Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
Bioengineering
This article presents the integration of a spectral-focusing module and a dual-output pulse laser, enabling rapid hyperspectral imaging of gold nanoparticles and cancer cells. This work aims to demonstrate the details of multimodal nonlinear optical techniques on a standard laser scanning microscope.
Probing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in living systems is essential to reveal the interaction between AuNPs and biological tissues. Moreover, by integrating nonlinear optical signals such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), and transient absorption (TA) into an imaging platform, it can be used to reveal biomolecular contrast of cellular structures and AuNPs in a multimodal manner. This article presents a multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applies it to perform chemically specific imaging of AuNPs in cancer cells. This imaging platform provides a novel approach for developing more efficient functionalized AuNPs and determining whether they are within vasculatures surrounding the tumor, pericellular, or cellular spaces.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown great potential as biocompatible imaging probes, for example, as effective surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates in various biomedical applications. Major applications include fields such as biosensing, bioimaging, surface-enhanced spectroscopies, and photothermal therapy for cancer treatment1. Furthermore, probing AuNPs in living systems is crucial to assessing and understanding the interaction between AuNPs and biological systems. There are various analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy2, laser ablation ....
1. Switching on the laser system
The Spectral Focusing Timing and Recombination Unit (SF-TRU) module is introduced between the dual-output femtosecond laser and the modified laser scanning microscope. The tunable ultrafast laser system used in this study has two output ports delivering one beam at a fixed 1,045 nm wavelength and the other beam tunable in the range of 680–1,300 nm. A detailed schematic of the SF-TRU module and multimodal imaging platform is depicted in Figure 1. The SF-TRU is employed to chirp two femt.......
This study has presented the combination of SF-TRU module and ultrafast dual-output laser system demonstrated its applications for multimodal microspectroscopy. With its ability to investigate gold nanoparticles’ (AuNPs’) uptake by cancer cells, the multimodal imaging platform can visualize the cellular responses to hyperthermic cancer treatments when laser beams are absorbed by AuNPs.
Moreover, rapid chemically specific imaging and high spectral resolution are achieved by employin.......
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
APE SRS Detection Unit | APE (Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH) | APE Lock-in Module | Combined system containing a large area Si photo-diode for detecting the pump beam along with a Lock-In amplifier for detecting the beam modulations |
Confocal Scanning Unit | Olympus | FV 3000 | Confocal scanning unit used for imaging |
CML Latex Beads, 4% w/v, 1.0 µm | Invitrogen | C37483 | Polystyrene microspheres |
Coverslips | Thorlabs | CG15CH2 | 22 mm x 22 mm coverslips for seeding cells |
FBS | Gibco | 10500-064 | Foetal Bovine Serum (Heat Inactivated) |
Flouview | Olympus | FV31S-SW | Laser scanning microscope control software |
Function Generator | BX precision | 40543 | Used to generate square wave function which is fed to EOM in SF-TRU to produce modulations in the stokes beam |
FV3000 | Olympus | IX83P2ZF | Other microscope frames can be used. |
Gold Nanoparticles | Nanopartz | A11-60 | Spherical gold nanoparticles, 60 nm diameter |
Input Output Interface | Olympus | FV30 ANALOG | This unit allows voltage readouts from PMT and LockIn to be fed into the confocal scanning software and allows timing pulses to be sent between the olympus microscope and the SF-TRU unit. |
InSight X3 | Newport | Spectra-Physics | Dual-output femtosecond pulsed laser. Tunable (680–1300 nm) and fixed (1045 nm) laser outputs with the repetition rate of 80 MHz. |
Microscope Frame | Olympus | IX83 | Inverted microscope |
Mouse 4T1 cells | ATCC | CRL-2539 | Mouse breast cancer cells |
NA 1.2 Water Immersion Objective | Olympus | UPLSAPO60XW/IR | The multiphoton 60x Objective has a 0.28 mm working distance. Other similar objectives can be used. |
NA 1.4 Condenser | Nikon | CSC1003 | Other condensers with NA higher than the excitation objective can also be used. |
PMT | Hamamatsu | R3896 | PMT used for detecting anti-stokes photos for CARS micrsocopy |
PMT Connector | Hamamatsu | C13654-01-Y002 | Connector for PMT |
Power Supply | RS | RSPD-3303 C | Programmable power supply which is used for providing the correct voltage to the PMT |
RPMI-1640 | Gibco | A10491-01 | Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 Medium has since been found suitable for a variety of mammalian cells. |
SF-TRU | Newport Spectra Physics | SF-TRU | System designed for controlling the time delay and dispersion of the 2 laser outputs and for performing the beam modulations required for SRS |
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