Biomolecular Imaging of Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles using Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy

Summary

This article presents the integration of a spectral-focusing module and a dual-output pulse laser, enabling rapid hyperspectral imaging of gold nanoparticles and cancer cells. This work aims to demonstrate the details of multimodal nonlinear optical techniques on a standard laser scanning microscope.

Abstract

Probing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in living systems is essential to reveal the interaction between AuNPs and biological tissues. Moreover, by integrating nonlinear optical signals such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), and transient absorption (TA) into an imaging platform, it can be used to reveal biomolecular contrast of cellular structures and AuNPs in a multimodal manner. This article presents a multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applies it to perform chemically specific imaging of AuNPs in cancer cells. This imaging platform provides a novel approach for developing more efficient functionalized AuNPs and determining whether they are within vasculatures surrounding the tumor, pericellular, or cellular spaces.

Introduction

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown great potential as biocompatible imaging probes, for example, as effective surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates in various biomedical applications. Major applications include fields such as biosensing, bioimaging, surface-enhanced spectroscopies, and photothermal therapy for cancer treatment¹. Furthermore, probing AuNPs in living systems is crucial to assessing and understanding the interaction between AuNPs and biological systems. There are various analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy², laser ablation ....

Protocol

1. Switching on the laser system

1. Switch on the interlock system and select arm laser before starting the system.
2. Turn on the PC with the software to control the dual-output femtosecond laser.
3. Load the software for the dual-output femtosecond laser; this software enables the laser to be powered on and off and directly controls the wavelength of the pump beam.
4. Switch on the laser emission by holding down on the Power icon for a count of 3.
5. Wait until the .......

Discussion

This study has presented the combination of SF-TRU module and ultrafast dual-output laser system demonstrated its applications for multimodal microspectroscopy. With its ability to investigate gold nanoparticles’ (AuNPs’) uptake by cancer cells, the multimodal imaging platform can visualize the cellular responses to hyperthermic cancer treatments when laser beams are absorbed by AuNPs.

Moreover, rapid chemically specific imaging and high spectral resolution are achieved by employin.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
APE SRS Detection Unit	APE (Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH)	APE Lock-in Module	Combined system containing a large area Si photo-diode for detecting the pump beam along with a Lock-In amplifier for detecting the beam modulations
Confocal Scanning Unit	Olympus	FV 3000	Confocal scanning unit used for imaging
CML Latex Beads, 4% w/v, 1.0 µm	Invitrogen	C37483	Polystyrene microspheres
Coverslips	Thorlabs	CG15CH2	22 mm x 22 mm coverslips for seeding cells
FBS	Gibco	10500-064	Foetal Bovine Serum (Heat Inactivated)
Flouview	Olympus	FV31S-SW	Laser scanning microscope control software
Function Generator	BX precision	40543	Used to generate square wave function which is fed to EOM in SF-TRU to produce modulations in the stokes beam
FV3000	Olympus	IX83P2ZF	Other microscope frames can be used.
Gold Nanoparticles	Nanopartz	A11-60	Spherical gold nanoparticles, 60 nm diameter
Input Output Interface	Olympus	FV30 ANALOG	This unit allows voltage readouts from PMT and LockIn to be fed into the confocal scanning software and allows timing pulses to be sent between the olympus microscope and the SF-TRU unit.
InSight X3	Newport	Spectra-Physics	Dual-output femtosecond pulsed laser. Tunable (680–1300 nm) and fixed (1045 nm) laser outputs with the repetition rate of 80 MHz.
Microscope Frame	Olympus	IX83	Inverted microscope
Mouse 4T1 cells	ATCC	CRL-2539	Mouse breast cancer cells
NA 1.2 Water Immersion Objective	Olympus	UPLSAPO60XW/IR	The multiphoton 60x Objective has a 0.28 mm working distance. Other similar objectives can be used.
NA 1.4 Condenser	Nikon	CSC1003	Other condensers with NA higher than the excitation objective can also be used.
PMT	Hamamatsu	R3896	PMT used for detecting anti-stokes photos for CARS micrsocopy
PMT Connector	Hamamatsu	C13654-01-Y002	Connector for PMT
Power Supply	RS	RSPD-3303 C	Programmable power supply which is used for providing the correct voltage to the PMT
RPMI-1640	Gibco	A10491-01	Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 Medium has since been found suitable for a variety of mammalian cells.
SF-TRU	Newport Spectra Physics	SF-TRU	System designed for controlling the time delay and dispersion of the 2 laser outputs and for performing the beam modulations required for SRS