A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Summary

The protocol presents an experimental psychophysics paradigm to obtain large quantities of similarity judgments, and an accompanying analysis workflow. The paradigm probes context effects and enables modeling of similarity data in terms of Euclidean spaces of at least five dimensions.

Abstract

Similarity judgments are commonly used to study mental representations and their neural correlates. This approach has been used to characterize perceptual spaces in many domains: colors, objects, images, words, and sounds. Ideally, one might want to compare estimates of perceived similarity between all pairs of stimuli, but this is often impractical. For example, if one asks a subject to compare the similarity of two items with the similarity of two other items, the number of comparisons grows with the fourth power of the stimulus set size. An alternative strategy is to ask a subject to rate similarities of isolated pairs, e.g., on a Likert scale. This is much more efficient (the number of ratings grows quadratically with set size rather than quartically), but these ratings tend to be unstable and have limited resolution, and the approach also assumes that there are no context effects.

Here, a novel ranking paradigm for efficient collection of similarity judgments is presented, along with an analysis pipeline (software provided) that tests whether Euclidean distance models account for the data. Typical trials consist of eight stimuli around a central reference stimulus: the subject ranks stimuli in order of their similarity to the reference. By judicious selection of combinations of stimuli used in each trial, the approach has internal controls for consistency and context effects. The approach was validated for stimuli drawn from Euclidean spaces of up to five dimensions.

The approach is illustrated with an experiment measuring similarities among 37 words. Each trial yields the results of 28 pairwise comparisons of the form, "Was A more similar to the reference than B was to the reference?" While directly comparing all pairs of pairs of stimuli would have required 221445 trials, this design enables reconstruction of the perceptual space from 5994 such comparisons obtained from 222 trials.

Introduction

Humans mentally process and represent incoming sensory information to perform a wide range of tasks, such as object recognition, navigation, making inferences about the environment, and many others. Similarity judgments are commonly used to probe these mental representations¹. Understanding the structure of mental representations can provide insight into the organization of conceptual knowledge². It is also possible to gain insight into neural computations, by relating similarity judgments to brain activation patterns³. Additionally, similarity judgments reveal features that are salient in percept....

Protocol

Prior to beginning the experiments, all subjects provide informed consent in accordance with institutional guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. In the case of this study, the protocol was approved by the institutional review board of Weill Cornell Medical College.

1. Installation and set-up

1. Download the code from the GitHub repository, similarities (https://github.com/jvlab/similarities). In the command line, run: git clone https://github.com/jvlab/similarities.git.- If git is not installed, download the code as a zipped folder from the repository.
   NOTE: In the repository are two subd....

Results

Figure 1A shows part of a conditions file generated by the script in step 3.3, for the word experiment. Each row corresponds to a trial. The stimulus in the ref column appears in the center of the display. The column names stim1 to stim8 correspond to eight positions along a circle, running counterclockwise, starting from the position to the right of the central reference. A sample trial from the word experiment is shown in Figure 1B.

Discussion

The protocol outlined here is effective for obtaining and analyzing similarity judgments for stimuli that can be presented visually. The experimental paradigm, the analysis, and possible extensions are discussed first, and later the advantages and disadvantages of the method.

Experimental paradigm: The proposed method is demonstrated using a domain of 37 animal names, and a sample dataset of perceptual judgments is provided so that one can follow the analysis in step 5 and rep.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Computer Workstation	N/A	N/A	OS: Windows/ MacOS 10 or higher/ Linux; 3.1 GHz Dual-Core Intel Core i5 or similar; 8GB or more memory; User permissions for writing and executing files
conda		Version 4.11	OS: Windows/ MacOS 10 or higher/ Linux
Microsoft Excel	Microsoft	Any	To open and shuffle rows and columns in trial conditions files.
PsychoPy	N/A	Version 2021.2	Framework for running psychophysical studies
Python 3	Python Software Foundation	Python Version 3.8	Python3 and associated built-in libraries
Required Python Libraries	N/A	numpy version: 1.17.2 or higher; matplotlib version 3.4.3 or higher; scipy version 1.3.1 or higher; pandas version 0.25.3 or higher; seaborn version 0.9.0 or higher; scikit_learn version 0.23.1 or higher; yaml version 6.0 or higher	numpy, scipy and scikit_learn are computing modules with in-built functions for optimization and vector operations. matplotlib and seaborn are plotting libraries. pandas is used to reading in and edit data from csv files.