Fon Utah Üniversitesi tarafından sağlandı. Biz faydalı tartışmalar için Dr J. Xu (UC Merced) ve Dr BJN Reddy (UC Irvine) teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1. 980 nm Dalgaboyu Tek Optik Tuzak montajı <ol><li> Biyofizik deneyler ve ucuz lazer diyot 300 mW gibi yüksek güç çıkışı ile hazır için 980 nm dalga boyunda optik yakalama genellikle en uygunudur. Bu bilinen bir mod alan çapı tek modlu fiber polarizasyon koruyucu ile Pigtailed gereken bir diyot lazer için tercih edilir. Fiber bir mod filtre olarak hareket etmek yeterince uzun olması gerekir ve genellikle FC / PC veya FC / APC konnektör ya ile sonlandırılır. Bunlardan, FC / APC ışık ve potansiyel geri bildirim istikrarsızlıklar yansıma geri en aza indirmek için tercih edilmektedir. </li><li> Güç ve sıcaklık kontrolü sağlayan bir montaj içinde 980 nm lazer diyot sabitleyin. Doğrudan pasif ısı batan en üst düzeye çıkarmak ve böylece sıcaklık kontrolörü bir arıza nedeniyle diyot başarısızlık tehlikesini en aza indirmek optik masaya monte düzeltmek için en iyisidir. </li><li> Işın yön verici optik için PC / APC fiber konnektör monte edin. Öyleayarlanabilir fiber bağlantı noktaları en yararlı olacak şekilde collimated ışın az farklılık olduğunu sağlamak için kritik. Seçilen fiber bağlantı noktası diyot saç örgüsü lif şekli alanında çapı uygun olduğundan emin olun. Kiriş acousto-optik deflektörleri (AOD) veya elektro-optik deflektörleri kullanarak rastered edilecekse (EOD) sonra paralelleştirilmiş lazer ışını bel de saptırıcı diyafram büyüklüğü biraz daha az olmalıdır. </li><li> Işın yönlendirme, genişleme, ve istenen diğer bileşenlerin yerleştirilmesi için izin vermek için mikroskop yeterli mesafede optik masaya collimating adaptörü sabitleyin. Mikroskop genel ışın yolu ile karşılaştırılabilir mesafelerde tutarlı ışın bel sağlamak için fiber bağlantı noktasını ayarlayın. </li><li> Şekil 1&#39;de gösterilen aynalar yükleyin. Mikroskop objektif çıkarın ve objektif montaj aşamasında diyafram üzerinden rota ışınına ayna kullanın. Eğer tercih edilirse, dikroik aynalar DM1 ve dm3 yerleştirme kadar ihmal edilebilirdaha sonra. DM2 ve DM3 Shortpass her ikisi de ve IR yakın ve üzerinde yansıtarak görünür ışık iletir. </li><li> Bu geçici olarak mikroskop optik eksen üzerinde uyumlu objektif yerine kırmızı bir lazer pointer, monte etmek yararlıdır. Özel bir mekanik adaptörü lazer işaretçisi santralizasyonunun sağlamak için gereklidir. Lazer pointer görünür ışın daha sonra fiber bağlantı noktasının diyafram ortasına geri yönlendirilebilir ve daha sonra lens (aşağıdaki) yüklemek için kullanılabilir. </li><li> Gerekli 1 olarak direksiyon bileşenlerin gelecekteki ekleme (AOD veya EOD) izin vermek için fiber bağlantı noktasından uygun bir mesafede 980 nm ışın genişletici (L8 ve L9) takın. Genişletilmiş ışın biraz objektif arkasında odak diyafram aşırı doldurmayın gerekir. (Burada, 125 mm ve 60 mm odak uzaklığına sahip lensler yaklaşık ışın bel çift bir Kepler düzenleme bulunmaktadır). Doğru lens yerleştirme ve kaba uyum sağlamak için lazer gösterge ışını (bölüm 1.6 bakınız) kullanın. </li><li> Install bir teleskop düzenleme 980 nm direksiyon lens (L2 ve L3) (burada hem 60 mm odak uzunluğu) 1 belirtildiği gibi. L3 hedefi arka-odak düzlemli bir düzlemde konjuge monte edilir. Hassas bir XYZ konumlandırma sahnede Dağı L3 ışın direksiyon için izin vermek. Bu tekrarlanabilir konumlandırma ve tuzak yeniden konumlandırılması için izin, onun mikrometre için dijital göstergeler için XYZ aşaması için yararlıdır. Seyahat 0.5 &quot;aralığı genellikle yeterlidir, optik eksen boyunca L3 konumlandırma için ancak uzun seyahat yararlı olabilir. Doğru lens yerleştirme ve kaba uyum sağlamak için (bölüm 1.6 bakınız) lazer gösterge ışını kullanın. </li></ol> 2. Lazer Dedektör montajı <ol><li> Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi yoğunlaştırıcı yukarıda dikroik ayna DM3 takın. Özel bir montaj genellikle gereklidir. Kondansatör montaj yan ve ens için dört foto diyot (QPD) ya da bir pozisyon duyarlı dedektör (PSD) 8 Güvenli980 nm lazer ışını DM3 yansıyan bu ure kabaca merkezi üzerine vuruyor. QPD kullanırken, lazer ışınını sensörün hassas merkezleme için izin vermek için, küçük bir XY üzerine monte edilmiş olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> DM3 ve sensör arasındaki L1 (genellikle 30 mm objektif) takın. Pozisyon L1 kadar sensörü tek bir noktaya ışın odaklanmak. </li><li> L1 mikroskop aydınlatıcı ve ortam aydınlatma 1.064 nm ışın yanı sıra herhangi bir sokak görünür ışık yansımaları engellemek için hemen önce çentik filtre takın. </li></ol> 3. 1.064 nm Dalgaboyu Holografik Trap montajı <ol><li> Kurulum, holografik bir parçası bu pakette kullanılan holografik ayna 5 veya 10 W / cm 2 en fazla olay güç derecelendirilir bir ticari donanım / yazılım paketi etrafında inşa edilmiştir. Bu güç aralığında Tekli mod TEM00 kirişler kolayca 1.064 nm dalga boyunda bir DPSS lazer kaynaklı olabilir. </li><li> Yüksek bir üzerinde 1.064 nm lazer montePlatform yaklaşık 980 hattı (Bölüm 1) için ışın yolu boyuna maç. </li><li> Doğrudan kontrol edilebilir değilse, lazer gücü manuel Uygun lazer çıkış diyafram sonra yarım dalga plakası (HWP) ve polarize (PBS) yükleyerek ayarlanabilir. Bu ışın polarizasyon için holografik ayna gereksinimi maç edebilmek için bir döner aşamasında polarize monte etmek yararlıdır. </li><li> 1.064 nm ışın genişletici (L6 ve L7) takın. Lazer ışını bel holografik ayna çapraz boyutuna uyacak şekilde genişletilmelidir. Büyük bir genişleme oranları için (10X yukarıda) bu genişletici büyüklüğü küçük tutmak için bir endişe olabilir. (: 16 mm ve 175 mm burada) Böylece normalden daha küçük odak uzaklığına sahip objektifler kullanmak arzu edilebilir. </li><li> Amacı ile 1.064 nm ışını doğrudan belirtildiği gibi diğer aynalar takın. <ol><li> Bu undiminishe sağlar, böylece Güvenli DM1 bir kinematik montaj içinde çift renkli (insidans 45 ° açı) ve 980 nm ışın yolu montaj yerleştirinBu ışın d iletim. </li><li> Lazer pointer ışık etkinleştirin. DM1 ayna doğru bu ışın yolunda mekansal ışık modülatör (SLM) konumuna görünür ışık yeterli miktarda yansıtmalıdır. SLM de gelen ve giden lazer ışınları gibi normal durum mümkün olduğu kadar yakın olacak şekilde açılı gerekir. Ancak geliş açısı lazer ışını objektif bağlar ve diğer optik bileşenleri tarafından kırpılmış emin olmak için yeterince büyük olmalıdır. A 5 ° açı kolayca ulaşılabilir olması ve yeterince küçük olmalıdır. Son olarak DM1 gelen SLM olan mesafeyi doğru lensler L4 ve L5 ekleme (aşağıda 3.6) SLM ayna uçak ve hedefi arka odak düzlemi eşlenik böylece ölçülmelidir. </li><li> 1.064 nm ışın genişletici gelen SLM için ışık doğrudan bir ayna yükleyin. Lazer pointer ışığı merkezi ışın genişletici diyafram vurur emin olun. </li></ol></li><li> L4 ve L5 lens takın (burada: 12 ile lensler5 mm ve 200 mm sırasıyla). Bu teleskop çifti objektif arkasına odak düzlemine SLM ayna uçak konjugatları ve ayrıca sadece biraz aşırı dolum objektif arkasına diyafram için ışın bel azaltır. Biz SLM uzak DM1 den alana uzun odak uzaklığına sahip lensler seçti. Bu ikinci lazer hattı için oda temizler ama aynı zamanda uyum kolaylaştırmak eğilimindedir sadece. </li><li> Lazer pointer çıkarın. Kaba uyum diyafram olarak hizmet montaj adaptörü bırakın. </li></ol> 4. Sistem Kurulum ve Hizalama Notları <ol><li> Objektif arkasına odak düzlemine optik konjuge olduğu gibi objektif L3 ve SLM şekilde yerleştirilmelidir. Optik yakalama kiriş mikroskop sonsuz uzaya enjekte ise L5 L4 ve ortak odak noktası örnek düzlemine optik birleştirilir. </li><li> şarkı IR kartı görüntüleyici lazer pointer adaptörü diyafram ortasına ekseni boyunca gitmek için 980 nm ışını hizalamak. </li><li> IR kart t kullanıno 1.064 nm ışın DM1, L2 ve L3 ve 1.064 nm ışın lazer pointer adaptörü diyafram ortasına ekseni boyunca gider 980 nm ışın aynı tatmin edecek emin olun. </li><li> Objektif ile lazer pointer montaj adaptörü değiştirin. Yüksek sayısal açıklık yağ veya su objektif tipiktir. </li><li> Bir radyal simetrik girişim deseni kamera görülür kadar lazer ışını &quot;yürüyüş&quot; ile 9 açıklandığı gibi 980 nm tuzak hizalayın. </li><li> Holografik ayna kapalı (yani pasif bir ayna olarak hareket) 1,064 nm tuzak hizalamak için undiffracted 1.064 nm ışın &quot;yürüyüş&quot; için SLM ve DM1 kullanın. </li><li> SLM görüş alanında güçlü taşınamaz lazer yakalama ile sonuçlanan önemli bir undiffracted ışını üretir. Bu hizalama için faydalıdır, fakat deneyler için istenmeyen olabilir. Bu tuzak engellemek için bir (örnek düzlemine konumu konjuge de undiffracted ışık yolunda bir küçük opak nesne ekleyebilirsiniz örneğin inciL4 ve L5) e ortak odak noktası. Bu merkezi bir nokta engelleyici büyüklüğü odaklanmış ışık (anlatılan sistem için 100-300 mikron çapında olan bir engelleyici) boyunca havadar diskin çapı biraz daha büyük olması gerekmektedir. </li><li> SLM yönlendirmesine uyması için polarize kullanarak 1.064 nm ışın polarizasyon djust. Istediğiniz gibi ışınının çıkış gücü ayarlamak için yarım dalga plakası döndürün. </li><li> İsterseniz, 980 nm lazer uyumlu hale AOD veya EOD kiriş direksiyon elemanları takın. Amacın arka odak düzlemine bu unsurların doğru konjugasyon olun ve tuzak yeniden ayarlamak. Bir gonyometrik sahnede direksiyon elemanları monte etmek yararlıdır. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Svoboda, K., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+applications+of+optical+forces.">Biological applications of optical forces.</a> Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994).</li><li>Ashkin, A., Schutze, K., Dziedzic, J. M., Euteneuer, U., Schliwa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+generation+of+organelle+transport+measured+in+vivo+by+an+infrared+laser+trap.">Force generation of organelle transport measured in vivo by an infrared laser trap.</a> Nature. 348, 346-348 (1990).</li><li>Shubeita, G. T., Tran, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consequences+of+motor+copy+number+on+the+intracellular+transport+of+kinesin-1-driven+lipid+droplets.">Consequences of motor copy number on the intracellular transport of kinesin-1-driven lipid droplets.</a> Cell. 135, 1098-1107 (2008).</li><li>Polin, M., Ladavac, K., Lee, S. H., Roichman, Y., Grier, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+holographic+optical+traps.">Optimized holographic optical traps.</a> Opt Express. 13, 5831-5845 (2005).</li><li>Sun, B., Roichman, Y., Grier, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+holographic+optical+trapping.">Theory of holographic optical trapping.</a> Opt. Express. 16, 15765-15776 (2008).</li><li>Moffitt, J. R., Chemla, Y. R., Smith, S. B., Bustamante, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+optical+tweezers.">Recent advances in optical tweezers.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 77, 205-228 (2008).</li><li>Grier, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+revolution+in+optical+manipulation.">A revolution in optical manipulation.</a> Nature. 424, 810-816 (2003).</li><li>Neuman, K. C., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+trapping.">Optical trapping.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2787-2809 (2004).</li><li>Sheetz, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+tweezers+in+cell+biology.">Laser tweezers in cell biology.</a> Introduction. Methods Cell Biol. 55, xi-xii (1998).</li><li>Spudich, J. A., Rice, S. E., Rock, R. S., Purcell, T. J., Warrick, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+traps+to+study+properties+of+molecular+motors.">Optical traps to study properties of molecular motors.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2011, 1305-1318 (2011).</li><li>Visscher, K., Gross, S. P., Block, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+multiple-beam+optical+traps+with+nanometer-resolution+position+sensing.+Selected+Topics+in+Quantum+Electronics.">Construction of multiple-beam optical traps with nanometer-resolution position sensing. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.</a> IEEE Journal of. 2, 1066-1076 (1996).</li><li>Valentine, M. T., Guydosh, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+steering+of+an+optical+trap+by+electro-optic+deflection.">Precision steering of an optical trap by electro-optic deflection.</a> Opt Lett. 33, 599-601 (2008).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Biz nesne manipülasyon ve ölçüm için ayrı yakalama imkanları sağlamak farklı iki optik tuzakları (Şekil 1) bir araya getiren bir araç inşa ettik. &quot;Geleneksel&quot; optik tuzak bir 980 nm diyot lazer etrafında inşa edilmiştir. Bu ışın, genişletilmiş kumanda ve sonra (Şekil 1&#39;de &quot;açık kırmızı&quot; ışın) bizim ters mikroskop içine enjekte edilir. Holografik optik tuzak bir 1.064 nm DPSS lazer etrafında inşa edilmiştir. Kiriş, mekansal ış?...

Optik bindirme biyofizik 6&#39;daki temel tekniklerden biridir. Optik yakalama bir önemli gelişme oldukça geleneksel noktası tuzakları 7 üç boyutlu yakalama desen oluşturulması için izin holografik tuzakları gelişme olmuştur. Bu holografik tuzakları kırılma nesneleri konumlandırma çok yönlü avantajı sahip. Ancak geleneksel tuzakları kolayca ticari holografik kitleri daha simetrik olması için düzenlenebilir. Ayrıca tuzak nesnelerin hızlı bir hassas bir izleme sağlar. Burada tek bir cihazda iki yakalama yöntemler bir arada ve kullanıcı olarak uygun hem yararları yararlanmak için izin veren bir sistem (Şekil 1) açıklar. Yapımında optik tuzakları (tek ya da birden fazla lazer ışınları göre) arasında genel düşünceler başka 8-10 ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Burada, bizim s hususlar özel anahatetup ve uyum prosedürü ayrıntı sağlar. Örneğin, iki optik yakalama kirişler sistemleri tipik bir kırılma nesne yakalama ve tuzak nesnenin konumunun ayrılmış okuma için (kasıtlı olarak düşük güç ışın), diğer kullanmak için bir lazer ışını kullanarak, (örneğin ref. 11) önce tarif edilmiştir . Ancak burada, her iki lazer ışınları hem bindirme için kullanılacak olduğu için (300 mW veya daha yüksek) yüksek güçlü olması gerekir. Biyolojik sistemlerin ölçümleri için, yakalama için kullanılan lazerler en iyi ışık kaynaklı protein yıkımı 1 en aza indirmek için dalga boyu belirli bir NUR pencere içinde girmelidir. Burada 980 nm diyot ve nedeniyle düşük maliyetli, yüksek kullanılabilirlik ve çalışma kolaylığı 1.064 nm DPSS lazer kullanmayı seçtim. Ayrıca 4,5 gerçek zamanlı olarak aynı anda birden fazla tuzaklar yaratmak ve işlemek için bir mekansal ışık modülatör (SLM) kullanmayı seçtim. Bu cihazlar, ticari olarak temin edilebilirancak komple bir kurulum onların entegrasyon benzersiz zorluklar sunuyor. Burada bu potansiyel zorlukları adresleri ve oldukça çok yönlü bir araç sağlar pratik bir yaklaşım açıklar. Biz modifiye tasarımlar için bir rehber olarak kullanılabilir açıklanan özel kurulum için açık bir örnek oluşturmaktadır.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical table</td>
			<td>Newport corporation</td>
			<td>ST-UT2-56-8</td>
			<td>Irvine, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope, Inverted, Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td>Nikon USA</td>
			<td>MEA53220</td>
			<td>Melville, NY</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plan apo 100X oil objective (1.4 NA)</td>
			<td>Nikon USA</td>
			<td>MRD01901</td>
			<td>Melville, NY</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil condenser Lens 1.4 NA</td>
			<td>Nikon USA</td>
			<td>MEL41410</td>
			<td>Melville, NY</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMCCD camera</td>
			<td>Andor technology USA</td>
			<td>Ixon DU897</td>
			<td>South Windsor, CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/3" CCD IEEE1394 camera</td>
			<td>NET USA Inc</td>
			<td>Foculus FO124SC</td>
			<td>Highland IN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser, TEM00, SLM, 1,064 nm wavelength</td>
			<td>Klastech Laser Technologies</td>
			<td>Senza-1064-1000</td>
			<td>Dortmund; Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser diode, TEM00, SLM, 980 nm</td>
			<td>Axcel Photonics</td>
			<td>BF-979-0300-P5A</td>
			<td>Marlborough, MA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser diode mount</td>
			<td>ILX Lightwave</td>
			<td>LDX-3545, LDT-5525, and LDM-4984</td>
			<td>Bozeman, MT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>adjustable fiber ports</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PAF-X-11-B</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>holographic system</td>
			<td>Arryx</td>
			<td>HOTKIT-ADV-1064</td>
			<td>Chicago, IL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>holographic mirror</td>
			<td>Boulder Non-linear Systems</td>
			<td>this is a part of HOTKIT-ADV-1064</td>
			<td>Lafayette, CO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcite polarizer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>GL10-B</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>half-wave plate</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>WPH05M-1064</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polarizer rotation mount</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PRM1</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>half-wave plate rotation mount</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RSP1</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shutter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SH05</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic mirrors (DM2 &amp; DM3); 45&deg; AOI</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>t750spxrxt</td>
			<td>Bellows Falls, VT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic mirror (DM1); 45&deg; AOI</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DMSP1000R</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>custom mechanical adapter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SM1A11 and AD12F with enlarged inner bore</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>notch filter</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF01-850/310-25</td>
			<td>Rochester, NY</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acousto-Optic deflector (2-axis)</td>
			<td>intraAction</td>
			<td>DTD-584CA28</td>
			<td>Bellwood, IL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goniometric stage</td>
			<td>New Focus</td>
			<td>9081</td>
			<td>Santa Clara, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm steering lenses</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LA1134-B</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16 mm aspherical expander lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AC080-016-C</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>175 mm expander lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LA1229-C</td>
			<td>Newton, NJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spot blocker (cabron-steel sphere)</td>
			<td>Bal-Tec</td>
			<td>0.0100" diameter</td>
			<td>Los Angeles, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microspheres (Carboxyl-polystyrene)</td>
			<td>Spherotech</td>
			<td>CP-45-10</td>
			<td>Lake Forest, IL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction of a high resolution microscope with conventional and holographic optical trapping capabilities

Optik tuzakları ile Yüksek çözünürlüklü mikroskop sistemleri, dielektrik boncuk 1 veya cep organelleri 2,3, hem de tuzak ortasına göre konumlarını yüksek uzaysal ve zamansal çözünürlüğe okuma olduğu gibi, çeşitli kırılma nesnelerin hassas manipülasyon için izin verir. Sistem burada 980 nm de böyle bir &quot;geleneksel&quot; tuzak çalışma vardır nitelendirdi. Bu ayrıca aynı anda 1.064 nm dalga boyunda 4,5 mikroskop görüş alanında karmaşık yakalama desenleri oluşturmak ve işlemek için bir ticari holografik paketi kullanır ikinci bir optik yakalama sistemi sağlar. Aynı anda yüksek hız ve hareket ve nanometre ve piconewton ölçekte güç üretim yüksek çözünürlüklü ölçümler yapılırken iki sistemin kombinasyonu aynı anda birden fazla kırılma nesnelerin manipülasyonu için izin verir.

Monte kurulum operatör gerçek zamanlı olarak birden fazla kırılma nesneleri yakalamak ve görüş alanı içindeki tüm üç boyutlu onları konumlandırmak için izin verir. Biz 11 mikroküreler (Şekil 2) yakalayarak cihazın holografik yeteneklerini göstermektedir. Her nesne hapsetmesi tuzak manuel olarak son düzenleme bu deney yapıldı Utah Üniversitesi logosu gösteriyor ki yakalama üzerine yeniden konumlandırılmış. Holografik ve konvansiyonel tuzak birleştirilmiş bir fonksiyonu <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities at JoVE.com

Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

Burada açıklanan sistemi birden fazla tuzakları oluşturma ve manipüle yeteneğine sahip geleneksel optik tuzak yanı sıra bağımsız bir holografik optik yakalama çizgi, istihdam. Ayrıca biyolojik enzimlerin aktivitesini aynı anda yüksek hızlı, yüksek çözünürlüklü ölçümler izin ise bu kırma parçacıkların karmaşık geometrik düzenlemelerin oluşturulmasını sağlar.

Geleneksel ve Holografik Optik Yakalama Yetenekleri ile bir Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Mikroskop İnşaatı

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular ...

construction-high-resolution-microscope-with-conventional-holographic

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.0K Görüntüleme.  University of Utah. Burada açıklanan sistemi birden fazla tuzakları oluşturma ve manipüle yeteneğine sahip geleneksel optik tuzak yanı sıra bağımsız bir holografik optik yakalama çizgi, istihdam. Ayrıca biyolojik enzimlerin aktivitesini aynı anda yüksek hızlı, yüksek çözünürlüklü ölçümler izin ise bu kırma parçacıkların karmaşık geometrik düzenlemelerin oluşturulmasını sağlar.

Video: Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

Plasmonic geliştirilmiş Işık-tutucu ile Polycrystalline Silikon İnce-film Solar hücreler

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

Mühendislik

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

İnşaat ve Lityum İyon pillerin Coin Hücre Testi

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Nanopartiküllerin Optik Yakalama

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats &amp; Spheres

Convergent Polishing is a novel polishing system and method for finishing flat and spherical glass optics in which a workpiece, independent of its initial shape (i.e., surface figure), will converge to final surface figure with excellent surface quality under a fixed, unchanging set of polishing parameters in a single polishing iteration. In contrast, conventional full aperture polishing methods require multiple, often long, iterative cycles involving polishing, metrology and process changes to achieve the desired surface figure. The Convergent Polishing process is based on the concept of workpiece-lap height mismatch resulting in pressure differential that decreases with removal and results in the workpiece converging to the shape of the lap. The successful implementation of the Convergent Polishing process is a result of the combination of a number of technologies to remove all sources of non-uniform spatial material removal (except for workpiece-lap mismatch) for surface figure convergence and to reduce the number of rogue particles in the system for low scratch densities and low roughness. The Convergent Polishing process has been demonstrated for the fabrication of both flats and spheres of various shapes, sizes, and aspect ratios on various glass materials. The practical impact is that high quality optical components can be fabricated more rapidly, more repeatedly, with less metrology, and with less labor, resulting in lower unit costs. In this study, the Convergent Polishing protocol is specifically described for fabricating 26.5 cm square fused silica flats from a fine ground surface to a polished ~&#955;/2 surface figure after polishing 4 hr per surface on a 81 cm diameter polisher.

A novel optical polishing process, called &#8220;Convergent Polishing&#8221;, which enables faster, lower cost polishing, is described. Unlike conventional polishing processes, Convergent Polishing allows a glass workpiece to be polished in a single iteration and with high surface quality to its final surface figure without requiring changes to polishing parameters.

Yakınsak Polisaj: Yüksek Kaliteli Optik Flats &amp; Kürelerin Basit, Hızlı, Tam Diyafram Parlatma İşlemi

Convergent Polishing is a novel polishing system and method for finishing flat and spherical glass optics in which a workpiece, independent of its initial ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

MEMS Muayene ve Karakterizasyonu için kompakt Lens az Dijital Holografik Mikroskop

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Plasmonic Trapping and Release of Nanoparticles in a Monitoring Environment

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few can observe immobilized particles. Moreover, a limited number of studies have experimentally measured the exertable forces on the particles. The designs can be classified as the protruding nanodisk type or the suppressed nanohole type. For the latter, microscopic observation is extremely challenging. In this paper, a new plasmonic tweezer system is introduced to monitor particles, both in directions parallel and orthogonal to the symmetric axis of a plasmonic nanohole structure. This feature enables us to observe the movement of each particle near the rim of the nanohole. Furthermore, we can quantitatively estimate the maximal trapping forces using a new fluidic channel.

A microchip fabrication process that incorporates plasmonic tweezers is presented here. The microchip enables the imaging of a trapped particle to measure maximal trapping forces.

Bir İzleme Ortamında plasmonik Yakalama ve Nanopartiküller Yayın

Plasmonic tweezers use surface plasmon polaritons to confine polarizable nanoscale objects. Among the various designs of plasmonic tweezers, only a few ...

Demonstration of a Hyperlens-integrated Microscope and Super-resolution Imaging

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and nanotechnology. Although near-field scanning microscopy and superlenses have improved the resolution in the near-field region, far-field imaging in real-time remains a significant challenge. Recently, the hyperlens, which magnifies and converts evanescent waves into propagating waves, has emerged as a novel approach to far-field imaging. Here, we report the fabrication of a spherical hyperlens composed of alternating silver (Ag) and titanium oxide (TiO2) thin layers. Unlike a conventional cylindrical hyperlens, the spherical hyperlens allows for two-dimensional magnification. Thus, incorporation into conventional microscopy is straightforward. A new optical system integrated with the hyperlens is proposed, allowing for a sub-wavelength image to be obtained in the far-field region in real time. In this study, the fabrication and imaging setup methods are explained in detail. This work also describes the accessibility and possibility of the hyperlens, as well as practical applications of real-time imaging in living cells, which can lead to a revolution in biology and nanotechnology.

The use of a hyperlens has been regarded as a novel super-resolution imaging technique due to its advantages in real-time imaging and its simple implementation with conventional optics. Here, we present a protocol describing the fabrication and imaging applications of a spherical hyperlens.

Gösteri bir mikroskop Hyperlens entegre ve süper kararlılık düşsel

The use of super-resolution imaging to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional microscopy has attracted the interest of researchers in biology and ...

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs

Lightning is one of the most common and destructive forces in nature and has long been studied using spectroscopic techniques, first with traditional camera film methods and then digital camera technology, from which several important characteristics have been derived. However, such work has always been limited due to the inherently random and non-repeatable nature of natural lightning events in the field. Recent developments in lightning test facilities now allow the reproducible generation of lightning arcs within controlled laboratory environments, providing a test bed for the development of new sensors and diagnostic techniques to understand lightning mechanisms better. One such technique is a spectroscopic system using digital camera technology capable of identifying the chemical elements with which the lightning arc interacts, with these data then being used to derive further characteristics. In this paper, the spectroscopic system is used to obtain the emission spectrum from a 100 kA peak, 100 &#181;s duration lightning arc generated across a pair of hemispherical tungsten electrodes separated by a small air gap. To maintain a spectral resolution of less than 1 nm, several individual spectra were recorded across discrete wavelength ranges, averaged, stitched, and corrected to produce a final composite spectrum in the 450 nm (blue light) to 890 nm (near infrared light) range. Characteristic peaks within the data were then compared to an established publicly available database to identify the chemical element interactions. This method is readily applicable to a variety of other light emitting events, such as fast electrical discharges, partial discharges, and sparking in electrical equipment, apparatus, and systems.

Emission spectroscopy techniques have traditionally been used to analyze inherently random lightning arcs occurring in nature. In this paper, a method developed to obtain the emission spectroscopy from reproducible lightning arcs generated within a laboratory environment is described.

Laboratuvar Yıldırım Yaylar Genişbant Yüksek Çözünürlüklü Emisyon Spectra Kayıt Yöntemi

Lightning is one of the most common and destructive forces in nature and has long been studied using spectroscopic techniques, first with traditional ...

Single-Digit Nanometer Electron-Beam Lithography with an Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

We demonstrate extension of electron-beam lithography using conventional resists and pattern transfer processes to single-digit nanometer dimensions by employing an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope as the exposure tool. Here, we present results of single-digit nanometer patterning of two widely used electron-beam resists: poly (methyl methacrylate) and hydrogen silsesquioxane. The method achieves sub-5 nanometer features in poly (methyl methacrylate) and sub-10 nanometer resolution in hydrogen silsesquioxane. High-fidelity transfer of these patterns into target materials of choice can be performed using metal lift-off, plasma etch, and resist infiltration with organometallics.

We use an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope to define single-digit nanometer patterns in two widely-used electron-beam resists: poly (methyl methacrylate) and hydrogen silsesquioxane. Resist patterns can be replicated in target materials of choice with single-digit nanometer fidelity using liftoff, plasma etching, and resist infiltration by organometallics.

Tek basamaklı nanometre elektron ışını litografi bir sapma düzeltilmiş tarama transmisyon elektron mikroskobu ile

We demonstrate extension of electron-beam lithography using conventional resists and pattern transfer processes to single-digit nanometer dimensions by ...