Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Summary

We present a protocol to explore the relative activation sequence of phonology and semantics in visual word recognition. The results show that consistent with interactive accounts, semantic and phonological representations may be processed interactively, and higher-level linguistic representations may affect early processing.

Abstract

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on orthographic information after which, other representations, such as phonology and semantics are activated, or whether these are fully interactive and high-level semantic information affects early processing. An interference paradigm was implemented in the presented protocol of phonological and semantic judgment tasks that utilized the same precede-target pairs to explore the relative order of phonological and semantic activation. The high- and low-frequency target words were preceded with three conditions: semantically related, phonological-related (homophones), or unrelated. The results showed that the induced P200 component of low-frequency word pairs was significantly greater than high-frequency words in both the semantic and phonological tasks. In addition, both the homophones in the semantic task and the semantically related pairs in the phonological task caused reduction in N400 when compared to the the control condition, word frequency-independently. It is worth noting that for the low-frequency pairs in the phonological judgment task, the P200 released by the semantically related word pairs was significantly larger than that in the control condition. Overall, semantic processing in phonological tasks and phonological processing in semantic tasks were found in both high- and low-frequency words, suggesting that the interaction between semantics and phonology may operate in a task-independent manner. However, the specific time this interaction occurred may have been affected by the task and frequency.

Introduction

The critical issue in any word recognition model is understanding the role of phonology in the process of semantic access¹. For alphabetic languages, many studies consistently view phonology as playing an important role in semantic access, including English^2,3,4, Hebrew⁵, French⁶, and Spanish⁷. In other words, written word recognition involves not only orthographic but also phonological and semantic processing. This observation in the interactive connectionist model is explained by....

Protocol

The protocol used for this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tsinghua University.

1. Stimuli construction and presentation

1. Stimuli construction
   1. Stimuli preparation: Prepare target words containing approximately 140 Chinese two-character compounds, of which low- and high-frequency words account for half. Precede each target by three analogues: a phonologically identical word (homonymous word), a word with related meaning, and an irrelevant control w.......

Discussion

Experimental results and significance:
The purpose of this protocol was to infer the following: 1) whether the word recognition model is a feedforward model or an interactive model and 2) the interaction between the phonological and semantic patterns in Chinese two-character compound recognition of high and low frequency under different tasks. An interference paradigm of phonological and semantic matching task using the ERP technique was adopted. The ERP responses preceded by homophones and unrelat.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
BrainAmp DC amplifier system (Brain Products GmbH)	Brain Products, Gilching, Germany		BrainAmp S/N AMP13061964DC Input 5.6DC=150mA Operation 7mA Standby
Easycap (Brain Products GmbH)	Brain Products, Gilching, Germany		62 Ag/AgCl electrodes with a configuration of the international 10–20 system of electrode