Bu çalışma Dr Jim Hu CIHR ve CF Kanada hibe ve CF Kanada tarafından Rahul Kushwah verilen bir Doktora Öğrenciliği tarafından finanse edildi.

1. Ovalbumin fareler duyarlılaştırılması <ol><li> OVA (evre V; Sigma, MO) solüsyonu hazırlamak 1 mg / ml &#39;lik bir konsantrasyonda steril PBS içinde (solüsyonu -80 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir.) </li><li> OVA&#39;ya Alum karışım hazırlamak için, bir tüp içinde Alum almak ve 1:1 oranında, tüp vorteks sırasında bir çözeltisine damla damla tarzda OVA solüsyonu ilave edin. 30 dakika boyunca karışımı ilave edip karıştırdıktan sonra hemen kullanın. </li><li> Bir 1 ml şırınga kullanılarak, fare periton içine karışımı 0.2 ml enjekte ve 2 hafta sonra tekrar enjekte tekrarlanır. </li></ol> 2. FITC Etiketli ovalbumin fareler intranazal Mücadelesi <ol><li> OVA-Şap, ikinci enjeksiyon sonrası 7 gün, fareler OVA-FITC intranazal meydan hazırız. </li><li> -80 Az 1 mg / ml ve alikotları depolayan bir konsantrasyonda steril PBS kullanılarak OVA-FITC (Sigma) solüsyonu ° C&#39;de hazırlamak </li><li> Bir 50 ml Falcon borusunun alt kısmında ve kimyasal bir saat içinde, bir steril gazlı yerleştirmekOOD, gazlı bez üzerine Aerrane 5 ml ekleyin. Farelerde uyuşturmak için, yaklaşık 5-10 saniye tüp içine hayvan yönlendirir. </li><li> Dik konumda ve steril pipet uçları, bir drop-bilge moda farelerin burun üzerine OVA-FITC solüsyonu 100 ul kullanarak anestezi hayvan tutun. </li><li> Sonraki iki gün OVA-FITC intranazal meydan tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 3. Tek hücreli akciğer gelen Süspansiyon ve boşaltılması Lenf düğümleri hazırlanması <ol><li> Euthanyl intraperitoneal kullanarak fareler kurban. </li><li> DC analizi karmaşıklaştırabilir makrofaj kirlenme, azaltmak amacıyla, akciğer lavaj gerçekleştirilir. Akciğerler lavaj için, fare tracheas kısaca bir kateter ve şırınga ile maruz kalan ve deliklidir; 5 mM EDTA ile buz PBS kullanarak, alt solunum yolu alveoler boşluklar hücreleri kaldırmak için 3 defa durulanır. </li><li> 10 U / ml hepar içeren PBS ile 10 ml akciğerler perfüzekalp sağ ventrikül vasıtasıyla in, akciğer vasküler kan hücreleri çıkarmak için kullanılır. Akciğerlere kan hücrelerinin çoğu çıkarılması göstergesi, beyaza kadar perfüzyonsintigrafisiyle gerçekleştirin. Bu periferik kandan kirlenmesine hücreleri çıkarmak için özellikle önemlidir. </li><li> Ciğerlerini inceleyin ve mediastinal lenf nodu (MLN) çıkarın ve ayrı bir kapta, lenf düğümleri yerleştirin. (FITC floresans söndürme engellemek için ışığa dokuların maruziyeti en aza indirmek için deneyin.) </li><li> Bir Petri tabağına yerleştirin akciğerler ve makas kullanılarak kıyma. Sonraki 37 azından 25 dakika süreyle akciğerler sindirimi ° kollajenaz aktivitesi durdurmak için bir sonraki 5 dakika boyunca 250 U / ml Kollajenaz D (Roche) ve eklentinin EDTA (10 mM nihai konsantrasyon) ile C. </li><li> 100 mikron hücre süzgecinden sindirmek akciğerlerin parçaları Pass ve eritrositler kaldırmak için hipotonik parçalanma. Tek bir hücre süspansiyonu dendritik daha fazla analiz için hazırdır. </li><li> MLN, t tek bir hücre süspansiyonu hazırlamak içinbir hücre süzgecinden süzme ardından yukarıda tarif edildiği gibi kollajenaz ince iğneler ve sindirim kullanılarak MLN kolaylığı. </li></ol> 4. DC için boyama Olgunlaşma / göçün değerlendirilmesi için Belirteçleri <ol><li> Akciğerlerde DC&#39;ler belirlemek için, boyama CD11c ve CD11b için yapılır. Ayrıca olgunlaşması için değerlendirmek üzere, boyama DC&#39;ler olgunlaşma tabi olarak regüle edilir CD86 ve CD80 için yapılır. MLN içinde CD11c + CD11b + OVA-FITC + hücreleri akciğerlerden OVA havayolu meydan yanıt MLN göç akciğer DC&#39;leri olarak tanımlanır. </li><li> 10 x 10 6 hücre / ml FACS tampon içinde (% 1 FBS ve 1 mM EDTA ile PBS) ve FACS boyanması için hücre süspansiyonu / tüp alikotu 150 ul&#39;lik bir konsantrasyonda hücreleri askıya. Akciğer DC&#39;ler belirlenmesi için, takip lekeleri ihtiyaç vardır: boyanmamış kontrol (OVA-FITC maruz kalmayan farelerin Akciğer hücreleri), OVA-FITC kontrolü, CD11c tek kontrol CD11b tek kontrol CD11b+ CD11c + çift kumanda, CD11b + OVA-FITC + çift kumanda, CD11c + OVA-FITC + çift kumanda, MHC II OVA-FITC + CD11c + CD11b + MHCII için boyanan tek bir kontrol, CD86 tek kontrol, CD80 tek kontrol ve örnek + , OVA-FITC + CD11c + CD11b + CD86 + ve OVA-FITC + CD11c + CD11b + CD80 +. </li><li> DC göç değerlendirmek MLN gelen tek hücre süspansiyonu mutlak hücre sayımı gerçekleştirmek ve daha sonra aşağıdaki tüpler hazırlamak için: CD11c boyanmamış kontrol (OVA-FITC maruz kalmayan farelerin MLN hücreleri), OVA-FITC kontrolü, + tek kontrolü, CD11b + çift ​​kumanda, CD11b + OVA-FITC + çift kumanda, CD11c + OVA-FITC + çift kontrol ve CD11c + CD11b + OVA-FITC + örnekleri. </li></ol> 5.. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Havayolu alerjik enflamasyon indüklemek için intraperitoneal sensitizasyon için gereken zaman noktalarında önemlidir ve Şekil 1 de tasvir edildiği gibi yapılmalıdır. Hava yolu alerjik enflamasyon indüksiyonu teyit etmek için, intraperitoneal hassasiyetine ve hava yolu OVA meydan takiben, bazı fareler feda edilebilir ve Şekil 2 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi histolojik analiz akciğer bölümler üzerinde gerçekleştirilebilir. Inflamatuar hücre varlığı Hematoksilen &amp; Eosin boyama tarafından teyit edilebilir (Şekil 2A) ve mukus üretiminin varlığı Periyodik asit-Schiff boyası (Şekil 2B) tarafından değerlendirilebilir. Toplamda bu OVA-Duyarlı farelerin 8 OVA karşılaştırmadan sonra hava yolu allerjik inflamasyonun indüksiyonu onaylayacaktır. Bunun aksine, Tuzlu muamele farelerin akciğer bölümler herhangi bir mukus üretimi yokluğu ile birlikte herhangi bir iltihap serbest olması beklenmektedir. Ayrıca, aşağıdaki OVA meydan, akciğer DC&#39;leri unde<html> rgo olgunlaşma ve lenf düğümlerine sonraki göç. Duyarlı ve OVA ile meydan farelerin lenf nodu (MLN) içinde CD11c + hücrelerin analizi tuzlu uygulanan farelerin (Şekil 3A) göre CD11c + hücrelerinin yüksek oranda göstermesi bekleniyor. Ayrıca, CD11c + CD11b mutlak hücre sayısının analizi OVA-duyarlı ve meydan farelerin MLN in + OVA-FITC + hücreler, (birkaç kat daha yüksek yani) anlamlı derecede yüksek bir sayı göstermek için bekleniyor tuzlu tedavi edilen farelerde (gelen meslektaşlarıyla Şekil 3B). <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4014/4014fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Ovalbumin indüksiyon (OVA) FITC etiketli ovalbumin (OVA-FITC) ile havayolu meydan birlikte farelerde neden olduğu alerjik hava yolu inflamasyonu için deneysel protokol. fig2.jpg &quot;/&gt; OVA havayolu meydan takip Şekil 2. OVA sensitizasyon (A) gösterilen akciğer bölümlerin Hematoksilen &amp; Eosin boyama ile belirlenen hava yolu allerjik inflamasyonun indüksiyonu yol açar ve aynı zamanda akciğer Periyodik Asit Schiff boyası ile belirlenen solunum yollarındaki mukus üretimini azalır (B) &#39;de gösterildiği gibi bölümler. <img alt="Şekil 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4014/4014fig3.jpg" /> Şekil 3. OVA-FITC meydan akciğerlerden lenf nodu (MLN) DC göç indükler. (A) Flow sitometri parselleri kontrol veya OVA-sensitize farelerin MLN içinde CD11c + hücre oranları resmediyor. (B) serum fizyolojik veya OVA-sensitize farelerin MLN içinde CD11c + CD11b + OVA-FITC + hücrelerin mutlak sayıları. * P &lt;0.05. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/4014/4014fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">büyük rakam görmek için buraya tıklayın</a> .

<ol>
	<li>Kushwah, R., Hu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+dendritic+cells+in+the+induction+of+regulatory+T+cells.">Role of dendritic cells in the induction of regulatory T cells.</a> Cell Biosci. 20, (2011).</li><li>Kushwah, R., Hu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complexity+of+dendritic+cell+subsets+and+their+function+in+the+host+immune+system.">Complexity of dendritic cell subsets and their function in the host immune system.</a> Immunology. 133, 409-419 (2011).</li><li>Lambrecht, B. N., Hammad, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taking+our+breath+away:+dendritic+cells+in+the+pathogenesis+of+asthma.">Taking our breath away: dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of asthma.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 3, 994-1003 (2003).</li><li>Hammad, H., Lambrecht, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells+and+epithelial+cells:+linking+innate+and+adaptive+immunity+in+asthma.">Dendritic cells and epithelial cells: linking innate and adaptive immunity in asthma.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 193-204 (2008).</li><li>Lloyd, C. M., Murdoch, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tolerizing+allergic+responses+in+the+lung.">Tolerizing allergic responses in the lung.</a> Mucosal. Immunol. 3, 334-344 (2010).</li><li>Herz, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relevance+of+murine+animal+models+to+study+the+development+of+allergic+bronchial+asthma.">The relevance of murine animal models to study the development of allergic bronchial asthma.</a> Immunol. Cell Biol. 74, 209-217 (1038).</li><li>Herz, U., Lumpp, U., Daser, A., Gelfand, E. W., Renz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+animal+models+to+study+the+central+role+of+T+cells+in+immediate-type+hypersensitivity+responses.">Murine animal models to study the central role of T cells in immediate-type hypersensitivity responses.</a> Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 409, 25-32 (1996).</li><li>Nakae, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF+can+contribute+to+multiple+features+of+ovalbumin-induced+allergic+inflammation+of+the+airways+in+mice.">TNF can contribute to multiple features of ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation of the airways in mice.</a> J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 680-686 (2007).</li><li>Guth, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+environment+determines+unique+phenotype+of+alveolar+macrophages.">Lung environment determines unique phenotype of alveolar macrophages.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 296, L936-L946 (2009).</li><li>Kushwah, R., Cao, H., Hu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+pulmonary+T+cell+response+to+helper-dependent+adenoviral+vectors+following+intranasal+delivery.">Characterization of pulmonary T cell response to helper-dependent adenoviral vectors following intranasal delivery.</a> J. Immunol. 180, 4098-4108 (2008).</li><li>Kushwah, R., Oliver, J. R., Zhang, J., Siminovitch, K. A., Hu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptotic+dendritic+cells+induce+tolerance+in+mice+through+suppression+of+dendritic+cell+maturation+and+induction+of+antigen-specific+regulatory+T+cells.">Apoptotic dendritic cells induce tolerance in mice through suppression of dendritic cell maturation and induction of antigen-specific regulatory T cells.</a> J. Immunol. 183, 7104-7118 (2009).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Burada sunulan yöntemi havayolu meydan için OVA-FITC teslim dayalı akciğer DC&#39;leri, analiz için bir akış sitometri tabanlı bir yaklaşım sunuyor. Bu OVA-FITC sürebilir ve izlenen bu nedenle DC nüfus, etkili OVA bağlı alerjik hava yolu inflamasyonu sırasında hava yolu bağışıklık yanıtı katılıyor olanlar akciğer DC&#39;leri, seçici izleme sağlar. Kontrolü farelerde, allerjik hava yolu inflamasyonu yokluğunda, MLN tespit göçmen DC&#39;lerin numaraları (OVA-FITC + DC) önemli bir artışl...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td></tr><tr><td> Ovalbumin </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A5503 </td></tr><tr><td> Şap </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> 77161 </td></tr><tr><td> OVA-FITC </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A9771 </td></tr><tr><td> Kollajenaz D </td><td> Roche </td><td> 11088858001 </td></tr><tr><td> Antikorlar </td><td> E-Bioscience </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

analysis of pulmonary dendritic cell maturation and migration during allergic airway inflammation

Dendritik hücreler (DC) antijen-spesifik T hücreleri aktive ederek adaptif immün yanıtın başlatılması dahil anahtar oyuncular vardır. DC&#39;ler kararlı periferik dokularda bulunur, ancak antijen uyarılara yanıt olarak, DC&#39;lerin antijen kadar sürebilir ve hızla 1,2 antijene karşı T hücre yanıtı başlatır lenf düğümlerine göç ederler. Buna ek olarak, dendritik da otoimmün yanı sıra alerjik bağışıklık yanıtı 3 başlatıcı önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. DC&#39;ler akciğer çevre 4 ortamda hoşgörü immün yanıt ve indüksiyon hem başlamasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Akciğer çevre antijenleri 5 geniş bir dizi maruz kalma nedeniyle, büyük ölçüde tolerogenic olduğunu. Bununla birlikte, bazı kişiler alerji ve astım indüksiyon yol açar toleransı bir ara vardır. Bu çalışmada, hava yolu DC olgunlaşması ve mig izlemek için kullanılabilecek bir strateji tanımlamaksensitizasyon için kullanılan antijene karşı tepki olarak oranı. Havayolu DC olgunlaşma ve göç ölçümü hava yolu allerjik inflamasyon sırasında bağışıklık yanıtının kinetiği değerlendirmesi için olanak sağlar ve ayrıca altta yatan mekanizmalarıyla birlikte izleyen bağışıklık yanıtının büyüklüğünü anlamakta yardımcı olur. Bizim strateji duyarlaştırıcı ajan olarak ovalbumin kullanımına dayanmaktadır. Ovalbumin bağlı allerjik astım solunum yolu eozinofili, akciğer iltihabı ve astım 6,7 sırasında bulunan yüksek IgE düzeyleri yeniden üretmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan bir modeldir. Sensitizasyon sonra, farelerin alımı ovalbumin havayolu DC&#39;lerin özel etiketleme sağlar FITC etiketli ovalbumin intranazal teslimat, karşı karşıya gelmekte. Sonraki birkaç DC özel işaretlerini kullanarak, bu DC&#39;ler olgunlaşmasını değerlendirmek ve aynı zamanda akış sitometri kullanılarak lenf düğümlerine göç değerlendirebilir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation at JoVE.com

Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

Biz ovalbumin bağlı alerjik hava yolu inflamasyonu ayarı ovalbumin yanıt olarak pulmoner dendritik hücrelerin olgunlaşma ve göç izlemek için bir strateji tanımlamak. Bu strateji, enfeksiyon ayarlarında pulmoner dendritik hücreler göç değerlendirmek için modifiye edilebilir.

Alerjik Havayolu Enflamasyon sırasındaki solunum Dendritik Hücre olgunlaşması ve Göç Analizi

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in ...

analysis-pulmonary-dendritic-cell-maturation-migration-during

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.9K Görüntüleme.  McMaster University, Hamilton. Biz ovalbumin bağlı alerjik hava yolu inflamasyonu ayarı ovalbumin yanıt olarak pulmoner dendritik hücrelerin olgunlaşma ve göç izlemek için bir strateji tanımlamak. Bu strateji, enfeksiyon ayarlarında pulmoner dendritik hücreler göç değerlendirmek için modifiye edilebilir.

Video: Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular matrix proteins. The precise spatiotemporal activation of integrins from a low affinity state to a high affinity state at the cell leading edge is important for T lymphocyte migration 1. Likewise, retraction of the cell trailing edge, or uropod, is a necessary step in maintaining persistent integrin-dependent T lymphocyte motility 2. Many therapeutic approaches to autoimmune or inflammatory diseases target integrins as a means to inhibit the excessive recruitment and migration of leukocytes 3. To study the molecular events that regulate human T lymphocyte migration, we have utilized an in vitro system to analyze cell migration on a two-dimensional substrate that mimics the environment that a T lymphocyte encounters during recruitment from the vasculature. T lymphocytes are first isolated from human donors and are then stimulated and cultured for seven to ten days. During the assay, T lymphocytes are allowed to adhere and migrate on a substrate coated with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for integrin LFA-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Our data show that T lymphocytes exhibit a migratory velocity of ~15 &mu;m/min. T lymphocyte migration can be inhibited by integrin blockade 1 or by inhibitors of the cellular actomyosin machinery that regulates cell migration 2.

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

T lymphocyte migration occurs during homing to lymphoid organs, exit from the vasculature, and entering into peripheral tissues. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to analyze T lymphocyte migration in vitro.

Göç İnsan T Lenfosit İzolasyon, Kültür ve Analiz In Vitro</em

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection of pathogenic antigen by na&iuml;ve DCs is through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are able to recognize specific conserved structures referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). Detection of PAMPs by DCs triggers an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in their activation and transformation to mature DCs. This process is typically characterized by production of type 1 interferon along with other proinflammatory cytokines, upregulation of cell surface markers such as MHCII and CD86 and migration of the mature DC to draining lymph nodes, where interaction with T cells initiates the adaptive immune response2,3. Thus, DCs link the innate and adaptive immune systems. 
The ability to dissect the molecular networks underlying DC response to various pathogens is crucial to a better understanding of the regulation of these signaling pathways and their induced genes. It should also help facilitate the development of DC-based vaccines against infectious diseases and tumors. However, this line of research has been severely impeded by the difficulty of transfecting primary DCs4.
Virus transduction methods, such as the lentiviral system, are typically used, but carry many limitations such as complexity and bio-hazardous risk (with the associated costs)5,6,7,8. Additionally, the delivery of viral gene products increases the immunogenicity of those transduced DCs9,10,11,12. Electroporation has been used with mixed results13,14,15, but we are the first to report the use of a high-throughput transfection protocol and conclusively demonstrate its utility.
In this report we summarize an optimized commercial protocol for high-throughput transfection of human primary DCs, with limited cell toxicity and an absence of DC maturation16. Transfection efficiency (of GFP plasmid) and cell viability were more than 50% and 70% respectively. FACS analysis established the absence of increase in expression of the maturation markers CD86 and MHCII in transfected cells, while qRT-PCR demonstrated no upregulation of IFN&beta;. Using this electroporation protocol, we provide evidence for successful transfection of DCs with siRNA and effective knock down of targeted gene RIG-I, a key viral recognition receptor16,17, at both the mRNA and protein levels.

We present our optimized high-throughput nucleofection protocol as an efficient way of transfecting primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with either plasmid DNA or siRNA without causing cell maturation. We further provide evidence for successful siRNA silencing of targeted gene RIG-I at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Hücre olgunlaşması olmadan Dendritik Hücreler Verimli Transfeksiyon için optimize edilmiş Protokolü

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

Bağışıklık Hücreleri murin aorta içinde Sitometrisi Analizi

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

Kullanarak İzleme Dendritik Hücre Göç<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

In vivo Görüntüleme Yöntemi Akut ve Kronik İltihap ayırt

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

İzolasyon, Karakterizasyonu ve Dişeti Bağışıklık Hücre Ağı Fonksiyonel Sınav

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We demonstrate the procedure for preparing H. influenzae inoculum, intra-tracheal instillation of H. influenzae into the lung, collection of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), analysis of immune cells in the BALF, and RNA isolation for differential gene expression analysis. This procedure can be used to study the lung inflammatory response to any bacteria, virus or fungi. Direct tracheal instillation is mostly preferred over intranasal or aerosol inhalation procedures because it more efficiently delivers the bacterial inoculum into the lower respiratory tract with less ambiguity.

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models.

intra-trakeal İdaresi<em&gt; Haemophilus influenza</em&gt; Fare Modelleri Havayolu inflamasyonu Eğitim için

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph node (DLN). The mobilization of DCs to the DLN is complex and remains to be fully elucidated during infection. Herein described is the use of an innovative, simple assay that relies on the fluorochrome 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to track the migration of DCs during footpad infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) in C57BL/6 mice. This assay enables the characterization of skin DC sub-populations that actively relocate to the draining, popliteal LN in response to BCG. This protocol originates from a BCG model where migratory skin DCs were identified by flow cytometry. The assay is amiable to the study and identification of DCs or other cells that home to the popliteal LN after inoculation of microbes, their metabolites or other inflammatory stimuli in the footpad, and consequently to study factors that regulate the migration of these cells.

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with &lt;em&gt;Mycobacterium bovis&lt;/em&gt; Bacille Calmette-Gu&amp;#233;rin

An assay in mice to track cell migration from skin to draining lymph node is described which enables the characterization of skin Dendritic cells mobilized to the lymph node after footpad infection with Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin.

ile Enfeksiyon sırasında boşaltılması Lenf düğümleri içine Fare Cilt Dendritik Hücre Göç Eğitim Bir KAKE tabanlı Testi<em&gt; Mycobacterium bovis</em&gt; Basil Calmette-Guerin

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph ...

Precision-cut Mouse Lung Slices to Visualize Live Pulmonary Dendritic Cells

Inhalation of allergens and pathogens elicits multiple changes in a variety of immune cell types in the lung. Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for quantitative analysis of cell surface proteins on immune cells, but it provides no information on the localization and migration patterns of these cells within the lung. Similarly,&#160;chemotaxis assays can be performed to study the potential of cells to respond to chemotactic factors in vitro, but these assays do not reproduce the complex environment of the intact lung. In contrast to these aforementioned techniques, the location of individual cell types within the lung can be readily visualized by generating Precision-cut Lung Slices (PCLS), staining them with commercially available, fluorescently tagged antibodies, and visualizing the sections by confocal microscopy. PCLS can be used for both live and fixed lung tissue, and the slices can encompass areas as large as a cross section of an entire lobe. We have used this protocol to successfully visualize the location of a wide variety of cell types in the lung, including distinct types of dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells and B cells, as well as structural cells such as lymphatic, endothelial, and epithelial cells. The ability to visualize cellular interactions, such as those between dendritic cells and T cells, in live, three-dimensional lung tissue, can reveal how cells move within the lung and interact with one another at steady state and during inflammation. Thus, when used in combination with other procedures, such as flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, PCLS can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of cellular events that underlie allergic and inflammatory diseases of the lung.

We describe a method for generating Precision-cut Lung Slices (PCLS) and immunostaining them to visualize the localization of various immune cell types in the lung. Our protocol can be extended to visualize the location and function of many different cell types under a variety of conditions.

Hassas kesimli Canlı Pulmoner Dendritik Hücreler Visualize&#39;a Fare Akciğer Dilimleri

Inhalation of allergens and pathogens elicits multiple changes in a variety of immune cell types in the lung. Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for ...

Analysis of Shear Flow-induced Migration of Murine Marginal Zone B Cells In Vitro

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) are a population of B cells that reside in the mouse splenic marginal zones that envelop follicles. To reach the follicles, MZBs must migrate up the shear force of blood flow. We present here a method for analyzing this flow-induced MZB migration in vitro. First, MZBs are isolated from the mouse spleen. Second, MZBs are settled on integrin ligands in flow chamber slides, exposed to shear flow, and imaged under a microscope while migrating. Third, images of the migrating MZBs are processed using the MTrack2 automatic cell tracking plugin for ImageJ, and the resulting cell tracks are quantified using the Ibidi chemotaxis tool. The migration data reveal how fast the cells move, how often they change direction, whether the shear flow vector affects their migration direction, and which integrin ligands are involved. Although we use MZBs, the method can easily be adapted for analyzing migration of any leukocyte that responds to the force of shear flow.

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) respond to the force of shear flow by re-orienting their migration path up the flow. This protocol shows how to record and analyze the migration using a fluidics unit, pump, microscope imaging system, and free software.

Yamultma akış kaynaklı geçiş antikorundan marjinal bölge B hücrelerinin in Vitro analizine

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) are a population of B cells that reside in the mouse splenic marginal zones that envelop follicles. To reach the follicles, ...