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Open globe eye injuries may go untreated for multiple days in rural or military-relevant scenarios, resulting in blindness. Therapeutics are needed to minimize loss of vision. Here, we detail an organ culture open globe injury model. With this model, potential therapeutics for stabilizing these injuries can be properly evaluated.
Open globe injuries have poor visual outcomes, often resulting in permanent loss of vision. This is partly due to an extended delay between injury and medical intervention in rural environments and military medicine applications where ophthalmic care is not readily available. Untreated injuries are susceptible to infection after the eye has lost its watertight seal, as well as loss of tissue viability due to intraocular hypotension. Therapeutics to temporarily seal open globe injuries, if properly developed, may be able to restore intraocular pressure and prevent infection until proper ophthalmic care is possible. To facilitate product development, detailed here is the use of an anterior segment organ culture open globe injury platform for tracking therapeutic performance for at least 72 h post-injury. Porcine anterior segment tissue can be maintained in custom-designed organ culture dishes and held at physiological intraocular pressure. Puncture injuries can be created with a pneumatic-powered system capable of generating injury sizes up to 4.5 mm in diameter, similar to military-relevant injury sizes. Loss of intraocular pressure can be observed for 72 h post-injury confirming proper injury induction and loss of the eye's watertight seal. Therapeutic performance can be tracked by application to the eye after injury induction and then tracking intraocular pressure for multiple days. Further, the anterior segment injury model is applicable to widely used methods for functionally and biologically tracking anterior segment physiology, such as assessing transparency, ocular mechanics, corneal epithelium health, and tissue viability. Overall, the method described here is a necessary next step toward developing biomaterial therapeutics for temporarily sealing open globe injuries when ophthalmic care is not readily available.
Open globe (OG) injuries can result in permanent loss of vision when not treated or at least stabilized following injury1. Delays, however, are prevalent in remote areas where access to ophthalmic intervention is not readily available, such as in rural areas or on the battlefield in military scenarios. When treatment is not readily available, the current standard of care is to protect the eye with a rigid shield until medical intervention is possible. In military medicine, this delay is currently up to 24 h, but it is anticipated to increase up to 72 h in future combat operations in urban environments where air evacuation is not possible2,3,4. These delays can be even longer in rural, remote civilian applications where access to ophthalmic intervention is limited5,6. An untreated OG injury is highly susceptible to infection and loss of intraocular pressure (IOP) due to the watertight seal of the eye being compromised7,8. Loss of IOP can impact tissue viability, making any medical intervention unlikely to restore vision if the delay between injury and therapeutic is too long9.
To enable the development of easy-to-apply therapeutics for sealing OG injuries until an ophthalmic specialist can be reached, a benchtop OG injury model was previously developed10,11. With this model, high-speed injuries were created in whole porcine eyes while IOP was captured by pressure transducers. Therapeutics can then be applied to assess their ability to seal the OG injury site12. However, as this model uses whole porcine eyes, it can only assess immediate therapeutic performance with no way of tracking longer-term performance across the possible 72 h window in which the therapeutic must stabilize the injury site until the patient reaches specialty care. As a result, an anterior segment organ culture (ASOC) OG injury model was developed and detailed in this protocol as a platform for tracking long-term therapeutic performance13.
ASOC is a widely used technique for maintaining avascular tissue of the anterior segment, such as the cornea, for multiple weeks post-enucleation14,15,16,17. The anterior segment is maintained under physiological IOP by perfusing fluid at physiological flow rates and preserving the trabecular meshwork outflow region, the tissue responsible for regulating IOP, during ASOC setup18,19. The ASOC platform can maintain tissue physiologically, induce an OG injury using a pneumatic-powered device, apply a therapeutic, and track injury stabilization for at least 72 h post-injury13.
Here, the protocol provides a step-by-step methodology for using the ASOC platform. First it details how to set up and fabricate the ASOC platform. Next, the protocol details how to aseptically dissect the anterior segment and maintain the trabecular meshwork, followed by setting up anterior segment tissue in custom-built organ culture dishes. Then, it details how to create open globe injuries and apply therapeutic immediately following injury. Lastly, the protocol provides an overview on characterization parameters that are possible for use with this method that assesses functional, mechanical, and biological properties of the eye and how well the injury was stabilized. Overall, this model provides a much-needed platform to accelerate product development for stabilizing and treating open globe injuries and improve the poor vision prognosis following injury.
Before performing this protocol, be aware that there are legal and ethical requirements in place for the use of animals in research and training. If live animals are used for the source of ocular tissue, seek approval by the local ethical or legal authority (IACUC or Ethics committee, etc.) before beginning. If there is any question in obtaining approval for the use of animals, do not proceed. We previously determined and reported that fresh porcine eyes obtained and used within 24 h post-mortem compared closest to in vivo physiology and fared well for these studies (Animal Technologies, Tyler, TX, USA)10,13. No live animals were used throughout this protocol, using a tissue vendor to obtain tissue within 24 h.
NOTE: Prior to tissue arrival, fabricate the organ culture dishes (Supplementary Protocol 1), clamping rings (Supplementary Protocol 1), dish stands (Supplementary Protocol 1), pressure transducer data collection setup (Supplementary Protocol 2), and pneumatic puncture platform (Supplementary Protocol 3). Sterilize the dishes, tools, and supplies and prepare the work areas. It's useful to have a non-sterile area to perform gross dissection on the eyes, as they usually come with connective, extra orbital tissue attached. Execute these first steps on an open, clean work surface, and then transfer the eyes aseptically into a BSC II cabinet for micro-dissection (cabinet #1). Optimally, the BSC II cabinet utilized for micro-dissection is separated from the dish assembly BSC II cabinet (cabinet #2) to minimize airflow and maximize workspace. Set up the micro-dissection cabinet with a dissecting microscope and a way to visualize the work surface (camera or eyepieces protruding from the cabinet).
1. Sterilization steps, supplies (see Table of Materials for more details), and setup
2. Dissection of tissue
3. Setting up anterior segments in organ culture dishes
4. Starting anterior segment organ culture
5. Daily maintenance of ASOC
6. OG injury induction with pneumatic-powered puncture device
NOTE: Construction of the pneumatic puncture device is detailed in Supplementary Protocol 3. OG injuries are induced after IOP has stabilized, which normally occurs after 3 days in culture. Acceptable IOP values are 5-20 mmHg based on physiological IOP, which can be determined by evaluating the IOP data files or setting LED indicators in the pressure measurement system as described in Supplementary Protocol 2.
7. Removing ASOC from culture
NOTE: Depending on endpoint analysis (see Representative Results for possible endpoint methods), the AS needs to remain in the ASOC dish inflated while other methods require AS tissue isolated from the culture chamber. The below methodology describes how to take AS out of the organ culture dishes and to remove the rest of the setup.
8. IOP data analysis
Images captured via Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are shown for OG injured eyes to illustrate how a successful injury induction looks. Figure 3 shows images for control and OG injured AS tissue immediately after injury and 72 h later. Two views are shown: cross-sectional images through the injury site and top-down maximum intensity projection (MIPs) to visualize the surface area of the image. Control eyes show no noticeable disruption in the cornea, while clear injuries can be located t...
There are critical steps with the ASOC OG injury platform that should be highlighted to improve the likelihood of success when using the methodology. First, during the anterior segment dissection, preserving the trabecular meshwork is essential but challenging to do correctly. If the TM is disrupted, the eye will not maintain physiological pressure and will not meet eligibility criteria for experimental use. It is recommended to practice the dissection process under normal conditions first rather than introducing the add...
The authors declare no competing interests. The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Army Medical Department, Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the US Government.
This material is based upon work supported by the United States Department of Defense through an interagency agreement (#19-1006-IM) with the Temporary Corneal Repair acquisition program (United States Army Medical Materiel Development Agency).
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
10-32 Polycarbonate straight plug, male threaded pipe connector | McMaster-Carr | 51525K431 | |
10-32 Socket cap screw, ½" | McMaster-Carr | 92196A269 | |
10 mL syringe | BD | 302995 | |
20 mL syringe | BD | 302830 | |
Anti-Anti | Gibco | 15240-096 | |
Ball-End L key | McMaster-Carr | 5020A25 | |
Betadine | Fisher Scientific | NC1696484 | |
BD Intramedic PE 160 Tubing | Fisher Scientific | 14-170-12E | |
Cotton swabs | Puritan | 25-8061WC | |
DMEM media | ATCC | 30-2002 | |
FBS | ATCC | 30-2020 | |
Fine forceps | World Precision Instruments | 15914 | |
Gauze | Covidien | 8044 | |
Gentamicin | Gibco | 15710-064 | |
Glutamax | Gibco | 35050-061 | |
High temperature silicone O-ring, 2 mm wide, 4 mm ID | McMaster-Carr | 5233T47 | |
Large forceps | World Precision Instruments | 500365 | |
Large surgical scissors | World Precision Instruments | 503261 | |
Medium toothed forceps | World Precision Instruments | 501217 | |
Nail (puncture object) | McMaster-Carr | 97808A503 | |
Nylon syringe filters | Fisher | 09-719C | |
PBS | Gibco | 10010-023 | |
Petri dish (100 mm) | Fisher | FB0875713 | |
Polycarbonate, three-way, stopcock with male luer lock | Fisher | NC9593742 | |
Razor blade | Fisher | 12-640 | |
Stainless steel 18 G 90 degree angle dispensing needle | McMaster-Carr | 75165A81 | |
Stainless steel 18 G straight ½'’ dispensing needle | McMaster-Carr | 75165A675 | |
Sterile 100 mL beakers with lids | VWR | 15704-092 | |
Vannas scissors | World Precision Instruments | WP5070 |
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