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Isolation of Quiescent Stem Cell Populations from Individual Skeletal Muscles
* These authors contributed equally
In This Article
Summary
This protocol describes the isolation of muscle stem cells and fibro-adipogenic progenitors from individual skeletal muscles in mice. The protocol involves single muscle dissection, stem cell isolation by fluorescence activated cell sorting, purity assessment by immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative measurement of S-phase entry by 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine incorporation assay.
Abstract
Skeletal muscle harbors distinct populations of adult stem cells that contribute to the homeostasis and repair of the tissue. Skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) have the ability to make new muscle, whereas fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) contribute to stromal supporting tissues and have the ability to make fibroblasts and adipocytes. Both MuSCs and FAPs reside in a state of prolonged reversible cell cycle exit, called quiescence. The quiescent state is key to their function. Quiescent stem cells are commonly purified from multiple muscle tissues pooled together in a single sample. However, recent studies have revealed distinct differences in the molecular profiles and quiescence depth of MuSCs isolated from different muscles. The present protocol describes the isolation and study of MuSCs and FAPs from individual skeletal muscles and presents strategies to perform molecular analysis of stem cell activation. It details how to isolate and digest muscles of different developmental origin, thicknesses, and functions, such as the diaphragm, triceps, gracilis, tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GA), soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and the masseter muscles. MuSCs and FAPs are purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay.
Introduction
Skeletal muscle has a high capacity for regeneration due to the presence of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). MuSCs are located on the myofibers, underneath the basal lamina, and reside in a quiescent state of prolonged, reversible cell cycle exit1,2,3,4. Upon injury, MuSCs activate and enter the cell cycle to give rise to amplifying progenitors that can differentiate and fuse to form new myofibers2,5. Previous work has showed that MuSCs are absolutely essential for muscle regeneration
Protocol
The present protocol was performed in accordance with animal care guidelines at Aarhus University and local ethics regulations.
NOTE: Make sure to comply with the regulations of the local ethical committee for animal experimentation and handling of post-mortem rodent samples. Mice are a potential source of allergens; if available, turn on exhaust ventilation and place it over the workspace to avoid excessive exposure to allergens. Alternatively, wear a face mask if the experiment is carried ou.......
Representative Results
Following the protocol for individual skeletal muscle isolation (Figure 2), the gracilis, TA, EDL, GA, soleus, triceps, masseter, and diaphragm muscles were isolated from three Swiss male outbred mice that had been discontinued from a local breeding program (Figure 2). Following tissue dissociation and antibody staining, MuSCs and FAPs from the individual muscles were purified by FACS (Figure 3). The initial gating was obtained with.......
Discussion
Several steps are key in the execution of this protocol to achieve good yields. The individual muscles have a small volume compared to the amount of muscle used in bulk isolation protocols. This results in a risk of the muscle drying out during the dissection, which reduces yield. To prevent this, it is important to add medium to the muscles immediately after dissection. In addition, if dissection is taking longer, the skin can be removed from one limb at a time to reduce the time of exposure of the muscles to air. The s.......
Acknowledgements
Cell sorting was performed at the FACS Core Facility, Aarhus University, Denmark. Figures were created using Biorender.com. We thank Dr. J. Farup for sharing the rabbit anti-PDGFRa antibody. This work was supported by an AUFF Starting Grant to E.P. and Start Package grants from NovoNordiskFonden to E.P. (0071113) and to A.D.M. (0071116).
....Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 1.5 mL tube( PCR performance tested, PP, 30,000 xg, DNA/DNase-/RNase-free, Low DNA binding, Sterile ) | Sarstedt AG & Co. KG, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 72.706.700 | 1.5 mL tube |
| 15 mL tube (PP/HD-PE, 20,000 xg, IVD/CE, IATA, DNA/DNase-/RNase-free, Non-cytotoxic, pyrogen free, Sterile) | Sarstedt AG & Co. KG, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 62.554.502 | 15 mL tube |
| 5 mL polystyrene round-bottom tube | Falcon, Fisher Scientific | 352054 | FACS tube without strainer cap |
| 5 mL polystyrene Round-bottom tube with cell-strainer cap | Falcon, Fisher Scientific | 352235 | FACS tube with strainer cap |
| 5 mL tube (PP, non sterile autoclavable) | VWR collection | 525.0946 | 5 mL tube |
| 50 mL tube( PP/HD-PE, 20,000 xg, IVD/CE, ADR, DNA/DNase-/RNase-free, non-cytotoxic, pyrogen free, Sterile) | Sarstedt AG & Co. KG, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 62.547.254 | 50 mL tube |
| Alexa Fluor 555 Donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) | Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher | Lot: 2387458 (Cat # A31572) | |
| Alexa Fluor 647 donkey-anti mouse IgG (H+L) | Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher | Lot: 2420713 (Cat#A31571) | |
| ARIA 3 | BD | FACS, Core facility Aarhus University | |
| Centrifuge 5810 | eppendorf | EP022628188 | Centrifuge |
| Click-iT EdU Cell Proliferation Kit for Imaging, Alexa Fluor 488 dye | Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher | Lot: 2387287 (Cat# C10337) | Cell Proliferation Kit |
| Collagen from calf-skin | Bioreagent, Sigma Aldrich | Source: SLCK6209 (Cat# C8919) | |
| Collagenase type II | Worthington, Fisher Scientific | Lot: 40H20248 (cat# L5004177 ) | Collagenase |
| Dispase | Gibco, Fisher Scientific | Lot: 2309415 (cat# 17105-041 ) | Dispase |
| Donkey serum (non-sterile) | Sigma Aldrich, Merck | Lot: 2826455 (Cat# S30-100mL) | |
| Dumont nr. 5, 110 mm | Dumont, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 1606.327 | Straight forceps with fine tips |
| Dumont nr. 7, 115 mm | Dumont, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 1606.335 | Curved forceps |
| F-10 Nutrient mixture (Ham) (1x), +L-glutamine | Gibco, Fisher Scientific | Lot. 2453614 (cat# 31550-023) | |
| FITC anti-mouse CD31 | BioLegend, NordicBioSite | MEC13.3 (Cat # 102506) | |
| FITC Anti-mouse CD45 | BioLegend, NordicBioSite | 30-F11 (Cat# 103108) | |
| Glacial acetic acid (100%) | EMSURE, Merck | K44104563 9Cat # 1000631000) | |
| Head over head mini-tube rotator | Fisher Scientific | 15534080 (Model no. 88861052) | Head over head mini-tube rotator |
| Horse serum | Gibco, Fisher Scientific | Lot. 2482639 (cat# 10368902 ) | |
| Isotemp SWB 15 | FisherBrand, Fisher Scientific | 15325887 | Shaking water bath |
| MS2 mini-shaker | IKA | Vortex unit | |
| Needle 20 G (0.9 mm x 25 mm) | BD microlance, Fisher Scientific | 304827 | 20G needle |
| Neutral formalin buffer 10% | CellPath, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | Lot: 03822014 (Cat # HOU/1000.1002) | |
| Non-pyrogenic cell strainer (40 µM) | Sarstedt AG & Co. KG, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 83.3945.040 | Cell strainer |
| Pacific Blue anti-mouse Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) | BioLegend, NordicBioSite | D7 (Cat# 108120) | |
| Pax7 primary antibody | DSHB | Lot: 2/3/22-282ug/mL (Cat# AB 528428) | |
| PBS 10x powder concentrate | Fisher BioReagents, Fisher Scientific | BP665-1 | |
| PE/Cy7 anti-mouse CD106 (VCAM1) | BioLegend, NordicBioSite | 429 (MVCAM.A) (Cat # 105720) | |
| Pen/strep | Gibco, Fisher Scientific | Lot. 163589 (cat# 11548876 ) | |
| Pipette tips p10 | Art tips, self sealing barrier, Thermo Scientific | 2140-05 | Low retention, pre-sterilized, filter tips |
| Pipette tips p1000 | Art tips, self sealing barrier, Thermo Scientific | 2279-05 | Low retention, pre-sterilized, filter tips |
| Pipette tips p20 | Art tips, self sealing barrier, Thermo Scientific | 2149P-05 | Low retention, pre-sterilized, filter tips |
| Pipette tips p200 | Art tips, self sealing barrier, Thermo Scientific | 2069-05 | Low retention, pre-sterilized, filter tips |
| Protective underpad | Abena | ACTC-7712 | 60 x 40cm, 8 layers |
| Rainin, pipet-lite XLS | Mettler Toledo, Thermo Scientific | 2140-05, 2149P-05, 2279-05, 2069-05 | Pipettes (P10, P20, P200, P1000) |
| Recombinant anti-PDGFR-alpha | RabMAb, abcam | AB134123 | |
| Scalpel (shaft no. 3) | Hounisen, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 1902.502 | Scalpel |
| Scalpel blade no. 11 | Heinz Herenz, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 1902.0911 | Scalpel |
| Scanlaf mars | Labogene | class 2 cabinet: Mars | Flow bench |
| ScanR | Olympus | Microscope, Core facility Aarhus University | |
| Scissors | FST | 14568-09 | |
| Series 8000 DH | Thermo Scientific | 3540-MAR | Incubator |
| Serological pipette 10 mL | VWR | 612-3700 | Sterile, non-pyrogenic |
| Serological pipette 5 mL | VWR, Avantor delivered by VWR | 612-3702 | Sterile, non-pyrogenic |
| Syringe 5 mL, Luer tip (6%), sterile | BD Emerald, Fisher Scientific | 307731 | Syringe |
| TC Dish 100, standard | Sarstedt AG & Co. KG, Hounisen Laboratorieudstyr A/S | 83.3902 | Petri dish |
| Tissue Culture (TC)-treated surface, black polystyrene, flat bottom, sterile, lid, pack of 20 | Corning, Sigma Aldrich | 3764 | 96-well Half bottom plate |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma Aldrich, Merck | Source: SLCJ6163 (Cat # T8787) |
References
- Mauro, A. Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 9 (2), 493-495 (1961).
- Relaix, F., et al. Perspectives on skeletal muscle stem cells. Nature Communications. 12 (1), ....
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