Biz nezaketle betikleri için Dr John Hayes ederim; Dr. Eric Bradley ve konfokal mikroskopi için yardım Christopher Del Negro, Drew Hughes, proje geliştirme ve ön veriler sağlayan çalışmaları için Laura Odorizzi, Alex Garafalo, Rebecca Lowden, ve Liz MacMurray; istatistiksel analize yararlı önerileri için Dr Greg Smith. Bu çalışma MSS bir NIH hibe (NINDS IR15N5067566-01) ve William and Mary College Howard Hughes Tıp Enstitüsü Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi Hibe tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Tüm omurgalılar arasında muhafaza edilir, iyi karakterize hücre tipleri ile, retinanın hücre tipi özellikleri ve farklılaşma yöneten molekül hücresel süreçleri incelemek için yararlı bir model sağlamaktadır. Birincil hücre kültürü ve gen ekspresyonu, protein dinamiği, ve kalsiyum ve tek bir hücre çözünürlük düzeyde elektrik etkinlik içeren işlemler çok çeşitli araştırma için güçlü bir yöntem tanıyor. Burada varsayımsal Retina gelişimi ve primer hücre kültürü çok erken a?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Diseksiyonlarında ve Kültürleme için </td></tr><tr><td> BD Falcon Kolay Tutuş Doku Kültürü Yemekleri, 35 mm </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> 08-772A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tek Polistiren Petri Yemekleri, 60 x 15 mm </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> 0875713A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 35 mm Nunclon Yüzey Petri kaplar (Airvent ile) </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> 12-565-91 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dumont Güzel Forseps (Dumostar # 55) </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> NC9341917 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cellattice Mikro-yönetilen plastik lamel, 25 mm </td><td> Balıkçı </td><td> 50-313-17 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Etil-m-aminobenzoat metansülfonat Tuz (MS-222) </td><td> MP Biomedicals, LLC </td><td> 103106 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Gentamisin Sülfat </td><td> Enzo Yaşam Bilimleri </td><td> 380-003-G025 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Gibco Tripsin (1:250) Toz </td><td> Yaşam Teknolojileri </td><td> 27250-018 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Clostridium histolyticum gelen Kollajenaz B </td><td> Roche </td><td> 11088831001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Penisilin-Streptomisin </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 15140-122 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nile Blue Sülfat (isteğe bağlı) </td><td> Pfaltz &amp; Bauer </td><td> N05550 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 500 ml Vakum Filtre / Depolama Şişe Sistemi, 0.22 mikron gözenek 33.2 cm 2 CN Membran </td><td> Corning </td><td> 430758 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> &lt;/ Td&gt; <td></td><td> Kalsiyum For Imaging </td></tr><tr><td> Fluo-4 DMSO içinde 1 mM Çözüm, Daimi Hücre AM </td><td> Yaşam Teknolojileri </td><td> F-14217 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Su Pluronic F-127% 10 Çözüm </td><td> Yaşam Teknolojileri </td><td> P-6866 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LSM 510 Konfokal Mikroskop Sistemi </td><td> Zeiss </td><td> Model Üretilmeyen </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Reaktif Engelleme </td><td> Roche </td><td> 11096176001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> In situ hibridizasyon Floresan (FISH) için </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-digoxigenin-POD, Fab Fragments </td><td> Roche </td><td> 11207733910 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-DNP-HRP antikor </td><td> Perkin-Elmer </td><td> NEL747A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cy3NHS ester </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> PA13101 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NHS-Floresein </td><td> Thermo Scientific </td><td> 46409 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Formamid, Deiyonize </td><td> Amresco </td><td> 0606-950ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Torula RNA, tip IX </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> R3629 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Domuz intestinal mukozadan Heparin Sodyum Tuz, </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> H3393-250KU </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CHAPS </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> C3023 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Tablo 2. Özel reaktifleri ve ekipmanlar. </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Çözüm </td><td> Referans </td><td> Içindekiler </td></tr><tr><td> Hücre Kültürü Orta </td><td> Chang ve Spitzer, 2009 54 </td><td> 116 mM NaCl 0.67 mM KCl 2 mM CaCl2 1.31 mM MgSO4 4.6 mM Tris % 1 (v: v) Penisilin / Streptomisin HCl ile 7.8 pH ayarlayın. 0.22 mikron CN filtre geçerek sterilize filtreleyin. 4 ° C&#39;de depolayın </td></tr><tr><td> Kalsiyum-Magnezyum Ücretsiz Medium (CMF) </td><td> Gu et al, 1994 42;. Gu ve Spitzer, 1995 55 </td><td> 116 mM NaCl 0.67 mM KCl 4.6 mM Tris 0.4 mM EDTA % 1 (v: v) Penisilin / Streptomisin HCl ile 7.8 pH ayarlayın. 0.22 mikron CN filtre geçerek sterilize filtreleyin. 4 ° C&#39;de depolayın </td></tr><tr><td> Maleik Asit Tampon (MAB) </td><td> Sive ve ark., 2000 53 </td><td> 100 mM maleik asit 150 mM NaCl (pH 7.5). </td></tr><tr><td> 10X Marc Modifiye Ringers (MMR), </td><td> Sive ve ark., 2000 53 </td><td> 100 mM NaCl mM KCl 1 mM MgSO4 2 mM CaCl2 5 mM HEPES pH NaOH ile 7.4 &#39;e ayarlandı 0,1 X MMR da 50 mg / ml gentamisin sülfat ve pH, NaOH ile 7.4 &#39;e ayarlanır içerir. </td></tr><tr><td> MEMFA Çözüm, 10X </td><td> Sive ve ark., 2000 53 </td><td> 0.1 M MOPS (pH 7.4) 2 mM EGTA 1 mM MgSO4 % 3,7 formaldehit 10X bir çözelti, formaldehit olmaksızın, 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir Formaldehit (% 37, standart bir stok, 1/10 hacim), taze ilave edilir. </td></tr><tr><td> In situ Hibridizasyon Tamponu In </td><td> SivE ve diğ., 2000 53 </td><td> 50% Formamid 5X SSC 1 mg / ml Torula RNA 100 mg / ml heparin 1X Denhart Çözümü % 0.1 Tween 20 % 0.1 CHAPS 10 mM EDTA. </td></tr></tbody></table> Penisilin ve streptomisin bizim kültür ortamı olarak kullanılabilir yaparken çözümler. * Gentamisin, bir antibiyotik, bizim MMR çözüm olarak kullanılır. </td></tr></tbody></table>

dissection, culture, and analysis of xenopus laevis embryonic retinal tissue

Nöral plaka ön bölgede gözdeki doğurur hangi süreci klinik ve temel hem de araştırma önemli bir odak noktası olmaya devam ediyor. Retina hastalığı anlaşılması ve tedavi edilmesi için, bariz bir tıbbi uygunluk ilave olarak, omurgalı retina gelişimi nöronal hücre tipi anlaşılmasını kararlılık ve farklılaşması için 1-16 ve önemli bir şık model sistemi olarak hizmet etmektedir. Nöral retinada basmakalıp katmanlar halinde düzenlenmiş altı ayrı hücre tipleri (gangliyon, yatay, amacrine fotoreseptör, bipolar hücreleri ve Müller glial hücreler), büyük ölçüde tüm omurgalıların 12,14-18 arasında korunduğunu bir deseni oluşur. Sağlam gelişen embriyo retina okuyan açıkça bu kompleks organ katmanlı bir yapıya önbeyin bir çıkıntı gelişir nasıl anlaşılması için gerekli iken, fro yararlanacak pek çok soru varm varsayımsal retina hücrelerinin primer hücre kültürü 7,19-23 kullanarak yaklaşımlarının uygulanması. Örneğin, farklı aşamalarında kaldırılır ve ayrışmış dokulardan hücrelerin analiz biri farklı gelişim aşamalarında tek tek hücrelerin belirlenmesi ve karakterize edilmesi durumu ayırt etmek için izin verir, bu ise, komşu dokulara 8,19-22 ile etkileşimi yokluğunda hücrelerin kaderini ,24-33. Primer hücre kültürü de araştırmacının belirli reaktifleri ile kültür tedavi ve tek hücre düzeyinde 5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39 üzerindeki sonuçlarını analiz etmeyi sağlar. Xenopus laevis, çalışma için klasik bir model sistem erken nöral gelişim 19,27,29,31-32,40-42, retina birincil hücre kültürü 10,38,43-45 için özellikle uygun bir sistem olarak hizmet vermektedir. Presumptive retina dokusunun hemen nöral indüksiyon 25,38,43 takiben, gelişiminin erken aşamalarında erişilebilir. Buna ek olarak, inci verilmişembriyo her hücre sarısı bir kaynağı da içerir, retina hücreleri tamponlanmış bir tuz çözeltisi, çok basit bir tanımlandığı ortamda kültüre edilebilir, böylece kuluçka veya diğer serum bazlı ürünlerin 10,24,44-45 şaşırtıcı etkileri kaldırma . Bununla birlikte, çevre dokular ve daha sonraki işleme retina dokusunun izolasyon zordur. Burada da, tek bir hücre çözünürlükte kalsiyum etkinlik ve gen ekspresyonu için analiz edilecek birincil hücre kültürleri hazırlamak için kullanılır Xenopus laevis retina hücreleri disseksiyon ve ayrılma için bir yöntem sunmaktır. Bu yazıda sunulan konuyu kendiliğinden kalsiyum Transientlerin analiz ederken, teknik araştırma soruları ve yaklaşımlar (Şekil 1), geniş bir dizi geniş uygulanabilir.

Başarılı bir şekilde parçalanmış, optik vezikülleri (aşama 25) ve retinae (aşama 35) örnekleri Şekiller 2E ve 2J gösterilmiştir. Bu protokol geliştirme çeşitli aşamalarında kullanılabilir olsa da, daha fazla deneyler için doğruluğunu sağlamak için sadece retina dokusunun elde etmek önemlidir. Dikkatle tüm aşamalarında epidermisin kaldırmak ve forseps retina dokusunun ponksiyon olmamasını sağlamak. Aşama 35 veya daha büyük ise, mercek retina üzerinde bir katman açık...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue at JoVE.com

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Xenopus laevis hücre kaderinin şartname ve primer hücre kültüründe bireyin retina hücrelerinin fizyolojik fonksiyonu eğitim için ideal bir model sistem sağlar. Burada retina dokuları diseksiyon ve kalsiyum etkinliği için görüntülü ve in situ hibridizasyon ile analiz edilir primer hücre kültürlerinde üretmek için bir yöntem mevcut.

Diseksiyon, Kültür ve Analizi<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Embriyonik Retina Doku

The process by which  the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina  continues to be a major focus of both clinical and ...

dissection-culture-analysis-xenopus-laevis-embryonic-retinal

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

13.8K Görüntüleme.  College of William and Mary. Xenopus laevis hücre kaderinin şartname ve primer hücre kültüründe bireyin retina hücrelerinin fizyolojik fonksiyonu eğitim için ideal bir model sistem sağlar. Burada retina dokuları diseksiyon ve kalsiyum etkinliği için görüntülü ve in situ hibridizasyon ile analiz edilir primer hücre kültürlerinde üretmek için bir yöntem mevcut.

Video: Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Embriyonik Omurilik Commissural Nöronlar Diseksiyon ve Kültür

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Nörobilim

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Embriyonik Fare Hipokampal ve Kortikal nöronlar primer Nucleofection ve Kültür

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Retina pigment epiteli Tüm Mount Fare Göz Diseksiyon

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Lectin-based Isolation and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Motoneurons

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube that express Nkx6.1 are the unique precursor cells for spinal motoneurons1. Though postmitotic motoneurons move towards their final position and organize themselves into columns along the spinal tract2,3. More than 90% of all these differentiated and positioned motoneurons express the transcription factors Islet 1/2. They innervate the muscles of the limbs as well as those of the body and the inner organs. Among others, motoneurons typically express the high affinity receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the tropomyosin-related kinase B and C (TrkB, TrkC). They do not express the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA)4. Beside the two high affinity receptors, motoneurons do express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. The p75NTR can bind all neurotrophins with similar but lower affinity to all neurotrophins than the high affinity receptors would bind the mature neurotrophins. Within the embryonic spinal cord, the p75NTR is exclusively expressed by the spinal motoneurons5. This has been used to develop motoneuron isolation techniques to purify the cells from the vast majority of surrounding cells6. Isolating motoneurons with the help of specific antibodies (panning) against the extracellular domains of p75NTR has turned out to be an expensive method as the amount of antibody used for a single experiment is high due to the size of the plate used for panning. A much more economical alternative is the use of lectin. Lectin has been shown to specifically bind to p75NTR as well7. The following method describes an alternative technique using wheat germ agglutinin for a preplating procedure instead of the p75NTR antibody. The lectin is an extremely inexpensive alternative to the p75NTR antibody and the purification grades using lectin are comparable to that of the p75NTR antibody. Motoneurons from the embryonic spinal cord can be isolated by this method, survive and grow out neurites.

An alternative way of isolating mouse embryonic motoneurons from the spinal cord is described. The method takes into account the fact that lectin can bind to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR. This lectin-based preplating allows a purification similar to that with a specific antibody against the p75NTR.

Fare Embriyonik motor nöronlar lektin tabanlı İzolasyon ve Kültür

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied successfully to the isolation of mouse and human primary neurons and neural progenitors. Dissociated neurons are maintained in serum-free medium up to several weeks. These cultures can be used for nucleofection, immunocytochemistry, nucleic acids preparation, as well as electrophysiology. Older neuronal cultures can also be transfected with a good efficiency rate by lentiviral transduction and, less efficiently, with calcium phosphate or lipid-based methods such as lipofectamine.

We describe a rapid methodology to isolate and culture hippocampal and cortical neurons from rodent embryos. This protocol allows us to perform experiments in which nearly pure neuronal cultures are required.

Sıçan Embriyonik Nöral Hücre İzolasyonu ve Kültür: Bir Hızlı Protokol

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During axon outgrowth, the growth cone must integrate multiple sources of guidance cue information to modulate its cytoskeleton in order to propel the growth cone forward and accurately navigate to find its specific targets1. How this integration occurs at the cytoskeletal level is still emerging, and examination of cytoskeletal protein and effector dynamics within the growth cone can allow the elucidation of these mechanisms. Xenopus laevis growth cones are large enough (10-30 microns in diameter) to perform high-resolution live imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g.2-4 ) and are easy to isolate and manipulate in a lab setting compared to other vertebrates. The frog is a classic model system for developmental neurobiology studies, and important early insights into growth cone microtubule dynamics were initially found using this system5-7 . In this method8, eggs are collected and fertilized in vitro, injected with RNA encoding fluorescently tagged cytoskeletal fusion proteins or other constructs to manipulate gene expression, and then allowed to develop to the neural tube stage. Neural tubes are isolated by dissection and then are cultured, and growth cones on outgrowing neurites are imaged. In this article, we describe how to perform this method, the goal of which is to culture Xenopus laevis growth cones for subsequent high-resolution image analysis. While we provide the example of +TIP fusion protein EB1-GFP, this method can be applied to any number of proteins to elucidate their behaviors within the growth cone.

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

Culturing neural explants from dissected Xenopus laevis embryos that express fluorescent fusion proteins allows for imaging of growth cone cytoskeletal dynamics.

Dan Sinir Eksplantasyon Kültürleri<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

Embriyonik ön beyin gelen Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Kültürü

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

Test Görsel Fonksiyonu için Basit Bir Davranış Testi<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. However, there is piling evidence that olfaction is not solely limited to chemical sensitivity, but also includes temperature sensitivity. Premetamorphic Xenopus laevis are translucent animals, with protruding nasal cavities deprived of the cribriform plate separating the nose and the olfactory bulb. These characteristics make them well suited for studying olfaction, and particularly thermosensitivity. The present article describes the complete procedure for measuring temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of X. laevis larvae. Firstly, the electroporation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is performed with spectrally distinct dyes loaded into the nasal cavities in order to stain their axon terminals in the bulbar neuropil. The differential staining between left and right receptor neurons serves to identify the &#947;-glomerulus as the only structure innervated by contralateral presynaptic afferents. Secondly, the electroporation is combined with focal bolus loading in the olfactory bulb in order to stain mitral cells and their dendrites. The 3D brain volume is then scanned under line-illumination microscopy for the acquisition of fast calcium imaging data while small temperature drops are induced at the olfactory epithelium. Lastly, the post-acquisition analysis allows the morphological reconstruction of the thermosensitive network comprising the &#947;-glomerulus and its innervating mitral cells, based on specific temperature-induced Ca2+ traces. Using chemical odorants as stimuli in addition to temperature jumps enables the comparison between thermosensitive and chemosensitive networks in the olfactory bulb.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

koku ampul kalsiyum Değişiklikleri İzleme yoluyla Sıcaklık kaynaklı Nöronal Aktivite Kayıt<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

Ürünleri ve tüm hücre yama kelepçe kayıt Xenopus laevis Tectal nöronlar için iletişim kuralları

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...