Bu çalışma Sinir İletişim Teknolojileri Merkezi (CNCT), Biyomedikal Görüntüleme ve Biyomühendislik Ulusal Enstitüsü (NIBIB, P41 EB002030) tarafından finanse edilen ve Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüsü (NIH) tarafından desteklenen bir P41 Kaynak Merkezi tarafından finanse edildi. Yazarlar, cerrahi tekniklerin geliştirilmesi için NeuroNexus Teknolojileri Rio Vetter teşekkür etmek istiyorum, ve ameliyatlar sırasında kullanılan donanım listesini derlemek için Michigan Üniversitesi Patel Paras.

1. Ön implant Prosedürleri (Genel) <ol><li> Iyi kulakların arkasında gözü arasında gelen hayvan başın üst Tıraş. Başını tıraş elektrik berber makasları kullanın. Sonra, izopropil alkol ile ilk başkanı fırçalayın betadin (3x tekrarlayın). Göz yağlayıcı. </li><li> Stereotaksik kulak çubukları hayvan monte edin. Kanal karşı kafa yanlara hareket ettirerek hayvanın sağ kulak kulak içine doğru stereotaksik kulak çubuğu sabit ucu yönlendirin. Aşırı bakım her bir kulak-bar ucu düzgün kulak yolunun yerleştirilir emin olmak için alınmalıdır. Sonra, kulak içine gevşeyen sol kulak çubuğu itin ve hafif içe doğru basınç uygulayın. Hayvanın burun tutun ve ileri geri sıkıca deniyordum. Hayvan monte edilirse düzgün kafa katı monte hissedeceksiniz. </li></ol> 2. Pre-implantasyon Cerrahisi (Ortak) <ol><li> Ince bir makas ile, iki yarım circ kesmekles orta hatta dışarıya, kısmen derisi çıkarmadan </li><li> Kemiğe yapışıktır periost bağ dokusu kazıyın ve çıkarın. Böyle bir neşter bıçak ya da steril bir pamuklu çubukla ucu arkası gibi bir künt kenarı ile kazıma kılcal ezilmiş yerine düzgün kesilir, çünkü kanama en aza indirecektir. Kontrol kemik kanama kemik mum veya dağlama demir kullanarak. </li><li> Dezenfekte ve hidrojen peroksit kullanılarak kemik yüzeyi temizleyin. Daha net görünür kranial sütürler yapmak için kemik kurulayın. Bregma ve Lambda hususlara dikkat ve kafa dengelemek için kullanılmalıdır. Kraniotomi ve elektrot implant için yer bregma göre ölçülmelidir ve geçici bir kalemle veya yüzeyin içine sığ sondaj işaretlenebilir. Kraniotomi konumu çalışmanın deney amaçları (yani motor, duyu deneyler) 1 bağlı olacaktır. </li><li> Kemiğe screwholes Matkap ve yere yerleştirin ve s stabilizeekipleri. Daima paslanmaz çelik veya titanyum vidalar kullanın. Mümkün olduğunca inç başına birçok konuları arzu gibi küçük kuyumcu vidalarını (örneğin # 2.56 veya # 00-80 için). </li></ol> 3. Silikon Elektrot İmplant Prosedürleri <ol><li> Vida yerleştirilmesi sonra kraniotomi delin. Kraniotomi köşelerinde dört sığ pilotu işaretleri delin. Bir rehber kraniotomi çevresi dışında matkap gibi Pilot işaretleri kullanma. Sağlam forseps kullanılarak, bir çift delik değildi kemik kütlesi merkezi çıkarın. Açık kraniotomi kenarı daha sondaj ile temizlenmesi gerekiyor olabilir. Kemiğin ince parçalar microrongeurs bir çift kırpılır edilebilir. Gibi orta hat boyuna sütür 1 0,5 mm içinde görünebilir Sagittal Sinüs, gibi büyük kan damarları önlemek için dikkatli cerrahi planlayın. Sagital sinüs delinmesiyle kapsamlı kanamaya neden olabilir. Maruz kalan dura aCSF veya tuzlu su ile sulandırılmış tutulmalıdır. </li><li> Delip duramater içinEğer moda küçük ölçer steril bir derialtı iğne (örneğin, &lt;28 gauge) kullanılarak küçük bir kanca gerekir. İğnenin konik alın ve noktada 90 derecelik bir viraj oluşturacak şekilde hafifçe eğerek (böyle bir neşter düz kısmının gibi) sağlam bir yüzey karşı düz basın. Dura yüzeyi yakalamak ve beyin yüzeyinden yukarı doğru kaldırın bu kanca kullanın. Dura mikro makasla kesilebilir veya dura kanca yanal hareketleri kullanılarak yırtılmış olabilir. Dura kanca kullanırken beyin yüzeyindeki kan damarlarının özen göstermeli. Sen BOS dura rezeke zaman dışarı sızdıran ve dura yüzeyinden renkli bir fark olmalıdır. </li><li> Dikkatlice zemin yere vida tabanı etrafında silikon elektrot teli ve diş çimento ile yer inceliğini ekleyin. Silikon elektrotlar elektrotlar kablo uçları kraniotomi üzerinde kemerli olduğunu dikkatle yerleştirilmelidir. </li><li> İmplantlar bir lineer motor aktüatör pla kullanarak alınacaktırbir stereotaksik aparatı üzerinde düşürebilmiştir. Ekleme cihaza elektrot bağlamak için, polietilen glikol (PEG), bir havyanızla ısıtılır ve yerleştirme çubuk ve kayıt elektrot uygulanır. </li><li> Elektrotu ile sabitlenir, elle beyin yüzeyinde istenen stereotaksik konuma elektrot ucu düşürmektedir. </li><li> Doğrusal harekete geçirici için yazılım arabirimidir kullanılarak, beyin dokusu içinde istenen derinliğe elektrot hareket eder. </li><li> Elektrot kablosu bitişik bir vida ile PEG takarak beyinde kayıt elektrodu sabitleyin. Artık bağlı PEG çözünmesi için tuzlu su eklenerek yerleştirme aygıtı ile elektrot kaldırabilir. Uzaklıkta, her elektrot için kraniotomi ve tekrar gelen ekleme aygıtı kaldırın. </li><li> Serum fizyolojik ile ıslatılmış Gelfoam maruz kraniotomi örtün. Bir silikon polimer sonra elektrot kablosu kapağı ve diş akrilik korumak için kullanılır. Nihai olarak bağlayıcı konumlandırmakyer, daha sonra sağlam bir headcap yapmak için dental akrilik geçerlidir. </li></ol> 4. Elektrot İmplant Prosedürler MicroECoG <ol><li> MicroECoG elektrot implantasyonu biraz daha büyük kraniotomi içerecektir. 5 x 5 mm cihaz için, 6 x 6 mm kraniotomi yapılmalıdır. Hala dura ya pia dokunmadan tehlikesi kuru ve değilken kraniotomi açılmadan önce, UV diş akrilik kraniotomi sitenin periferi uygulanır. </li><li> A steril cerrahi matkap kraniotomi genel şekle kemik yüzeyinden açılması için bir # 107 çapak ile birlikte kullanılır. Daha küçük # 106 çapak sonra ince bir şeffaf tabaka kemik kalanı aşağı doğru dışarı açılması için kullanılabilir. Rongeurs sonra kemik kalan parçasını kaldırmak mümkün olacaktır. MicroECoG epidural veya subdurally implante edilebilir. Yine, suni CSF veya Tuzlu ile dura iyi nemli tutar. </li><li> MicroECoG aşılamak amacıyla, ope üzerinde bir stereotaksik kol yerleştirmekn kafatası ve steril bir bant kullanarak kola elektrot sabitleyin. Elektrot şimdi kraniotomi aşağı düşürülebilir. Elektrot siteleri aşağı bakacak ve dura veya pial yüzeyi ile temas yapacak emin olun. Nemli tutulmalıdır ise, elektrot doku üzerine kayar olmalı ve yerinde kalacak. </li><li> Topraklama kablosu kendisi üzerinde ve altında en az üç kez sarılmasıyla yere vida bağlıdır. Toprak vidası dura ile temas eden herhangi bir vida olabilir. Referans tel de aynı şekilde referans vida bağlı olabilir. </li><li> Dura veya pia maruz olduğu durumlarda tuzlu batırılmış Gelfoam küçük parçalar elektrodu çevreleyen konulmalıdır. Tuzlu batırılmış Gelfoam küçük bir miktar da ince film elektrot üst kapsamalıdır. UV ile sertleşen diş akrilik Gelfoam üst uygulanabilir ve stabil bir kafa kap oluşturmak için de kullanılabilir. Akrilik ince film kablo coveri doğrudan uygulanırng bu bağlayıcı ulaşılana kadar. Konektör kapağı altındaki ötesinde karşılamak için dikkatli olun. </li><li> Alternatif olarak, 4.3 microECoG implantasyonu hemen microECoG substrat olarak üretilmektedir küçük deliklerden bir silikon mikroelektrot dizisi (adımları 3,2-3,6) implantasyonu izlenebilir. Bu çevredeki beyin yüzeyinin yüksek çözünürlüklü alan kayıtları ile birlikte çeşitli derinliklerde hem tek birimlerinin eş zamanlı kayıt yapabiliyor. </li></ol> 5.. Postoperatif Kurtarma <ol><li> Çimento tamamen sertleştikten sonra, baş-kapağı sıkıca çevresinde deri dikiş ve stereotaksik çerçeve hayvan çıkarın. </li><li> Bolca yara etrafında antiseptik toz veya antibiyotikli merhem sürün. Kulağımıza gelen herhangi bir kanama varsa, kulak yoluna bazı antibiyotik iyi yerleştirin. </li><li> Barbitüratlar kendi vücut ısısını muhafaza gelen hayvan engel olarak hayvan sıcak tutun. Ev each kronik ayrı bir kafeste hayvan implante. Genellikle cerrahi tamamen kurtarmak için hayvan için dört ila yedi gün sürer. </li></ol> 6. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Başarılı bir silikon elektrot implant cerrahisi 500kOhm-2MOhm arasındaki ölçüm empedanslı siteleri kayıt ve 10kOhm-50kohm (at 1kHz) arasında ince film elektrotlar olacaktır. Nöral sinyalin yanı sıra hemen cerrahi sonrası kontrol edilebilir. Sen yerleştirilmiş elektrotlar üzerinde ani görmek ve ince film yüzeyinin elektrot (Şekil 1) yavaş dalga salınımları görmek gerekir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3565/3565fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1.. Tek bir birim faaliyet ve ECoG salınımlar Temsilcisi sonuçları. Neokorteks implante kronik bir silikon elektrot 6 aynı anda kayda kanal a) Geniş band veri. Yükselmelerine genellikle kayıt siteler arasında görülebilir unutmayın. b) EBeynin yüzeyi üzerinde bir 16 kanalı ince-film uECoG elektrot dizisine 6 kanallardan Cog salınımlar. Tüm 16 sinyallerin ortalama her eser (ortak ortalaması referans) çıkarıldı, ve 500 Hz dijital alçak geçiren filtre uygulandı.

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	<li>Paxinos, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (2007).</li><li>Fujisawa, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior-dependent+short-term+assembly+dynamics+in+the+medial+prefrontal+cortex.">Behavior-dependent short-term assembly dynamics in the medial prefrontal cortex.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 11 (7), 823-833 (2008).</li><li>Merrill, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+of+excitable+tissue:+design+of+efficacious+and+safe+protocols.">Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 141, 171-171 (2005).</li><li>Gage, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naive+coadaptive+cortical+control.">Naive coadaptive cortical control.</a> J. Neural Eng. 2, 52-52 (2005).</li><li>Marzullo, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+Closed-Loop+Neural+Interface+Technology+in+a+Rat+Model:+Combining+Motor+Cortex+Operant+Conditioning+With+Visual+Cortex+Microstimulation.">Development of Closed-Loop Neural Interface Technology in a Rat Model: Combining Motor Cortex Operant Conditioning With Visual Cortex Microstimulation.</a> IEEE Trans. Neur. Sys. and Rehab. Eng. 18 (2), 117-126 (2010).</li><li>Maynard, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Utah+intracortical+electrode+array:+a+recording+structure+for+potential+brain-computer+interfaces.">The Utah intracortical electrode array: a recording structure for potential brain-computer interfaces.</a> Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102, 228-239 (1997).</li><li>Kipke, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silicon-substrate+intracortical+microelectrode+arrays+for+long-term+recording+of+neuronal+spike+activity+in+cerebral+cortex.">Silicon-substrate intracortical microelectrode arrays for long-term recording of neuronal spike activity in cerebral cortex.</a> IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehab. Eng. 11 (2), 151-155 (2003).</li><li>Vetter, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+neural+recording+using+silicon-substrate+microelectrode+arrays+implanted+in+cerebral+cortex.">Chronic neural recording using silicon-substrate microelectrode arrays implanted in cerebral cortex.</a> IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51 (6), 896-904 (2004).</li></ol>

DRK NeuroNexus Teknolojileri parçası sahibi olduğunu.

4,5 neuroprosthetic sistemleri için mikrostimülasyonla 3, ya da kontrol sinyallerini veren, beyin fonksiyonu 2 araştırma için intrakortikal ve yüzey, çok kanallı kayıt arabirimleri kullanarak artan bir ilgi var. Bu video belirtilen yöntemler kronik delici ve yüzey elektrot sistemleri implant nasıl gösterilmektedir. Diğer silikon kronik elektrot sistemleri 6 var olurken, NeuroNexus Teknolojileri 7,8 tarafından geliştirilen düzlemsel elektrot implante odaklanmıştır. Diğer elektrot sistemlerinin implantasyonu için teknikler ölçüde değişir. Açıklanan cerrahi basamakları, stereotaksik kulak çubukları hayvan montaj en zor ve implante elektrot yerleştirme doğruluğunu belirleyen en önemli adım olabilir. Aşırı bakım her bir kulak-bar ucu düzgün kulak yolunun konumlandırılmış olduğunu varsayalım, bu nedenle, alınması gerekir. Assura sonrasol başparmak ve işaret parmağı baş desteklemek ve kulak çubuğu ucu karşı başın basınç uygulamaya devam ederken kulak çubuğu ucu hayvanın sağ kulak kulak yolunun olduğunu nce, sağ elinizle hayvanın boynuna bırakın. Sağ elinizle, kulak içine gevşeyen sol kulak çubuğu itin ve hafif içe doğru basınç uygulayın. Eğer kulak yolunun içine sol kulak-bar ucu kayma hissediyorum kadar aşağı ve ileri ve çevresinde hayvanın başının sol tarafına taşıyın. Sağ elinizle, sol kulak çubuğu üzerinde baskı uygulamaya devam edeceklerdir. Hayvanın kafasını bırakın ve, sizin şimdi sol el ile, sol kulak çubuğu seti sıkın.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ekipman </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar </td></tr><tr><td> Kemik Vida - # 2.56 x 3/16, phillips pan baş, 18-8 S / S </td><td> BoltDepot </td><td> 7650 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kemik Vida - # 2.56 x 1/8, phillips pan baş, 18-8 S / S </td><td> BoltDepot </td><td> 9617 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Büyük Oksijen Tankı - Boyut K </td><td> Kriyojenik Gazlar </td><td> OXKME </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Küçük Oksijen Tankı - Boyut D </td><td> Kriyojenik Gazlar </td><td> OXYE-AL </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vannas-Tübingen Bahar Makas - 2.5mm Blade, Açılı </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 15002-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dumont # 5 Forseps, Teflon </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 11626-11 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dumont # 5 Forseps, Dumostar </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 11295-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Öğrenci Vannas Bahar Makas </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 91500-09 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Adson Forseps </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 11006-12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Eğri Friendman-Pearson Ronqeur, </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 16221-14 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Iris Makas - ToughCut </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 14058-11 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vannas-Tübingen Bahar Makas - 5mm Blade, Düz </td><td> Fine Bilim Araçları </td><td> 15003-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Neşter Kolu </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 10003-12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Plastik Sterilizasyon Kutusu </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 20810-02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Paslanmaz Çelik Cetvel </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 30086-15 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Probe &amp; Spatula - Düz 14cm </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 10090-13 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hemostat Düz </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 13002-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hemostat Eğri </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 13003-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Mikro Matkap Stainless Çelik Çapak - 0.7mm </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 19008-07 </td><td> 10/Pack </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Mikro Matkap Paslanmaz Çelik Çapak - 0.5mm </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 19007-05 </td><td> 10/Pack </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Self-Tapping Kemik Vidaları - 1.17mm (çap) - 4.7mm (uzunluk) </td><td> Güzel Bilim Araçları </td><td> 19010-00 </td><td> 100/Pack </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Suni gözyaşları </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> NC9860842 </td><td> Her </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Betadine </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> 19-066452 </td><td> Şişe </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> F-HAVA Karbon Filtreler </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> NC9112250 </td><td> Teneke kutu </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Aplikatör Pamuk, Tipped Steril olmayan </td> &lt;td&gt; Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 1104 </td><td> 10Pack/Case </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Tül 2 &quot;x 2&quot; </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 1630 </td><td> 25Pack/Case </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> İğne ucu, 23 GA x 1 &quot; </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 39412 </td><td> Olgu tarafından satılan </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> İğne ucu, 27 GA x 1.25 &quot; </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 25251 </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> İğne ucu, 30 GA x 0.5 &quot; </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 22023 </td><td> 10Box/Case </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Merhem, Üçlü Antibiyotik 0.6g </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 2528 </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Kılıfı, Self Seal Sterilizasyon Pouche<html> s, 3,5 &quot;x 8&quot; </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 1023 </td><td> 10Box/Case </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Çözüm 1000ml Ringer </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 5263 </td><td> 12Bag/Case </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Neşter Blade # 15 tek kullanımlık steril </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 1975 </td><td> 3Box/Case </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Dikiş, Naylon w/P-3 İğne, 5-0, 18in. </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 4618 </td><td> 12/Box </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Örtü, Tek 23 &quot;x 36&quot; </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 2545 </td><td> 15Pack/Case </td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Yağ, Jelly Cerrahi Steril </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 2538 </td><td> 12Box/Case </td></tr>&quot;&gt; <td> Emilebilen Köpük Jel 2cmx6cmx7mm </td><td> Malzeme Hizmetleri </td><td> 3107 </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Altı Adet Set-Vida Tornavida Seti </td><td> Ulusal Kuyumcu Malzemeleri </td><td> ETSCR98001 </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Kwik Sil Yapıştırıcı </td><td> TEFE </td><td> KWIK-SIL </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="bottom"><td> Kwik Sil Tüpler </td><td> TEFE </td><td> 600009 </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td> Kronik silikon elektrotlar 16 to 64 siteler </td><td> NeuroNexus Teknolojileri </td><td> Prob Tasarımı Değişiyor </td><td></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td> Kronik ince film yüzeyine elektrotlar (microECoG) 16 32 siteler </td><td> NeuroNexus Teknolojileri </td><td> Prob Tasarımı Değişiyor </td><td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

surgical implantation of chronic neural electrodes for recording single unit activity and electrocorticographic signals

Uzun vadeli elektrofizyolojik başarısı genellikle implantasyonu kalitesine bağlı olarak değişir. Burada elektrot sistemlerinin yerleştirilmesi süreci öğrenen cerrahlar için yararlı bilgiler sağlar. Bir nüfuz eden ve bir yüzey elektrot hem implantasyon prosedürü göstermektedir. Cerrahi işlem prosedür boyunca her adımı ayrıntılı açıklamalar da dahil olmak üzere, baştan sona tarif edilir. Bu, bu video kılavuz kemirgen modellerinde ve diğer küçük hayvan modellerinde yürütülen işlemleri doğru odaklanmış da belirtmek gerekir. Açıklanan prosedürlerin değişiklikler diğer hayvan modelleri için uygun bulunmaktadır.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals at JoVE.com

Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals

Biz kronik sinir kayıt elektrot implante süreci öğrenen cerrahlar için yararlı bilgiler sağlar. Delici ve yüzey iki elektrot sistemleri için teknikler, bir kemirgen hayvan modeli olarak açıklanmaktadır.

Tek Birim Faaliyet ve elektrokortikografik Sinyalleri Kayıt için Kronik Sinir Elektrotların Cerrahi İmplantasyonu

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery.  Here we provide useful information for ...

surgical-implantation-chronic-neural-electrodes-for-recording-single

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

47.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Michigan. Biz kronik sinir kayıt elektrot implante süreci öğrenen cerrahlar için yararlı bilgiler sağlar. Delici ve yüzey iki elektrot sistemleri için teknikler, bir kemirgen hayvan modeli olarak açıklanmaktadır.

Video: Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

We present a method for collecting electrocorticographic signals for research purposes from humans who are undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. We show how to use the BCI2000 software platform for data collection, signal processing and stimulus presentation. Specifically, we demonstrate SIGFRIED, a BCI2000-based tool for real-time functional brain mapping.

Nörobilimsel Araştırma ve Gerçek-zamanlı Fonksiyonel Kortikal Haritalama İnsan elektrokortikografik (ECoG) Sinyaller Kayıt

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

Nörobilim

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

Tek hücreli ve tek başak çözünürlüğe sahip supratreshold nöral aktivitenin Optik kaydı

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

Locust Sinir Aktivitesi Karakterize Multi-ünite Kayıt Yöntemleri (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Olfaktör Devreler

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

A Method for Systematic Electrochemical and Electrophysiological Evaluation of Neural Recording Electrodes

New materials and designs for neural implants are typically tested separately, with a demonstration of performance but without reference to other implant characteristics.&#160;This precludes a rational selection of a particular implant as optimal for a particular application and the development of new materials based on the most critical performance parameters.&#160;This article develops a protocol for in vitro and in vivo testing of neural recording electrodes.&#160;Recommended parameters for electrochemical and electrophysiological testing are documented with the key steps and potential issues discussed.&#160;This method eliminates or reduces the impact of many systematic errors present in simpler in vivo testing paradigms, especially variations in electrode/neuron distance and between animal models.&#160;The result is a strong correlation between the critical in vitro and in vivo responses, such as impedance and signal-to-noise ratio.&#160;This protocol can easily be adapted to test other electrode materials and designs.&#160;The in vitro techniques can be expanded to any other nondestructive method to determine further important performance indicators.&#160;The principles used for the surgical approach in the auditory pathway can also be modified to other neural regions or tissue.

Different electrode coatings affect neural recording performance through changes to electrochemical, chemical and mechanical properties. Comparison of electrodes in vitro is relatively simple, however comparison of in vivo response is typically complicated by variations in electrode/neuron distance and between animals. This article provides a robust method to compare neural recording electrodes.

Sinir Kayıt Elekrtotların Sistematik Elektrokimyasal ve Elektrofizyolojik Değerlendirme için Bir Yöntem

New materials and designs for neural implants are typically tested separately, with a demonstration of performance but without reference to other implant ...

Extracellular Recording of Neuronal Activity Combined with Microiontophoretic Application of Neuroactive Substances in Awake Mice

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and awake animals. Therefore, methods allowing the manipulation of synaptic systems in awake animals are required in order to determine the contribution of synaptic inputs to neuronal processing unaffected by anesthetics. Here, we present methodology for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. By combining these procedures, we performed microiontophoretic injections of gabazine to selectively block GABAA receptors in neurons of the inferior colliculus of head-restrained mice. Gabazine successfully modified neural response properties such as the frequency response area and stimulus-specific adaptation. Thus, we demonstrate that our methods are suitable for recording single-unit activity and for dissecting the role of specific neurotransmitter receptors in auditory processing.
The main limitation of the described procedure is the relatively short recording time (~3 hr), which is determined by the level of habituation of the animal to the recording sessions. On the other hand, multiple recording sessions can be performed in the same animal. The advantage of this technique over other experimental procedures used to manipulate the level of neurotransmission or neuromodulation (such as systemic injections or the use of optogenetic models), is that the drug effect is confined to the local synaptic inputs to the target neuron. In addition, the custom-manufacture of electrodes allows adjustment of specific parameters according to the neural structure and type of neuron of interest (such as the tip resistance for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the recordings).

We present methods for the construction of electrodes to simultaneously record extracellular neural activity and release multiple neuroactive substances at the vicinity of the recording sites in awake mice. This technique allows the detailed analysis of putative local synaptic inputs to the neuron of interest.

Uyanık Farelerde Nöroaktif Maddelerin Microiontophoretic Uygulaması ile birlikte Nöronal Faaliyet dışı Kaydı

Differences in the activity of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and consequently different neural responses, can be found between anesthetized and ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

Kayıt ve Stimülasyon Uygulamaları için Yüksek İletişim-Yoğunluk Fabrikasyon, Düz Arayüz Sinir Elektrotlar

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Implantation of Chronic Silicon Probes and Recording of Hippocampal Place Cells in an Enriched Treadmill Apparatus

An important requisite for understanding brain function is the identification of behavior and cell activity correlates. Silicon probes are advanced electrodes for large-scale electrophysiological recording of neuronal activity, but the procedures for their chronic implantation are still underdeveloped. The activity of hippocampal place cells is known to correlate with an animal&#39;s position in the environment, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To investigate place cells, here we describe a set of techniques which range from the fabrication of devices for chronic silicon probe implants to the monitoring of place field activity in a cue-enriched treadmill apparatus. A micro-drive and a hat are built by fitting and fastening together 3D-printed plastic parts. A silicon probe is mounted on the micro-drive, cleaned, and coated with dye. A first surgery is performed to fix the hat on the skull of a mouse. Small landmarks are fabricated and attached to the belt of a treadmill. The mouse is trained to run head-fixed on the treadmill. A second surgery is performed to implant the silicon probe in the hippocampus, following which broadband electrophysiological signals are recorded. Finally, the silicon probe is recovered and cleaned for reuse. The analysis of place cell activity in the treadmill reveals a diversity of place field mechanisms, outlining the benefit of the approach.

We describe the diverse steps to implant chronic silicon probes and to record place cells in mice that are running head-fixed on a cue-enriched treadmill apparatus.

Kronik silikon sondalar ve kayıt bir zenginleştirilmiş koşu bandı aparat Hipokampal yer hücre implantasyonu

An important requisite for understanding brain function is the identification of behavior and cell activity correlates. Silicon probes are advanced ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

Kronik yaygın Marmoset bütün kortikal Electrocorticographic dizide implantasyonu

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Wide-field Single-photon Optical Recording in Brain Slices Using Voltage-sensitive Dye

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural circuits. Due to the fractional change in the light signal, it has been difficult to use this method as a quantitative assay. This article describes special optics and slice handling systems, which render this technique stable and reliable. The present article demonstrates the slice handling, staining, and recording of the VSD-stained hippocampal slices in detail. The system maintains physiological conditions for a long time, with good staining, and prevents mechanical movements of the slice during the recordings. Moreover, it enables staining of slices with a small amount of the dye. The optics achieve high numerical aperture at low magnification, which allows recording of the VSD signal at the maximum frame rate of 10 kHz, with 100 pixel x 100-pixel spatial resolution. Due to the high frame rate and spatial resolution, this technique allows application of the post-recording filters that provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to assess the changes in neural circuits.

We introduce a reproducible and stable optical recording method for brain slices using voltage-sensitive dye. The article describes voltage-sensitive dye staining and recording of optical signals using conventional hippocampal slice preparations.

Gerilim duyarlı boya kullanarak beyin dilimleri geniş alan tek foton optik kayıt

Wide-field single photon voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of brain slice preparations is a useful tool to assess the functional connectivity in neural ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats&#8217; small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Existing approaches for constructing chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in small rodents often require specialized equipment and/or highly trained personnel. In this protocol we demonstrate a simple, low-cost approach for fabricating chronically implantable cuff electrodes, and demonstrate their effectiveness for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rats.

Sıçanlarda Kronik İmplantasyon için Periferik Sinir Stimülasyon Elektrotlarının Hazırlanması

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...