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In This Article

  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Protocol
  • Representative Results
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Materials
  • References
  • Reprints and Permissions

Summary

Here, the protocol presents the preparation of naringenin solution for in vivo intraperitoneal administration. Naringenin is fully dissolved in a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide, Tween 80, and saline. The antidiabetic osteoporotic effects of naringenin were assessed by blood glucose testing, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Abstract

The preparation of a compound (phytochemical) solution is an overlooked but critical step prior to its application in studies such as drug screening. The complete solubilization of the compound is necessary for its safe use and relatively stable results. Here, a protocol for preparing naringenin solution and its intraperitoneal administration in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model is demonstrated as an example. A small amount of naringenin (3.52-6.69 mg) was used to test its solubilization in solvents, including ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and DMSO plus Tween 80 reconstituted in physiological saline (PS), respectively. Complete solubilization of the compound is determined by observing the color of the solution, the presence of precipitates after centrifugation (2000 x g for 30 s), or allowing the solution to stand for 2 h at room temperature (RT). After obtaining a stable compound/phytochemical solution, the final concentration/amount of the compound required for in vivo studies can be prepared in a solvent-only (no PS) stock solution, and then diluted/mixed with PS as desired. The antidiabetic osteoporotic effects of naringenin in mice (intraperitoneal administration at 20 mg/kg b.w., 2 mg/mL) were assessed by measuring blood glucose, bone mass (micro-CT), and bone resorption rate (TRAP staining and ELISA). Researchers looking for detailed organic/phytochemical solution preparations will benefit from this technique.

Introduction

With increasing studies concerning the use of phytochemical compounds for drug screening, approaches to prepare phytochemical solutions to evaluate their optimal effects are worth giving attention to. Many aspects such as the dissolution methodology, dosage, and concentration are to be considered when preparing the compound1.

Solvent-based dissolution is widely used for organic compound preparation1. The commonly used solvents include water, oil, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, ethanol, formic acid, Tween, glycerin, etc2. Although a suspension with undissolved....

Protocol

The investigations described conformed to the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Research Council and were approved by the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Animal Care and Use Committee. When performing the experiments, lab coats, disposable nitrile gloves, and goggles are required for safety purposes.

1. Preparation of solvents and estimation of naringenin required for in vivo application

  1. Prepare the following solvents.......

Representative Results

The bodyweight of the high-fat diet-fed and STZ-induced diabetic mice was found to decrease when compared with that of the control groups from 0-8 weeks after STZ treatment. The weight loss of naringenin-treated mice was significant compared to the nontreated mice (STZ group) at week 4. The control and STZ groups were administered with the same volume of PS (Table 1). The blood glucose level in diabetic mice dramatically increased within 1 month after STZ induction. It then automatically decreased to a l.......

Discussion

The preparation of phytochemical solution is the basis for its application in vivo. In this protocol, the preparation of naringenin solution was demonstrated by using different solvents, such as ethanol, DMSO, Tween 80, and 0.9% PS. The solution in completely dissolved status needs to be further monitored by allowing it to remain at room temperature for some extended hours, and then filtered before being used in vivo.

Solvent determination is a critical step in this protocol........

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81973607 and 81573992).

....

Materials

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
1.5 mL  microtubesCorning Science (Wujiang) Co.23218392Holding liquid
Automatic DehydratorLeica Microsystems (Shanghai) Co.LEICA ASP 300SDehydrate samples
Blood glucose test stripsJohnson & Johnson (China) Medical Equipment Co.4130392
CentrifugeMIULABMinute centrifugeCentrifugal solution
DehydratorLeica Microsystems (Shanghai) Trading Co.LEICA  ASP300SDehydration
DMSOSangon Biotech (Shanghai ) Co.,Ltd.E918BA0041Co-Solvent
ELISA assay kitElabscience Biotechnology Co.,LtdMouse COL1(Collagen Type I) ELISA Kit: E-EL-M0325c
Mouse  CTX I ELISA Kit: E-EL-M0366c
Mouse PICP ELISA Kit: E-EL-M0231c
Mouse PINP ELISA Kit: E-EL-M0233c
Ethanol absoluteSinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd10009218Co-Solvent
Ethylene glycol monoethyl etherSangon Biotech (Shanghai ) Co.,Ltd.A501118-0500TRAP staining
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)Sinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd10009617Decalcification
FilterMerck Millpore LTD.Millex-GP, 0.22 µmfilter solution
Glacial acidSinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd10000218TRAP staining
Glucose meterJohnson & Johnson (China) Medical Equipment Co.One Touch Ultra VueSerial number:COJJG8GW
GrinderShanghaijingxin Experimental TechnologyTissuelyser-24
HematoxylinNanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering InstituteD005TRAP staining
Insulin syringeShanghai Kantaray Medical Devices Co.0.33 mm x 13 mm, RW LBIntraperitoneal injection
L-(+) tartaric acidSinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd100220008TRAP staining
MicroscopeOLYMPUSsz61Observation
MicrotomeLeica Microsystems (Shanghai) Trading Co.LEICA RM 2135Section
Mini centrifugeHangzzhou Miu Instruments Co., Ltd. Mini-6KCCentrifuge
Naphthol AS-BI phosphateSIGMA-ALDRICHBCBS3419TRAP staining
NaringeninJiangsu Yongjian Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd102764Solute
Paraffin Embedding stationLeica Microsystems (Shanghai) Co.LEICA  EG 1150 H, LEICA  EG 1150 CEmbed  samples
Pararosaniline baseBBI Life SciencesE112BA0045TRAP staining
Pipetteseppendorf2–20 µL, 100–1000 µL, 20–200 µL  transferre Liquid
Plate readerBioTek Instruments USA, Inc.BioTek CYTATION 3 imaging readerELISA
ResinShanghai Yyang Instrument Co., Ltd.Neutral balsamTRAP staining
saline (0.9 PS)Baxter Healthcare (Shanghai) Co.,LtdA6E1323Solvent
Sodium acetate anhydrousSinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., LtdMerck-1.06268.0250 | 250gTRAP staining
Sodium nitriteSinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd10020018TRAP staining
Tween-80Sangon Biotech (Shanghai ) Co.,Ltd.E819BA0006Emulsifier
Zirconia beadsShanghaijingxin Experimental Technology11079125z 454gGrinding

References

  1. Stoye, D. Solvents. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. , (2000).
  2. Bouchard, D., et al. Optimization of the solvent-based dissolution method to sample volatile organic compound vapors for compound-specific....

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