FD, ABD Ulusal İttifak Araştırma Şizofreni ve Depresyon ve CPRF Kanada Psikiyatrik Araştırma Vakfı Ödülü için bir Genç Araştırmacı Ödülü ile desteklenmiştir.

I. Görev tasarımı, Uyaranlar ve Deneysel Protokol <ol><li> Bu protokolün temel görevi, yeni görev-ilgisiz, duygusal ve nötr distracters memorandum ve problar (orijinal görev gösteren bir diyagram için bkz. Şekil 1) arasındaki gecikme aralığı boyunca sunulmaktadır gecikmiş bir yanıt WM görevi. Katılımcıların bu görevi yaparken, Olay ile ilgili fMRI veri kaydedilir. Gerçek distracters Scrambled sürümleri de aynı temel özellikleri (örneğin, uzamsal frekans ve parlaklık), algısal kontrolleri olarak kullanılabilir. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2434/2434fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. Distraksiyon Gecikmeli Tepki Çalışma Bellek Görev (6 izniyle) Genel Diyagramı. IMPAC artırmak için güçlü bir dorsal yönetim sistemi meşgul etmek için üç yüz memorandum, ve roman distracters çiftleri kullanılırWM performans ve beyin aktivitesi duygusal oyalama t. Duygusal distracters etkisi de renkli resimler (gösterilmemiştir) sunarak ve benzer duygusal ve anlamsal içeriği ile distracters eşleştirme artırılabilir. Bu bağlamda, dikkat de mümkün boşa almaktan kaçınması, parlaklık ve uzamsal frekans 15 gibi temel özellikleri, duygusal ve nötr resimler maç için dikkat edilmelidir. Katılımcılar distracters hala işlenirken onların odak WM görev korumak için bir cevap düğmesine basarak (1 = Alt, 2 =) problar hızlı ve doğru yanıtları yapmak için talimat vardır. Uyaran sunum için, biz CIGAL ( <a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/</a> ). Prospektüsü ve sondalar, renkli ya da siyah-beyaz sunulabilir. <ol start="2"><li> Bu memorandum, yüzler cinsiyet dengeli oranlarda erkek (% 50) ve f tavsiye ediliremales (% 50). Benzer dengeli bir oran (% 50) Eski ve Yeni (% 50) probları için de tavsiye edilir. Örneğin, yüz özelliklerinin aynı mutabakat ve probları ve / ile benzerlik ya da varlığı / yokluğu manipüle ederek yüzleri arasında benzerlik - WM görevin zorluk değişen bu oranlar ve / veya diğer faktörlere değişen çeşitli olabilir memorandum ekstra yüz özellikleri (film bakınız). Yüzleri yanı sıra, diğer uyaranlara da prospektüsü ve probları 9 olarak kullanılmalıdır . </li><li> Bu durum 6 başına 30-40 çalışmalarda, 11 &quot;yavaş tempolu bir&quot; tasarım sağlam fMRI sinyali olarak istikrar verilen rağmen, bu tasarım ile kullanılmalıdır (6 ila Ek Malzemeler bakınız) daha az denemeleri ile elde edilebilir tavsiye edilir . Bu ~ 1.5-2 saat fMRI veri toplama, hem sağlıklı ve hem de klinik katılımcılar kullanmak uygulanabilir sağlar. Çalışmaların görece az sayıda nedeniyle hafif bir dezavantaj olmasına rağmen&quot;hızlı tempolu&quot; tasarımları ile karşılaştırıldığında dahil olabilir, bu tasarım, işlevsel de avantajlı, daha istikrarlı tek yargılama fMRI sinyal ve bireysel çalışmalarda ile ilişkili sinyal daha iyi ayırma elde ve deneme uyaranlara / aşamaları içinde avantajları vardır bağlantı analizleri. </li><li> Distracters türü değişimi de, soruşturma ve hedeflenen popülasyonları hedeflerine göre adapte ederek, bu tasarım çok yönlülük için katkıda bulunur. Özgün tasarım 6 Duygusal ve nötr distracters Uluslararası Duyuşsal Resim Sistemi 16 seçilmiş, ancak benzer etkilere distracters 12 ve / veya WM görev duyarlılığını artırmak manipülasyonlar ile etkili olan diğer yeni uyaranlar ile elde edilebilir davranış farklılıkları (örneğin, aynı zamanda katılımcıların verdikleri yanıtlara güven değerlendirilmesi) 11 tespit . </li><li> Örneğin, savaş sonrası ve yakın tarihli bir çalışmada12 ya da post-travmatik stres bozukluğu (TSSB) olmadan terans, genel negatif duyguların neden IAPS duygusal resimler, savaşla ilgili resimler ile değiştirildi . Bu resimler daha özel savaşla ilgili travmalar bağlantılı, ve böylece özellikle TSSB grubu daha etkin mücadele maruz kohortlarında distracters duyguların neden bekleniyor. Ayrıca, belirli olumsuz duyguları (örneğin, kaygı) neden uyaranlar veya duygusal pozitif uyaranlara distracters olarak da kullanılıyor olabilir. Örneğin, yüzleri korku dolu ifadeler gösteren sosyal anksiyete neden ve böylece WM 11 geçici anksiyete uyaran dağılmasına etkisini araştıran etkili olabilir. Ayrıca, benzer etkileri olumlu distracters 17 ile bulunabilir. </li><li> Son olarak, diğer önlemler (örneğin, davranış ve kişilik ile ilgili) bu paradigma ile birlikte beyin aktivitesi ve birey arasındaki ilişkileri farklı araştırmak için de kullanılıyor olabilir<html> Bu görevi 8, 10, 11 bilişsel performansı etkileyen çeşitli yönleri nedeniyle. </li></ol> II. Konu Tarama için hazırlanması Tüm katılımcılar, Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmış olmalıdır deney protokolünde, çalıştırmadan önce yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam vermelidir. Tarama Oda girme önce <ol><li> Tarama gününde, katılımcı şu andaki duygusal durumuna WM oyalama görevi duygudurum etkisini kontrol etmek için değerlendirilir. Tarama sonrası değerlendirmeler ile birlikte, bu ilk değerlendirmeler de ruh halinde değişiklikler için çalışma 11 katılımcı bir sonucu olarak ekrana olabilir. </li><li> Tarama öncesinde, katılımcı tarama prosedürlerinin ayrıntılı olarak bildirilir ve davranışsal görev için özel talimatlar verilir. Katılımcı, aynı zamanda görev tanımak için kısa bir antrenman tamamlar. </li></ol>e_step &quot;&gt; Tarama Oda girme <ol start="3"><li> Katılımcı tarama sırasında konforu sağlamak ve hareket en aza indirmek için, baş için ek yastıklama, tarama yatakta supin yatıyor. Baş hareketi en aza indirmek için, konu alnına etrafında bant uzunluğu olmayan yapışkan tarafını hafifçe sarılmış olabilir. Başlık MRI tarama sırasında deneyi ile iletişim kurmak için kulak korumasının yanı sıra izolasyon kulaklık verilmektedir. </li><li> Konu sağ el yanıt kutusunu rahatlıkla konumlandırılmış. Veri toplama başlamadan önce, yanıt düğmelerini düzgün çalışması ve bu konuda uyaran sunum için açıkça ekran projeksiyon görebilirsiniz olduğunu emin olmak için kritik öneme sahiptir. Bir acil durum stop butonu da konu tarayıcı durdurmak için herhangi bir acil ihtiyaç gösterebilir, böylece yakındaki yerleştirilir. </li></ol> Tarama Oturum sonrasında <ol start="5"><li> Ek görevler daha fazla davranışsal assessmen için kullanılan olabilirts - örneğin, derecelendirme distracters ve / veya distracters Subjektif olarak algılanan dikkatin kolay dağılması, duygusal değerlik / yoğunluk distracters katılımcıların duyarlılığını belirlemek için. Bu derecelendirme literatürde gösterilen önceki etkileri ve biliş 6 duygu zararlı etkisi aracılık eden nöral mekanizmalar üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak için kullanılabilir değerlendirme bireysel farklılıklar çoğaltır duygusal uyaranlara tarama sırasında kullanılan bu subjektif bir algı sağlamak için kullanılır . , 8. </li><li> 11 tarama önce gerçekleştirilmemesi durumunda, kişilik özellikleri (örneğin, sürekli anksiyete, duygusal patlamalardan) değerlendirmeler de MRI tarama sonrasında yapılabilir. </li></ol> III. Veri Kayıt ve Analizi Tarama parametreleri Orijinal çalışma, 6, 4 Tesla MR kayıtları için General Electric tarayıcı kullanarak MRG verileri toplamış, ancak daha recgörevin farklı sürümleri ayrıca, 1.5 T tarayıcı 11 ile MR veri toplama konusunda başarılı olmuştur . 30 fonksiyonel dilim 4T tarayıcı, seri (voksel boyutu = 4 x 4 x 4 mm) eksenel spiral ters bir darbe dizisi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 31 ms; = 256 x 256mm görünümü alan) böylece tam beyin kapsama alanı için izin verir. Benzer şekilde, 28 fonksiyonel dilim 1.5 tarayıcı, seri (voksel boyutu = 4 x 4 x 4 mm), eksenel echoplanar dizisi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 40 ms; view = 256 x 256 mm alan .) (Anatomik-fonksiyonel oranı = 4:1-düzlemi çözünürlük = 1 mm 2) Yüksek çözünürlüklü yapısal görüntüleri de eksenel yönde elde edildi. Veri Analizi : İstatistiksel Parametrik Haritalama (SPM <a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/</a> in-house Matlab tabanlı araçlar ile birlikte). Ön işleme tipik adımları içerir: kalite güvencesi, TRlignment, hareket düzeltme, co-kayıt, normalizasyon, yumuşatma (8 x 8 x 8 mm Çekirdek kullanarak) * temel kalite güvencesi, katılımcı ve hareket ile ilgili eserler brüt hareketleri algılamak için, verilerin görsel muayene dahil verileri, yanı sıra MR sinyal olağandışı ani birimlerin tanımlanması. Bireysel ve grup düzeyinde istatistiksel analizler distracter türüne göre (duygusal vs nötr oyalama), beyin aktivitesini karşılaştırmaları içerir. Ayrıca, dikkat dağınıklığı, öznel ya da nesnel ölçütler (örneğin, duygusal ve dikkat dağınıklığı değerlendirme ve çalışma bellek performansı) 6,8,11 ve / veya puanları indeksleme kişilik önlemler ile beyin görüntüleme verileri ilişki (örneğin, sürekli anksiyete) 11 aynı zamanda yapılabilir. araştırmak için beyin aktivitesini nasıl bu önlemler bireysel farklılıklar ile birlikte değişir. Bu protokolü kullanarak çalışmalarımız tüm analizleri genellikle gecikme aralığı, whe sırasında gözlenen etkinlik odaklanmıştırn distracters sundu, fakat aktivite (örneğin, problar) diğer etkinlikler için de araştırılmalıdır zaman kilitli. IV. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2434/2434fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2. Duygusal Distraksiyon Durum ventral vs Dorsal Beyin Sistemleri Faaliyet Opposite Desen (6 izniyle). Duygusal distracters dorsal yürütme gibi dorsolateral prefrontal korteks gibi beyin bölgelerinin (mavi lekeler) azalmış aktivite üretirken, ventrolateral prefrontal korteks (vlPFC) ve amigdala (gösterilmemiştir) gibi ventral duygusal beyin bölgeleri (kırmızı lekeler), gelişmiş aktivite (DLPFK) ve lateral parietal korteks (LPC). Lateral gösterilen yüksek çözünürlüklü beyin görüntülerinin üst üste en rahatsız edici koşullarına göre en iyi (yani, duygusal vs şifreli) arasında doğrudan bir kontrast aktivasyon haritalar, merkezi bir görüntü gösterirsağ hemisfer görüntüleyebilirsiniz. Beyin görüntünün altındaki renk yatay çubuklar aktivasyon haritalar degrade t değerleri göstermektedir. Çizgi grafikler, zaman ders temsilcisi dorsal ve ventral beyin bölgelerinin (renk kodlu oklarla gösterilir) faaliyet göstermektedir. X eksenleri üzerinde gri dikdörtgen kutular memorandum başlangıcı ve süresi distracters, ve problar, sırasıyla göstermektedir. FFG = Fuziform Gyrus.

<ol>
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Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Bu deneysel tasarım zararlı etkisi devam eden bilişsel süreçler duygusal dağılmasına HotEmo ventral sinir sistemi ve ColdEx dorsal sistemi arasındaki karşılıklı modülasyon gerektirdiği ilk beyin görüntüleme kanıtları sağladı. Bu dorso-ventral disosiyasyon, duygusal oyalama 6 varlığı bozulmuş WM performansı ile bağlantılı sistematik Normal 8-11, 12-14 klinik çoğaltılmış ve uyku yoksunluğu 10 ve stres 18 gibi diğer değişmi...

brain imaging investigation of the impairing effect of emotion on cognition

Duygular hem artırılması (örneğin, duygusal olayları daha iyi bellek) ve bozucu (örneğin, artan duygusal dikkat dağınıklığı) etkiler (1) uygulayarak biliş etkileyebilir. Duygu, hafıza artırıcı etkisi (bkz. de 1, 3-5) sinirsel ilgisi soruşturma, burada zararlı etkisi sinir ögelerinden soruşturma izin veren bir protokol mevcut sağlayan bir yöntem tarif 2 son protokolü tamamlıyor biliş duygu. Bu yöntemin temel özelliği, duygu işleme (HotEmo sistem) &#39;sıcak&#39; ve sırt sistemi dahil, üst düzey &#39;soğuk&#39; yer alan ventral sinir sistemi aktivitesi arasında karşılıklı modülasyon belirlenmesini sağlar bilişsel / yönetici işleme (ColdEx sistemi), bilişsel performans ve bireysel davranış farklılıkları (1) bağlantılıdır. Ilk introdu bu yanaction 6 çalışma belleği (WM) odaklanarak, bu tasarım, özellikle çok yönlü ve etkili sinirsel ilgisi, bilişsel işlevler üzerine duygusal dağılmasına olumsuz etkisi ile ilgili çeşitli yönleriyle aydınlatılması, kanıtlanmış ve böyle bir oyalama ile 7,11 başa çıkma , hem de 8-11 sağlıklı ve klinik katılımcılar 12-14.

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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Biz, fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme kullanarak biliş duygu zararlı etkisi aracılık eden nöral mekanizmaların araştırılması sağlayan bir protokol mevcut. Bu protokol, hem sağlıklı ve hem de klinik katılımcı ile kullanılabilir.

Biliş üzerine Duygu bozarak Etkisi Beyin Görüntüleme İncelenmesi

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.0K Görüntüleme.  University of Alberta. Biz, fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme kullanarak biliş duygu zararlı etkisi aracılık eden nöral mekanizmaların araştırılması sağlayan bir protokol mevcut. Bu protokol, hem sağlıklı ve hem de klinik katılımcı ile kullanılabilir.

Video: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

TMS Devlet Bağımlılık Etkileri: Motive Phosphene Davranış Bir Bakış

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

Nörobilim

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

Sanal Sosyal Etkileşimleri Gözlem Sinir Bağlantılı Beyin Görüntüleme İncelenmesi

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

Duygusal Otobiyografik Anımsama Sinir Bağlantılı Beyin Görüntüleme İncelenmesi

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

Emotion Yönetmeliği&#39;nin Sinir Bağlantılı Beyin Görüntüleme İncelenmesi

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

Duygu Bellek Artırıcı Etkisi Beyin Görüntüleme İncelenmesi

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Display systems based on conventional computer graphics cards are capable of generating images with 8-bit gray level resolution. However, most experiments in vision research require displays with more than 12 bits of luminance resolution. Several solutions are available. Bit++ 1 and DataPixx 2 use the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) output from graphics cards and high resolution (14 or 16-bit) digital-to-analog converters to drive analog display devices. The VideoSwitcher 3 described here combines analog video signals from the red and blue channels of graphics cards with different weights using a passive resister network 4 and an active circuit to deliver identical video signals to the three channels of color monitors. The method provides an inexpensive way to enable high-resolution monochromatic displays using conventional graphics cards and analog monitors. It can also provide trigger signals that can be used to mark stimulus onsets, making it easy to synchronize visual displays with physiological recordings or response time measurements.
Although computer keyboards and mice are frequently used in measuring response times (RT), the accuracy of these measurements is quite low. The RTbox is a specialized hardware and software solution for accurate RT measurements. Connected to the host computer through a USB connection, the driver of the RTbox is compatible with all conventional operating systems. It uses a microprocessor and high-resolution clock to record the identities and timing of button events, which are buffered until the host computer retrieves them. The recorded button events are not affected by potential timing uncertainties or biases associated with data transmission and processing in the host computer. The asynchronous storage greatly simplifies the design of user programs. Several methods are available to synchronize the clocks of the RTbox and the host computer. The RTbox can also receive external triggers and be used to measure RT with respect to external events. 
Both VideoSwitcher and RTbox are available for users to purchase. The relevant information and many demonstration programs can be found at <a href="http://lobes.usc.edu/">http://lobes.usc.edu/</a>.

Conventional computer hardware can not generate visual stimuli with sufficiently high grayscale resolution and measure response times with sufficient accuracy. We describe how to use the VideoSwitcher to produce high-resolution monochromatic displays, and the RTbox to measure response times with high accuracy on conventional computer hardware.

Etkinleştirilmesi Yüksek Çözünürlük görüntüler ve Konvansiyonel Bilgisayarlara Doğru Tepki Süresi Ölçümleri Grayscale

Display systems based on conventional computer graphics cards are capable of generating images with 8-bit gray level resolution. However, most experiments ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

FMRI ve difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme ile Beyin Yapısı ve Fonksiyonu Co-analizi

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety of brain disorders1,2. To better understand the mechanisms by which brain circuits react to an animal's experience requires the ability to monitor the experience-dependent molecular changes in a given set of neurons, over a prolonged period of time, in the live animal. While experience and associated neural activity is known to trigger gene expression changes in neurons1,2, most of the methods to detect such changes do not allow repeated observation of the same neurons over multiple days or do not have sufficient resolution to observe individual neurons3,4. Here, we describe a method that combines in vivo two-photon microscopy with a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter to track experience-dependent gene expression changes in individual cortical neurons over the course of day-to-day experience. 
One of the well-established experience-dependent genes is Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc)5,6. The transcription of Arc is rapidly and highly induced by intensified neuronal activity3, and its protein product regulates the endocytosis of glutamate receptors and long-term synaptic plasticity7. The expression of Arc has been widely used as a molecular marker to map neuronal circuits involved in specific behaviors3. In most of those studies, Arc expression was detected by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry in fixed brain sections. Although those methods revealed that the expression of Arc was localized to a subset of excitatory neurons after behavioral experience, how the cellular patterns of Arc expression might change with multiple episodes of repeated or distinctive experiences over days was not investigated. 
In vivo two-photon microscopy offers a powerful way to examine experience-dependent cellular changes in the living brain8,9. To enable the examination of Arc expression in live neurons by two-photon microscopy, we previously generated a knock-in mouse line in which a GFP reporter is placed under the control of the endogenous Arc promoter10. This protocol describes the surgical preparations and imaging procedures for tracking experience-dependent Arc-GFP expression patterns in neuronal ensembles in the live animal. In this method, chronic cranial windows were first implanted in Arc-GFP mice over the cortical regions of interest. Those animals were then repeatedly imaged by two-photon microscopy after desired behavioral paradigms over the course of several days. This method may be generally applicable to animals carrying other fluorescent reporters of experience-dependent molecular changes4.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Experience-dependent molecular changes in neurons are essential for the brain's ability to adapt in response to behavioral challenges. An in vivo two-photon imaging method is described here that allows the tracking of such molecular changes in individual cortical neurons through genetically encoded reporters.

Kortikal Nöronlar In Vivo İki foton Of Görüntüleme Deneyimi bağımlı Moleküler Değişiklikler

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety ...

A Dual Tracer PET-MRI Protocol for the Quantitative Measure of Regional Brain Energy Substrates Uptake in the Rat

We present a method for comparing the uptake of the brain&#39;s two key energy substrates: glucose and ketones (acetoacetate [AcAc] in this case) in the rat. The developed method is a small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) protocol, in which&#160;11C-AcAc and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) are injected sequentially in each animal. This dual tracer PET acquisition is possible because of the short half-life of 11C (20.4 min). The rats also undergo a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition seven days before the PET protocol. Prior to image analysis, PET and MRI images are coregistered to allow the measurement of regional cerebral uptake (cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum). A quantitative measure of 11C-AcAc and 18F-FDG brain uptake (cerebral metabolic rate; &#956;mol/100 g/min) is determined by kinetic modeling using the image-derived input function (IDIF) method. Our new dual tracer PET protocol is robust and flexible; the two tracers used can be replaced by different radiotracers to evaluate other processes in the brain. Moreover, our protocol is applicable to the study of brain fuel supply in multiple conditions such as normal aging and neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases.

Small-animal positron emission tomography enables the assessment of the brain&#39;s two main energy substrates:&#160;glucose and ketones. In the present method, 11C-acetoacetate and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose are injected sequentially in each animal, and their uptake is measured quantitatively in specific brain regions determined from the magnetic resonance images.

Rat Bölgesel Beyin Enerji Yüzeyleri Alımına Kantitatif Tedbir için A Çift Tracer PET-MR Protokolü

We present a method for comparing the uptake of the brain&#39;s two key energy substrates: glucose and ketones (acetoacetate [AcAc] in this case) in the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Transkraniyal manyetik stimülasyon ile transkranyal alternatif akım stimülasyon Online kombine yaklaşım tarafından birincil Motor korteks üzerinde etkileri

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...