この作品は、MH084494（CJL）、およびMH079276とNS060658（CAP）によってサポートされていました。

1。スライスの準備<ol><li>振動ミクロトームを用いて脳切片をカット。私たちは、サンアントニオ動物実験用の委員会でテキサス大学に従って振動ミクロトーム（Microm HM 650V）を使用して、イソフルランanethetizedのSprague - Dawleyラット（チャールズリバー研究所）から240ミクロ​​ンの水平方向の中脳のスライスを用意。 </li><li>録音の準備が整うまで、インキュベーションチャンバー内のスライスをしてください。 （ACSF; mMで）我々は、32℃に加熱し、人工脳脊髄液で満たされた培養容器を使用する：126のNaCl、2.5 KClを、1.25のNaH 2 PO 4、4のMgCl 2、2のCaCl 2、10デキストロース、25 NaHCO 3を 、 1.3アスコルビン酸、2.4ピルビン酸ナトリウム、0.05グルタチオン。 </li></ol> 2。電気生理学的記録<ol><li> 35℃の人工脳脊髄液（ACSF）細胞内記録のリグにスライスを移し° Cを灌流されています。我々は、2mmのMgCl 2が使用され、グルタチオンが省略されたことを除いて1.2と同じACSFを使用してください。水平に準備スライスの場合、我々は通常、正中線に沿ってスライスを二等分する。 </li><li>ターゲットニューロンを可視化する。我々は、グラデーションのコントラストイメージングシステムと個々の黒質ドーパミン作動性ニューロンを可視化。 </li><li>電子電極プラーを使用して電極を引き出します。我々は、P97マイクロピペットプラー（サター器械公司）を使用してMΩ4-10の先端抵抗と電極を引き出します。 </li><li>目的の内部溶液を電極を埋める。 138 K -グルコン酸、10 HEPES、2のMgCl 2、0.2 EGTA、0.0001のCaCl 2、4のNa - ATP、0.4のNa - GTP：私たちは、含有する溶液を（mMで）使用してください。内部溶液を、1M KOHと270から275 mOsmsの浸透圧を用いて7.3のpHに調整した。 </li><li>希望のニューロンにgigaohmシールを行う。破裂吸引とシール。これは全細胞記録を構成している。 Multiclamp 700Bアンプは、私達の構成で使用されていました。アンプはその後、&quot;I = 0&#39;カレントクランプモードで配置する必要があります。 </li></ol> 3。ダイナミッククランプ付きコンダクタンスのアプリケーション<ol><li> RTXI（www.rtxi.org）は、ダイナミッククランプのコンピュータ上で実行されました。 NMDA受容体を含むカスタム書かれたモデルは、メモリにロードされました。リアルタイムで細胞に注入する電流は次式で計算されます。 私NMDA = - gをNMDA * [1 /（1 +（[MG] / 3.57）* E（- V M * 0.062））] *（V M - E NMDA）G NMDAが目的のコンダクタンス（NSのです。デフォルトでは）0 nsに設定し、[MG]は、E NMDAは NMDA受容体（0 mVに設定）のための逆転の可能性マグネシウム濃度（以下の例は1.5 mmに設定）です、そして、V mは膜電位です。アンプから測定セル（ミリボルト単位）。 </li><li>ダイナミッククランプコンピュータからの出力は、アナログ - デジタル変換器を介して増幅器のコマンド入力に接続されていた。 </li><li>アンプは、&quot;IC&quot;カレントクランプモードに置かれた。 </li><li> RTXI（例えば40nsの）に、ご希望のNMDA受容体のコンダクタンスを入力してください。あなたは、活動電位の一過性バーストが表示されるはずです。また、コンダクタンスは、アナログ出力（図1A、&quot;G（T）&quot;）を経由してRTXIに与えることができます。適切なスケーリング係数は、ボルトからシーメンスに信号を変換するためにRTXI内で使用されている必要があります。 </li></ol> 4。代表的な結果ダイナミッククランプを用いてコンダクタンスのアプリケーションの正常にセットアップを図1Aに示されています。このセットアップを使用して、我々は、黒質緻密部のドーパミン作動性ニューロンからホールセル体の記録を作った。ドーパミン作動性細胞は、通常、ペースメーカーのようなパターンで、低レートで自発的に発生させます。活動電位のバーストは、ダイナミッククランプ（図1B）とNMDA受容体のコンダクタンスの位相性アプリケーションによって誘発することができます。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2275/2275fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1：ダイナミッククランプ法を用いたNMDA受容体のコンダクタンスの応用。細胞内記録のリグとダイナミッククランプのコンピュータ間の接続を示すA.ハードウェアのセットアップ。 B.活動電位のバーストは、黒質緻密部ドーパミン作動性ニューロンからホールセル記録で40nsのNMDA受容体のコンダクタンスのアプリケーションによって誘発される。

<ol>
	<li>Robinson, H. P., Kawai, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injection+of+digitally+synthesized+synaptic+conductance+transients+to+measure+the+integrative+properties+of+neurons.">Injection of digitally synthesized synaptic conductance transients to measure the integrative properties of neurons.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 49, 157-165 (1993).</li><li>Sharp, A. A., O'Neil, M. B., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+clamp:+artificial+conductances+in+biological+neurons.">The dynamic clamp: artificial conductances in biological neurons.</a> Trends Neurosci. 16, 389-394 (1993).</li><li>Sharp, A. A., O'Neil, M. B., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+clamp:+computer-generated+conductances+in+real+neurons.">Dynamic clamp: computer-generated conductances in real neurons.</a> J Neurophysiol. 69, 992-995 (1993).</li><li>Prinz, A. A., Abbott, L. F., Marder, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+clamp+comes+of+age.">The dynamic clamp comes of age.</a> Trends Neurosci. 27, 218-224 (2004).</li><li>Deister, C. A., Teagarden, M. A., Wilson, C. J., Paladini, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+intrinsic+neuronal+oscillator+underlies+dopaminergic+neuron+bursting.">An intrinsic neuronal oscillator underlies dopaminergic neuron bursting.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 15888-15897 (2009).</li><li>Lobb, C. J., Wilson, C. J., Paladini, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dynamic+role+for+GABA+receptors+on+the+firing+pattern+of+midbrain+dopaminergic+neurons.">A dynamic role for GABA receptors on the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.</a> J Neurophysiol. 104, 403-413 (2010).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

ここに示したダイナミッククランプ法は、実験者は、受容体の活性化の電気的効果を模倣できるようにすることで、直流注入の伝統的な技法を改良したものです。このビデオでは、我々は、ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの自発活動に対するNMDA受容体の活性化が、誘発される活動電位のバースト、すなわち一つのエフェクトを追加できることが示されている。 ハードウェア/ソフトウェアの実装の柔軟性により、各種拡張機能を使用することができます。注入電流の符号は、活性化受容体の効果はニューロンから削除されるシナリオを表す、マイナスからプラスに切り替えることができます。フォーム微分方程式のシリーズで表されるモデルのニューロンは、、また数値的に解くと、実験者は小規模なネットワークを調査することができます。

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		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>K-gluconate anhydrous</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEPES</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>CaCl2 X 2H2O</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(B-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&#x2019;,N&#x2019;-tetraacetic acid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>EGTA; Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgATP</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaGTP</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgCl2</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaHCO3</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaH2PO4, Anhydrous</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glucose</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CholCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Glutathione</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Olympus BX51WI Microscope (with 40x objective)</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2 A/D converters</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>e.g. Heka Instruments Inc. ITC-18, National Instruments BNC-2090A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Multiclamp 700B with CV-7B headstage</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Molecular Devices</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument Company</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microfil syringe needles</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Micromanipulator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Siskiyou, Inc.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Monitor</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Triview</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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application of a nmda receptor conductance in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons using the dynamic clamp technique

神経科学者は脳通信におけるニューロン方法を調べることにより、脳の機能を研究する。多くの研究者らは、実験的に制御入力への応答の1つまたは複数のニューロンの電気的活動の変化を見てください。ニューロンの電気活動は、ガラスマイクロピペットを使用してパッチクランプ技術を使用して分離された脳切片で記録することができます。伝統的に、実験者は、ピペットを流れる電流の直接注入によって記録された細胞の神経細胞膜上にある受容体によって他の細胞やスライス内の残りの軸索の接続、または薬理学的操作の電気的刺激を神経入力を模倣することができます。 直接注入​​電流は録音（通常相馬）のサイトに高い時間精度で所定の電流波形を渡すの利点があります。しかし、それはイオンチャネルが物理的に開かれていないとして、神経細胞膜の抵抗値を変更しません。電流注入は、通常の矩形パルスを採用していますので、イオンチャネルの動態をモデル化していません。最後に、電流注入は、イオンチャネルの開口部に発生する細胞内の化学変化を模倣することはできません。 受容体は、物理的、電気的または薬理学的刺激によって活性化することができます。実験者は、スライスの電気刺激による受容体の活性化の良い時間精度を持っています。しかし、受容体の活性化の限られた空間的な精度があると刺激により活性化されるものの正確な性質は不明です。この後者の問題は、部分的に特定の薬理学的薬剤によって緩和することができます。残念なことに、薬理学的薬剤の活性化の時間経過は一般的に遅いですし、記録されたセルへの入力の空間的な精度は不明です。 。レビューのために、プリンツらを参照して 、ダイナミッククランプ法は、実験者は、細胞の膜電位（ロビンソンと河合1993、シャープら 、1993a、bのリアルタイムのフィードバックに基づいて、セルに直接渡される電流を変更することができますら、2004）。これは、実験者は、受容体の活性化に応答して、記録のサイトで発生する電気的変化を模倣することができます。印加電流のリアルタイムの変化は、ハードウェアで実装されて数学的な方程式によって決定されます。 我々は最近、黒質緻密部のドーパミン作動性ニューロンにおけるNMDA受容体の相動活性化によって活動電位のバーストの発生を調査するために、ダイナミッククランプ法を用いている（ダイスターら、2009;。。ロブら 、2010）。このビデオでは、我々は、ドーパミン作動性ニューロンへのNMDA受容体のコンダクタンスを適用するために必要な手順を示しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique at JoVE.com

Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

このビデオでは、我々はラット脳スライスにおける全細胞の構成で記録されたドーパミン作動性ニューロンへのコンダクタンスを適用する方法を示します。この手法は、ダイナミッククランプと呼ばれています。

ダイナミッククランプ法を用いたラット中脳ドーパミン作動性ニューロンにおけるNMDA受容体のコンダクタンスのアプリケーション

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the ...

application-nmda-receptor-conductance-rat-midbrain-dopaminergic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K ビュー.  University of Texas San Antonio - UTSA. このビデオでは、我々はラット脳スライスにおける全細胞の構成で記録されたドーパミン作動性ニューロンへのコンダクタンスを適用する方法を示します。この手法は、ダイナミッククランプと呼ばれています。

ビデオ: Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

胚腹側中脳の器官型スライス培養：ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの発達を研究するための体制 in vitroで</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

神経科学

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

吸引ピペット技術を用いた嗅覚受容ニューロンから記録匂い物質誘発性応答

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの開発における遺伝子機能を研究するためのニワトリ中脳でのOVOエレクトロポレーションに

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

Implementing Dynamic Clamp with Synaptic and Artificial Conductances in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs arising from specific neural circuits. Patch clamp techniques, in voltage clamp and current clamp configurations, are commonly used to study the physiological properties of neurons and to characterize their synaptic inputs. Although the application of these techniques is highly informative, they pose various limitations. For example, it is difficult to quantify how the precise interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs determine response output. To address this issue, we used a modified current clamp technique, dynamic clamp, also called conductance clamp 1, 2, 3 and examined the impact of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on neuronal excitability. This technique requires the injection of current into the cell and is dependent on the real-time feedback of its membrane potential at that time. The injected current is calculated from predetermined excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, their reversal potentials and the cell's instantaneous membrane potential. Details on the experimental procedures, patch clamping cells to achieve a whole-cell configuration and employment of the dynamic clamp technique are illustrated in this video article. Here, we show the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells to various conductance waveforms obtained from physiological experiments in control conditions or in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, we show the use of artificial excitatory and inhibitory conductances generated using alpha functions to investigate the responses of the cells.

This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal spiking.

マウスの網膜神経節細胞におけるシナプスと人工コンダクタンスによるダイナミッククランプの実装

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the  retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs  arising from specific neural ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

における嗅覚受容ニューロンのホールマウント免疫標識<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;アンテナ

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

マウスドーパミン作動性ニューロンの初代培養

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in &#8216;enriched environments&#8217; (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of &#8216;DA&#8217; genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g. Parkinson&#8217;s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

成体マウスにおける中脳ドーパミンニューロンの数の環境モジュレーション

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The identification of living dopaminergic neurons in primary Ventral Mesencephalic (VM) cultures using a fluorescent marker provides an alternative way to study the selective vulnerability of these neurons without relying on the immunostaining of fixed cells. Here, we isolate, dissociate, and culture mouse VM neurons for 3 weeks. We then identify dopaminergic neurons in the cultures using eGFP fluorescence (driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter). Individual neurons are harvested into microcentrifuge tubes using glass micropipettes. Next, we lyse the harvested cells, and conduct cDNA synthesis and transposon-mediated &#34;tagmentation&#34; to produce single cell RNA-Seq libraries1,2,3,4,5. After passing a quality-control check, single-cell libraries are sequenced and subsequent analysis is carried out to measure gene expression. We report transcriptome results for individual dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons isolated from midbrain cultures. We report that 100% of the live TH-eGFP cells that were harvested and sequenced were dopaminergic neurons. These techniques will have widespread applications in neuroscience and molecular biology.

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using RNA-seq.

RNA配列決定およびTH-プロモーター駆動EGFP発現を使用して中脳培養における生活ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの信頼性の高い同定

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, ...

Simultaneous Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Light Scattering Properties of the In Vivo Rat Brain Using Multispectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional multispectral diffuse reflectance imaging system. This system is constructed from a broadband white light source, a motorized filter wheel with a set of narrowband interference filters, a light guide, a collecting lens, a video zoom lens, and a monochromatic charged-coupled device (CCD) camera. An ellipsoidal cranial window is made in the skull bone of a rat under isoflurane anesthesia to capture in vivo multispectral diffuse reflectance images of the cortical surface. Regulation of the fraction of inspired oxygen using a gas mixture device enables the induction of different respiratory states such as normoxia, hyperoxia, and anoxia. A Monte Carlo simulation-based multiple regression analysis for the measured multispectral diffuse reflectance images at nine wavelengths (500, 520, 540, 560, 570, 580, 600, 730, and 760 nm) is then performed to visualize the two-dimensional maps of hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of the in vivo rat brain.

Simultaneous Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Light Scattering Properties of the In Vivo Rat Brain Using Multispectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional multispectral diffuse reflectance imaging system.

脳血行動態との光散乱特性の同時評価<em&gt;インビボ</emマルチスペクトル拡散反射率イメージングの使用&gt;ラット脳

The simultaneous evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and the light scattering properties of in vivo rat brain tissue is demonstrated using a conventional ...

ダイナミッククランプ法を用いたラット中脳ドーパミン作動性ニューロンにおけるNMDA受容体のコンダクタンスのアプリケーション

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胚腹側中脳の器官型スライス培養：ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの発達を研究するための体制 in vitroで