Bu çalışma MH084494 (CJL) ve MH079276 ve NS060658 (CAP) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Dilim Hazırlık <ol><li> Titreşen bir mikrotom kullanarak beyin dilim kesin. University of Texas at San Antonio Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu uygun bir titreşimli mikrotom (Microm HM 650V) kullanarak bir izofluran anethetized Sprague-Dawley sıçan (Charles River Laboratuvarları) 240 mm yatay orta beyin dilimleri hazırladı. </li><li> Kaydetmek için hazır olana kadar bir kuluçka odasında dilim tutun. (ACSF; mM) 32 ° C&#39;ye kadar ısıtılır ve yapay beyin omurilik sıvısı ile dolu bir inkübasyon kabı kullanın: 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH 2 PO 4, 4 MgCl 2, 2, CaCl 2, 10 dekstroz, 25 NaHCO 3 , 1.3 askorbik asit, 2.4 sodyum piruvat ve 0.05 glutatyon. </li></ol> 2. Elektrofizyolojik Kayıt <ol><li> 35 bir yapay beyin omurilik sıvısı (aCSF) ° C perfüze olduğu hücre içi kayıt donatmak için dilim aktarın. Biz bu 2mm MgCl 2 ve glutatyon atlandı hariç, 1.2 &#39;de aynı aCSF kullanabilirsiniz . Yatay hazırlanan dilim için, genellikle orta hat boyunca dilim iki eşit parçaya böler. </li><li> Hedef nöron gözünüzde canlandırın. Biz bir degrade kontrast görüntüleme sistemi ile bireysel substantia nigra dopaminerjik nöronların görüntülendi. </li><li> Elektronik bir elektrot çektirmenin kullanarak bir elektrot çekin. Biz 4-10 M P97 Mikropipet çektirmesi (Sutter Instrument Company) kullanarak bir ucu direnci ile elektrotlar çekin. </li><li> İstenen iç çözümü ile bir elektrot doldurun. 138 K-glukonat, 10 Hepes, 2 MgCl 2, 0.2 EGTA, 0.0001 CaCl 2, 4, Na-ATP, 0.4 Na-GTP: Biz içeren bir çözüm (mM) kullanın. Iç çözüm 1M KOH ve 270-275 mOsms bir ozmolarite 7.3 pH ayarlandı. </li><li> Istenilen nöron üzerine gigaohm mühür olun. Rüptürü ile mühür emme. Bu, bir bütün hücre kayıt teşkil eder. Multiclamp 700B amplifikatör yapılandırma kullanılmıştır. Amplifikatör sonra &#39;I = 0&#39; kelepçe modunda konulmalıdır. </li></ol> 3. Dinamik Kelepçe İletkenlik Uygulama <ol><li> RTXI (www.rtxi.org) dinamik kelepçe bilgisayarda idam edildi. NMDA reseptör içeren özel bir yazılı modeli belleğe yüklenir. Gerçek zamanlı olarak hücre içine enjekte edilecek akım aşağıdaki denklemle hesaplanır: Ben NMDA =-g NMDA * [1 / (1 ​​+ (Mg / 3,57) * e (-V m * 0.062))] * (V m - E NMDA) g NMDA istenilen iletkenlik (NS; varsayılan) 0 nS, [Mg] E NMDA, NMDA reseptör (0 mV) ters potansiyel magnezyum konsantrasyonu (aşağıdaki örnekte 1.5 mM), ve V m membran potansiyeli amplifikatör (milivolt) ölçülen hücre. </li><li> Dinamik kelepçe bilgisayardan çıkış, analog-dijital dönüştürücü ile amplifikatör Komutanlığı girişine bağlanmış oldu. </li><li> Amplifikatör, &#39;BM&#39; kelepçe modunda yerleştirildi. </li><li> İstediğiniz NMDA reseptör iletkenlik RTXI (örneğin 40nS) içine girin. Aksiyon potansiyelleri fazik patlaması göreceksiniz. Alternatif olarak, analog bir çıkış (Şekil 1A, &#39;g (t)&#39;) ile bir iletkenlik RTXI için verilebilir. Volt Siemens sinyal dönüştürmek için uygun bir ölçekleme faktörü RTXI içinde kullanılması gerekir. </li></ol> 4. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Şekil 1A, iletkenlik, dinamik kelepçe kullanarak bir uygulama için başarılı bir kurulum gösterilmiştir. Bu kurulum kullanarak, substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminerjik nöron bir bütün hücre somatik kayıt yaptı. Dopaminerjik hücreler tipik olarak bir kalp pili gibi deseni ile düşük fiyatla kendiliğinden ateş. Aksiyon potansiyelleri bir patlama dinamik kelepçe (Şekil 1B) ile NMDA reseptör iletkenlik fazik uygulama tarafından uyarılmış olabilir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2275/2275fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1: Uygulama, dinamik klemp tekniği kullanarak bir NMDA reseptör iletkenlik . A. Donanım ayarları, hücre içi kayıt teçhizat ve dinamik kelepçe bilgisayar arasındaki bağlantıları gösteren. Aksiyon potansiyelleri B. patlama substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminerjik nöron bir bütün hücre kayıt 40nS NMDA reseptör iletkenlik uygulama tarafından uyarılmış.

<ol>
	<li>Robinson, H. P., Kawai, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injection+of+digitally+synthesized+synaptic+conductance+transients+to+measure+the+integrative+properties+of+neurons.">Injection of digitally synthesized synaptic conductance transients to measure the integrative properties of neurons.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 49, 157-165 (1993).</li><li>Sharp, A. A., O'Neil, M. B., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+clamp:+artificial+conductances+in+biological+neurons.">The dynamic clamp: artificial conductances in biological neurons.</a> Trends Neurosci. 16, 389-394 (1993).</li><li>Sharp, A. A., O'Neil, M. B., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+clamp:+computer-generated+conductances+in+real+neurons.">Dynamic clamp: computer-generated conductances in real neurons.</a> J Neurophysiol. 69, 992-995 (1993).</li><li>Prinz, A. A., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+clamp+comes+of+age.">The dynamic clamp comes of age.</a> Trends Neurosci. 27, 218-224 (2004).</li><li>Deister, C. A., Teagarden, M. A., Wilson, C. J., Paladini, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+intrinsic+neuronal+oscillator+underlies+dopaminergic+neuron+bursting.">An intrinsic neuronal oscillator underlies dopaminergic neuron bursting.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 15888-15897 (2009).</li><li>Lobb, C. J., Wilson, C. J., Paladini, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dynamic+role+for+GABA+receptors+on+the+firing+pattern+of+midbrain+dopaminergic+neurons.">A dynamic role for GABA receptors on the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.</a> J Neurophysiol. 104, 403-413 (2010).</li></ol>

Burada gösterilen dinamik klemp tekniği deneyci bir reseptör aktivasyonu elektrik etkilerini taklit etmek için izin vererek, geleneksel akım enjeksiyon tekniği üzerine geliştirir. Bu video, dopaminerjik nöron spontan aktivite için bir NMDA reseptör aktivasyonu, uyarılmış yani aksiyon potansiyelleri bir patlama efektleri ekleyebilirsiniz göstermiştir. Donanım / yazılım uygulama esnekliği nedeniyle, çeşitli uzantıları kullanılabilir. Enjekte edilen akım işareti, bir nöron aktif reseptör etkileri kaldırılır bir senaryo temsil, pozitif negatif geçirilebilir. Diferansiyel denklemler şeklinde bir dizi temsil Model nöronlar, aynı zamanda sayısal olarak çözüldü ve deneyci küçük ağlar araştırmak için izin olabilir.

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<tr>
<td>K-gluconate anhydrous</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEPES</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>CaCl2 X 2H2O</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(B-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&#x2019;,N&#x2019;-tetraacetic acid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EGTA; Sigma-Aldrich</td>
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<td>MgATP</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
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<td>NaGTP</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgCl2</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>NaHCO3</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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<td>NaH2PO4, Anhydrous</td>
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<td>Acros Organics</td>
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<td>NaCl</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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<td>CholCl</td>
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<td>Glutathione</td>
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<td>Olympus BX51WI Microscope (with 40x objective)</td>
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<td>2 A/D converters</td>
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<td>e.g. Heka Instruments Inc. ITC-18, National Instruments BNC-2090A</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Multiclamp 700B with CV-7B headstage</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Molecular Devices</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument Company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Microfil syringe needles</td>
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<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
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<td>Micromanipulator</td>
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<td>Siskiyou, Inc.</td>
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<td>Monitor</td>
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<td>Triview</td>
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application of a nmda receptor conductance in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons using the dynamic clamp technique

Nörobilimadamları beyin iletişim nöronların nasıl araştıran beyin fonksiyonu çalışma. Birçok araştırmacı, deneysel-kontrollü giriş yanıt olarak bir veya daha fazla nöronların elektriksel aktivite değişiklikleri bekliyoruz. Nöronların elektriksel aktivite cam mikropipetler yama klemp teknikleri kullanılarak izole beyin dilimleri kaydedilebilir. Geleneksel olarak, deneyciler kaydedilen hücre nöronal membran üzerinde bulunan alıcılar tarafından dilim, ya da farmakolojik manipülasyon diğer hücreleri veya aksonal bağlantıları kalan pipet, elektrik stimülasyonu ile akım direkt enjeksiyon nöronal giriş taklit edebilir. Doğru akım enjeksiyon kayıt yerinde (genellikle soma) yüksek temporal hassas önceden belirlenmiş bir akım dalga geçme avantajı vardır. Ancak, fiziksel olarak hiçbir iyon kanalları açılır gibi nöronal membran direnci değişmez. Şu enjeksiyon genellikle dikdörtgen darbeler istihdam ve böylece iyon kanallarının kinetik modeli değildir. Son olarak, mevcut enjeksiyon iyon kanallarının açılması ile oluşan hücre içindeki kimyasal değişimler taklit edilemez. Reseptörler fiziksel, elektriksel veya farmakolojik stimülasyon ile aktif hale getirilebilir. Deneyci dilim elektrik stimülasyonu ile reseptör aktivasyonu iyi temporal hassasiyete sahiptir. Reseptör aktivasyonu ve stimülasyon üzerine aktive ne olduğunu tam bir doğa Ancak, sınırlı uzaysal hassas bilinmemektedir. Bu ikinci sorun, belirli farmakolojik ajanları tarafından kısmen kontrol altına alınabilir. Ne yazık ki, farmakolojik ajanların aktivasyon zaman ders tipik olarak yavaş ve kaydedilen hücre üzerine girişleri mekansal hassasiyet bilinmemektedir. Inceleme için, bkz. Prinz et; dinamik klemp tekniği bir deneyci hücre membran potansiyeli (Robinson ve Kawai 1993, Sharp ve ark, 1993a, b gerçek zamanlı geri bildirim dayalı doğrudan hücre içine geçen akımı değiştirmek için izin verir. diğerleri, 2004). Bu bir deneyci bir reseptör aktivasyonuna yanıt olarak kayıt yerinde meydana gelen elektriksel değişimleri taklit etmek için izin verir. Gerçek zamanlı değişiklikleri uygulanan mevcut donanım uygulanan matematiksel bir denklem tarafından belirlenir. Biz son zamanlarda, substantia nigra pars compacta (; Lobb ve ark, 2010. Deister ve ark, 2009) dopaminerjik nöronlarda NMDA reseptörlerinin fazik aktivasyonu nesil aksiyon potansiyelleri patlamaları araştırmak için dinamik klemp tekniği kullanmıştır . Bu video, dopaminerjik nöron bir NMDA reseptör iletkenlik uygulamak için gerekli prosedürleri göstermektedir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique at JoVE.com

Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

Bu video, sıçan beyin dilim tam hücre yapılandırması kaydedilen bir dopaminerjik nöron içine iletkenliği nasıl uygulanacağını göstermektedir. Bu teknik, dinamik kelepçe denir.

Dinamik Kelepçe Tekniği ile Sıçan orta beyin dopaminerjik nöronlar NMDA Reseptör İletkenlik Uygulama

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the ...

application-nmda-receptor-conductance-rat-midbrain-dopaminergic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K Görüntüleme.  University of Texas San Antonio - UTSA. Bu video, sıçan beyin dilim tam hücre yapılandırması kaydedilen bir dopaminerjik nöron içine iletkenliği nasıl uygulanacağını göstermektedir. Bu teknik, dinamik kelepçe denir.

Video: Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

Embriyonik ventral orta beyin Organotipik Dilim Kültürler: dopaminerjik Nöronal Gelişim Eğitim Bir Sistem In vitro</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

Nörobilim

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

Emme Pipet Tekniği kullanılarak Olfaktör Reseptör Nöronlar Kaydedilmiş odorant bağlı Cevapları

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Dopaminerjik Nöron Geliştirme Gen Fonksiyonunun Çalışılması için Chick orta beyin içinde ovo Elektroporasyon yılında

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

Implementing Dynamic Clamp with Synaptic and Artificial Conductances in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs arising from specific neural circuits. Patch clamp techniques, in voltage clamp and current clamp configurations, are commonly used to study the physiological properties of neurons and to characterize their synaptic inputs. Although the application of these techniques is highly informative, they pose various limitations. For example, it is difficult to quantify how the precise interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs determine response output. To address this issue, we used a modified current clamp technique, dynamic clamp, also called conductance clamp 1, 2, 3 and examined the impact of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on neuronal excitability. This technique requires the injection of current into the cell and is dependent on the real-time feedback of its membrane potential at that time. The injected current is calculated from predetermined excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, their reversal potentials and the cell's instantaneous membrane potential. Details on the experimental procedures, patch clamping cells to achieve a whole-cell configuration and employment of the dynamic clamp technique are illustrated in this video article. Here, we show the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells to various conductance waveforms obtained from physiological experiments in control conditions or in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, we show the use of artificial excitatory and inhibitory conductances generated using alpha functions to investigate the responses of the cells.

This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal spiking.

Fare Retina Ganglion Hücreleri Synaptic ve Yapay iletkenlikleri Dinamik Kelepçe Uygulama

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the  retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs  arising from specific neural ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

In Koku Reseptör Nöronlar Tüm Dağı ile immün<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Anten

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Fare dopaminerjik nöronlar İlköğretim Kültür

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in &#8216;enriched environments&#8217; (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of &#8216;DA&#8217; genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g. Parkinson&#8217;s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

Yetişkin Farelerde Orta beyin dopamin Nöronlar Sayısının Çevre Modülleri

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Bozulmamış neuroepithelium Fare Koku Duyu Nöronlar Delikli Patch-kelepçe Kayıt: Bir Belirlenen Odorant Reseptör ifade Nöronlar Fonksiyonel Analiz

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The identification of living dopaminergic neurons in primary Ventral Mesencephalic (VM) cultures using a fluorescent marker provides an alternative way to study the selective vulnerability of these neurons without relying on the immunostaining of fixed cells. Here, we isolate, dissociate, and culture mouse VM neurons for 3 weeks. We then identify dopaminergic neurons in the cultures using eGFP fluorescence (driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter). Individual neurons are harvested into microcentrifuge tubes using glass micropipettes. Next, we lyse the harvested cells, and conduct cDNA synthesis and transposon-mediated &#34;tagmentation&#34; to produce single cell RNA-Seq libraries1,2,3,4,5. After passing a quality-control check, single-cell libraries are sequenced and subsequent analysis is carried out to measure gene expression. We report transcriptome results for individual dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons isolated from midbrain cultures. We report that 100% of the live TH-eGFP cells that were harvested and sequenced were dopaminergic neurons. These techniques will have widespread applications in neuroscience and molecular biology.

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using RNA-seq.

RNA sıralaması ve TH-organizatörü odaklı eGFP İfade Kullanımı orta beyin Kültürlerde Yaşayan dopaminerjik nöronlar güvenilir Kimlik

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, ...

Simultaneous Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Light Scattering Properties of the In Vivo Rat Brain Using Multispectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional multispectral diffuse reflectance imaging system. This system is constructed from a broadband white light source, a motorized filter wheel with a set of narrowband interference filters, a light guide, a collecting lens, a video zoom lens, and a monochromatic charged-coupled device (CCD) camera. An ellipsoidal cranial window is made in the skull bone of a rat under isoflurane anesthesia to capture in vivo multispectral diffuse reflectance images of the cortical surface. Regulation of the fraction of inspired oxygen using a gas mixture device enables the induction of different respiratory states such as normoxia, hyperoxia, and anoxia. A Monte Carlo simulation-based multiple regression analysis for the measured multispectral diffuse reflectance images at nine wavelengths (500, 520, 540, 560, 570, 580, 600, 730, and 760 nm) is then performed to visualize the two-dimensional maps of hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of the in vivo rat brain.

Simultaneous Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Light Scattering Properties of the In Vivo Rat Brain Using Multispectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional multispectral diffuse reflectance imaging system.

Serebral Hemodinamiğin ve Işık Saçılımının Eşzamanlı Değerlendirilmesi<em&gt; In Vivo</emÇokspektrumlu yaygın reflektans ımaging&#39;i kullanarak&gt; Sıçan Beyin

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional ...

Dinamik Kelepçe Tekniği ile Sıçan orta beyin dopaminerjik nöronlar NMDA Reseptör İletkenlik Uygulama

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Embriyonik ventral orta beyin Organotipik Dilim Kültürler: dopaminerjik Nöronal Gelişim Eğitim Bir Sistem In vitro