate bacteria density before cell lysis to achieve a sufficient amount of proteins in the bacterial lysate. Second, the lysis process should be performed at 4 °C and the ly.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
A. Reagents required for step 1 (S30-T7 lysate preparation)
E.coli BL21 (DE3)	NEB	C2527	E.coli BL21 (DE3).
pAR1219	Sigma	T2076	TargeTron vector for transformation.
Stock solution of 50 mg/mL Ampicillin	Sigma	A9518	Stored at -20 °C.
10 g/L Bacto-tryptone	BD Bioscience	211705	For preparation of Luria Bertani (LB) agar (1.5%) plate.
10 g/L Sodium chloride (NaCl)	Bio-Lab	19030591
5 g/L Bacto-Yeast extract	BD Bioscience	212750
15 g/L Agar agar purified	Merck	1.01614.5007
50 µg/mL Ampicillin	Sigma	A9518
10 g/L Bacto-tryptone	BD Bioscience	211705	For preparation of Luria Bertani (LB) media (20 mL).
10 g/L Sodium chloride (NaCl)	Bio-Lab	19030591
5 g/L Bacto-Yeast extract	BD Bioscience	212750
50 µg/mL Ampicillin	Sigma	A9518
12 g/L Bacto-tryptone	BD Bioscience	211705	For preparation of Terrific Broth (TB) media (1 L).
24 g/L Bacto-Yeast extract	BD Bioscience	212750
4% (v/v) Glycerol anhydrous	Bio-Lab	7120501
2.32 g/L K2HPO4	Spectrum chemical	P1383
12.54 g/L KH2PO4	Spectrum chemical	P1380
50 µg/mL Ampicillin	Sigma	A9518
Stock solution of 100 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)	INALCO	INA-1758-1400	Filtered using 0.2 µm hydrophilic PVDF syringe filter.
Stock solution of 0.1 M dithiothreitol (DTT)	TCI	D1071	Filtered using 0.2 µm hydrophilic PVDF syringe filter.
10 mM Tris-acetate at pH = 7.4	Sigma	T1503	S30 lysate buffer (1.5 L)
14 mM magnesium acetate	Merck	1.05819.0250
60 mM potassium acetate	Carlo Erba	470147
1 mM DTT	TCI	D1071
0.5 mL/L 2-mercaptoethanol	Sigma	M6250
Equipment required for step 1
100 mL sterilized Erlenmeyer flasks	Thermo Scientific	50-154-2846	2 flasks
2 L sterilized Erlenmeyer flasks with baffles	KIMAX-KIMBLE	25630	2 flasks
Floor incubator shaker	MRC	TOU-120-2	Laboratory shaker incubator 450x450mm, 400rpm, 70 °C
Centrifuge	Thermo Scientific	75004270	(75003340) - Fiberlite F10-6 x 100 LEX Fixed-Angle Rotor. Should enable at least 13,000 x g.     * Pre-cooled to 4 °C.
High pressure homogenizer	AVESTIN	EmulsiFlex-C3	Pre-cooled to 4 °C.
-80oC freezer	SO-LOW	U85-18
Sterilized 1.5 mL plastic tubes	Eppendorf	30120086	Preferably pre-cooled to -20 °C.
Spectrophotometer	TECAN	IN-MNANO	Infinite M200 pro
96-well transparent plate	Thermo Scientific	167008
Sterilized graduated cylinder	Corning
Sterilized centrifuge tubes	Eppendorf	30120086	Preferably pre-cooled to -20 °C.
Sterilized pipette tips	Corning		Preferably pre-cooled to -20 °C.
Crushed ice bucket	Bel-Art	M18848-4001
Small liquid nitrogen tank	NALGENE	4150-4000
B. Reagents required for step 3 (lipids in oil solution preparation):
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)	Lipoid	556400	Powder
Cholesterol	Sigma	C8667	Powder
Chloroform	Bio-Lab	3082301
Mineral oil	Sigma	M5904	Light oil
Equipment required for step 2
Vortex mixer	Scientific industries	SI-0256
Heating block	TECHNE	FDB03AD	Pre-heated to 80 °C. Should enable controlled temperature.
2 mL screw neck glass vials	CSI Analytical Innovations	VT009M-1232	For a larger scale, use 50 mL falcons and evaporate the chloroform using rotary evaporator.
9mm Screw Cap	CSI Analytical Innovations	C395R-09LC
C. Reagents required for step 3 (inner and feeding reaction mixtures):
HEPES	Spectrum	H1089	1 M HEPES-KOH (pH = 8) - pH buffer
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)	Frutarom	55290
1 M Magnesium acetate	Merck	1.05819.0250	Co-factor and negative charge stabilizor.
1 M Potassium acetate	Carlo Erba	470147	Negative charge stabilizor.
5.2 M Ammonium acetate	Merck	1.01116.1000	Stabilizes negative charge.
50% (w/v) Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG)	Merck	8.07491.1000	Increases the concentration of the macromolecules.
0.5 M 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)	Sigma	P8877	Secondary energy source.
50 mM Amino acids mixture I	Sigma	LAA21-1KT	Amino acids additive. Contains: 50 mM of each of the following 17  natural amino acids - alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, and valine.
50 mM Amino acids mixture II	Sigma	LAA21-1KT	Amino acids additive. Contains: 50 mM of each of the following 3 natural amino acids - tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine.
100 mM Adenine triphosphate (ATP)	Sigma	A3377	Nucleotides & energy source.
50 mM Guanidine triphosphate (GTP)	Sigma	G8877	Nucleotides & energy source.
100 mM Uridine triphosphate (UTP)	ACROS ORGANICS	226310010	Nucleotides additive.
100 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)	INALCO	INA-1758-1400	Genes expression induction.
2 M Sucrose	J.T. Baker	1933078	Generating a density gradient.
2 M Glucose	Sigma	16301	Generating a density gradient.
H2O UltraPure Water (UPW)	Bio-Lab	2321777500	DNase & RNase free
S30-T7 lysate	_	_	Prepared at step 1.                                                                        Source of transcription & translation components. Store at -80 °c, thaw on crashed ice just before usage.
Stock of DNA plasmid of choice	_	_	Contains the sequence for the requested protein. Under T7 promotor
D. Equipment required for step 4 (synthetic cells preparation)
Floor incubator shaker or Thermomixer	MRC	TOU-120-2	Laboratory shaker incubator 450x450mm, 400rpm, 70 °C
	PHMT Grant Bio	PSC18	Thermomixer
Centrifuge	Thermo Scientific	75004270	(75003629) - TX-400 4 x 400mL Swinging Bucket Rotor. Suited for 15 mL sized tubes. Preferably swinging buckets. Should enable at least 1000 x g. Pre-cooled to 4 °C.
Table centrifuge	Thermo Scientific	75002420	(75003424) - 24 x 1.5/2.0mL rotor with ClickSeal. Suited for Eppendorf vials. Pre-cooled to 4 °C.
Vortex mixer	Scientific industries	SI-0256
Crushed ice bucket	Bel-Art	M18848-4001
2 mL screw neck glass vials	CSI Analytical Innovations	VT009M-1232
Sterile 15 mL plastic tubes	Thermo Scientific	339651
Sterilized 1.5 mL plastic tubes	Eppendorf	30120086
Sterilized pipette tips	Corning		Sterilized by autoclave.