Portable Paper-Based Immunoassay Combined with Smartphone Application for Colorimetric and Quantitative Detection of Dengue NS1 Antigen

Summary

Addressing urgent dengue diagnostic needs, here we introduce a smartphone app-integrated Dengue NS1 Paper-based Analytical Device (DEN-NS1-PAD) for quantifying Dengue NS1 antigen concentration in clinical serum/blood samples. This innovation enhances dengue management by aiding clinical decision-making in various healthcare settings, even resource-limited ones.

Abstract

Dengue virus (DENV) infection, which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical countries. With an annual incidence of approximately 10 million cases and 20,000-25,000 deaths, particularly among children, there is an urgent need for practical diagnostic tools. The presence of dengue non-structural protein 1 (NS1) during early infection has been linked to cytokine release, vascular leakage, and endothelial dysfunction, making it a potential marker for severe dengue.

Paper-based immunoassays such as lateral flow assays (LFAs) and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have gained popularity as diagnostic tests due to their simplicity, rapidity, inexpensiveness, specificity, and ease of interpretation. However, conventional paper-based immunoassays for dengue NS1 detection typically rely on visual inspection, yielding only qualitative results. To address this limitation and enhance sensitivity, we proposed a highly portable NS1 dengue detection assay on a Paper-based Analytical Device (PAD), namely, DEN-NS1-PAD, that integrates a smartphone application as a colorimetric and quantitative reader. The development system enables direct quantification of NS1 concentrations in clinical samples.

Serum and blood samples obtained from patients were utilized to demonstrate the system prototype performance. The results were obtained immediately and can be employed for clinical assessment, both in well-equipped healthcare facilities and resource-limited settings. This innovative combination of a paper-based immunoassay with a smartphone application offers a promising approach for enhanced detection and quantification of dengue NS1 antigen. By augmenting sensitivity beyond the capabilities of the naked eye, this system holds great potential for improving clinical decision-making in dengue management, particularly in remote or underserved areas.

Introduction

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the fastest-spreading mosquito-borne disease¹, and more than 390 million people are infected with 96 million symptomatic infections, 2 million cases of severe disease, and more than 25,000 deaths per year occur in the world^1,2. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 3.9 billion people are at risk for dengue; ~70% live in Asia Pacific countries and mainly in Southeast Asia³. In 2019, the number of dengue cases reported to WHO was 4.2 million, and Thailand contributed at least 136,000 dengue cases and 144 dea....

Protocol

The Ethics Committee of the Institutional Review Board, Royal Thai Army Medical Department, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (IRBRTA 1218/2562) granted approval. In carrying out this study, we complied with all necessary ethical regulations.

1. Device fabrication of the paper-based Immunoassay

NOTE: The paper-based immunoassay device was fabricated following previously established methods^36,

Discussion

One of the important design parameters for a smartphone-based reader system is the ability to provide reproducible imaging processing of samples. In this study, for simplicity and convenience, the images were captured from three different smartphone brands with 12-13 MP cameras without using an imaging box or accessories. Variable conditions of image capturing, such as the resolution of the camera, image capturing time, lighting conditions, and environment, can influence the color intensity of the test and control spots .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Materials
0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2)
BBS containing 0.1% Tween 20, 10% sucrose, and 1% casein			the conjugate area treatment and blocking buffer
Borate buffered saline (BBS) (25 mM sodium borate and 150 mM sodium chloride at pH 8.2) supplemented with 1% BSA			the washing buffer during the conjugation process AuNPs with the antibody
Boric acid	Merck	10043-35-3
Bovine serum albumin fraction V (BSA)	PAA Lab GmbH (Germany)	K41-001
Casein	Merck	9005-46-3
Chromatography paper Grade 2	GE Healthcare	3002-911
Clear laminate film	3M (Stationery shops)
Disodium hydrogen phosphate	Merck	7558-79-4
Double tape side	Stationery shops
Goat anti-mouse IgG antibody	MyBiosource (USA)	MBS435013
Gold nanoparticles (40 nm)	Serve Science Co., Ltd. (Thailand)
Human IgG polyclonal antibody	Merck	AG711-M
Mouse dengue NS1 monoclonal antibody	MyBiosource (USA)	MBS834415
Mouse dengue NS1 monoclonal antibody	MyBiosource (USA)	MBS834236
NS1 serotype 2 antigens	MyBiosource (USA)	MBS 568697
PBS 1X containing 0.1% Tween 20 was used as t			elution buffer
Plastic backing card 10x30 cm	Pacific Biotech Co., Ltd. (Thailand)
Poly-L-lysine (PLL)	Sigma Aldrich	P4832
Potassium Chloride	Merck	104936
Potassium monophosphate	Merck	104877
Sodium Chloride	Merck	7647-14-5
Sodium tetraborate	Sigma Aldrich	1303-96-4
Sucrose	Merck	57-50-1
Tween 20	Sigma Aldrich	9005-64-5
Instruments
CytationTM 5 multimode reader	BioTek
Mobile phones	Huawei Y7, iPhone 11, Samsung a20
Photo scanner	Epson Perfection V30
Oven	Memmert
Wax printer	Xerox ColorQube 8880-PS
Software
Could AutoML Vision Object Detection documentation	Google Cloud
ImageJ	National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Inkscape 0.91 Software