We are also thankful to the healthcare professionals and staff members at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University for their support and cooperation throughout the research process.

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, China, and all research protocols were formulated in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent to participate in this study. The study recruited 24 patients with upper limb hemiplegia who were admitted to the rehabilitation ward of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from January 2023 to June 2023. Inclusion criteria were: first ische...

Integrated Robotic and Conventional Therapy for Post-Stroke Upper Limb Recovery

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Building upon previous research20, this study adopts an integrated approach by combining robotic training for upper limb rehabilitation with conventional therapeutic methods for post-stroke recovery. The current findings suggest that this integration substantially enhances upper limb motor function and improves the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), surpassing the outcomes achieved with traditional rehabilitation techniques alone.
This investigation e...

Stroke, identified as an acute neurological event caused by the blockage or rupture of cerebral vessels, interrupts brain circulation1, ranking as the second leading cause of death and a major contributor to long-term disability worldwide. On the initial day following a stroke, up to 80% of survivors experience upper limb dysfunction, with 30%-66% still facing challenges six months later2. After one year, those with upper limb impairments report heightened anxiety, diminished quality of life, and reduced happiness3. Moreover, by 16 months post-stroke, only about 60% of hemiplegic individuals requiring hospital rehabilitation attain functional independence in basic daily activities, with those suffering from sensory, motor, and visual impairments being significantly more reliant on caregiver support4. Additionally, upper limb dysfunction impedes hand utility, particularly noted by increased muscle tension among weakened flexors and extensors during physical tasks5.
Despite various rehabilitation efforts, effectively addressing upper limb injuries in stroke survivors presents a formidable challenge6. High-intensity, repetitive task training has shown optimal outcomes but demands considerable therapist involvement, leading to high costs and logistical burdens7. Therefore, low-cost interventions are needed that do not increase therapists' workload while increasing patient interest in training. The upper limb rehabilitation robot can serve as an alternative treatment to promote high-intensity exercise and reduce dependence on therapists1. It is a newly developed upper limb intelligent feedback rehabilitation robot system (see Table of Materials). The device can output objective metrics (such as speed, torque, range of motion, position, etc.) to assess and monitor patients' improvements and customize treatment according to varying degrees of motor impairment. It has high consistency and reproducibility for widespread use. Additionally, strong evidence supports high-intensity, high-repetitiveness, and task-oriented training in facilitating post-stroke motor recovery8.
On the other hand, rehabilitation robots are a relatively novel assistive treatment approach with advantages like high safety and durability9. The American Stroke Association recently released guidelines reporting that robot-assisted motor training can help patients improve post-stroke motor function and mobility in addition to conventional therapy10. A 2018 article in the Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine reported that combining robot-assisted training with conventional rehabilitation can significantly improve upper limb motor function in stroke patients, warranting clinical promotion11. The system includes four training modes: constant speed training, power-assisted training, active training, and resistance training, and can conduct assessments of joint range of motion. A review of robot-assisted rehabilitation for subacute stroke patients indicated that robotic interventions significantly improved upper extremity functions, particularly in shoulder, elbow, and forearm performance, as assessed by the Functional Independence Measure and Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale. These interventions also enhanced daily living activities, improving the quality of life10.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an intelligent feedback rehabilitation robot in rehabilitating upper limb motor functions in patients with early post-stroke hemiplegia, providing a scientific basis for rehabilitation strategies for stroke patients with hemiplegia.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot[Fourier M2]</td>
			<td>Shanghai Fourier Intelligence, China</td>
			<td>ArmMotus M2</td>
			<td>The upper limb intelligent force feedback motion control training system [M2] is a new generation of upper limb intelligent force feedback rehabilitation robot training system independently developed by Shanghai Fourier Intelligence. Based on core technologies such as force feedback, this training system can sense the patient&#39;s force and whether there is any spasticity when the patient completes the predetermined action, and then change the power assist or resistance of the device itself, so as to improve the upper limb motor dysfunction. Through goal-oriented training, M2 endows games with training, increases the enthusiasm of patients, and more effectively exercises the gross motor function and cognitive function of patients&#39; upper limbs.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAS software</td>
			<td>SAS Institute</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.sas.com/en_in/home.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS software</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td>version 26</td>
			<td>https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enhancing upper limb function and motor skills post-stroke through an upper limb rehabilitation robot

Cerebrovascular accidents, commonly known as strokes, represent a prevalent neurological event leading to significant upper limb disabilities, thereby profoundly affecting individuals' activities of daily living and diminishing their quality of life. Traditional rehabilitation methods for upper limb recovery post-stroke are often hindered by limitations, including therapist and patient fatigue, reliance on singular training methodologies, and lack of sustained motivation. Addressing these challenges, this study introduces an upper limb rehabilitation robot, which uses intelligent feedback motion control to improve therapeutic outcomes. The system is distinguished by its capability to adjust the direction and magnitude of force feedback dynamically, based on the detection of spastic movements during exercises, thereby offering a tailored therapeutic experience. This system is equipped with four distinct training modes, intelligent assessment of joint range of motion, and the ability to personalize training programs. Moreover, it provides an immersive interactive gaming experience coupled with comprehensive safety measures. This multifaceted approach not only elevates the engagement and interest of participants beyond traditional rehabilitation protocols but also demonstrates significant improvements in upper limb functionality and the activities of daily living among hemiplegic patients. The system exemplifies an advanced tool in upper limb rehabilitation, offering a synergistic blend of precision, personalization, and interactive engagement, thereby broadening the therapeutic options available to stroke survivors.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes

Enhancing Upper Limb Function and Motor Skills Post-Stroke Through an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot

This research focuses on enhancing post-stroke upper limb rehabilitations using robotic technologies, aiming to improve motor recovery and functional outcomes. Our protocol offers real-time adaptation and personalized feedback, leading to more effective and engaging rehabilitation. Our future research will focus on improving robots therapy and combining it with virtual reality and AI to enhance rehabilitations outcomes.

A total of 24 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group (Table 1). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for sex, age, disease duration, or stroke type (P &#62; 0.05). After 8 weeks of upper limb training, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE)12 was used to evaluate upper limb motor function, while the Brunnstrom Recovery Stage for Arm (BRS-Arm)16 and...

This protocol describes an upper limb rehabilitation robot that provides intelligent feedback through four modes. These modes enhance upper limb function and flexibility, thereby improving patients' quality of life.

Cerebrovascular accidents, commonly known as strokes, represent a prevalent neurological event leading to significant upper limb disabilities, thereby ...

enhancing-upper-limb-function-motor-skills-post-stroke-through-an