Biz birkaç vakıf ve hayırsever bağışçıların cömert desteği (SakmarLab.org bakınız) teşekkür ederim.

1.. GPCRs içine Doğal olmayan amino asitlerin bölge spesifik genetik Incorporation <ol><li> % 5 CO2 atmosferinde 37 ° C&#39;de% 10 fetal sığır serumu (FBS) ile takviye edilmiş DMEM içinde HEK293T hücreler (glukoz 4.5 g / L, 2 mM glutamin) koruyun. </li><li> Lipofektamin Plus tepkin maddesi kullanılarak 10 cm&#39;lik bir plaka içerisinde% 60-80 konflüansa büyütülmüştür hücreleri transfekte. <ol><li> 750 ul DMEM için, arzu edilen bir pozisyonda amber durdurma kodonu ihtiva eden 10 ul Plus tepkin maddesi, GPCR cDNA 3.5 ug (pMT4. Rho veya pcDNA 3.1. CCR5), 3.5 baskılayıcı tRNA cDNA&#39;nın (pSVB.Yam) arasında ve 0,35 ug ug eklemek p-azido-L-fenilalanin (pcDNA.RS) için, mutant bir amino asil-tRNA sentetaz cDNA. 15 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. Ayrıca, bir kontrol olarak hizmet etmek üzere ağırlıkça GPCR cDNA (bir amber durdurma kodonu içeren) kullanılarak da benzer bir transfeksiyon gerçekleştirin. 17 ul Lipofektamin ile DMEM 750 ul bu karışımı ekleyin. Oda sıcaklığında 15 dakika sonra dengeye getirmek4 ml toplam hacim. </li><li> 10 cm&#39;lik bir tabakta aspire ortam hücrelere transfeksiyon karışımı uygulanır ve CO2 atmosfer,% 5 37 ° C&#39;de geri dönün. 4-6 saat sonra,% 20 FBS ve 1 mM azf içeren 4 ml DMEM hücreleri ek. </li></ol></li><li> Ertesi gün, DMEM,% 10 FBS ve 0.5 mM azf içeren büyüme ortamı değiştirin. </li><li> Hasat hücreleri 48 saat sonrası transfeksiyon, ifadesini analiz ya da aşağıdaki bölümlerde açıklanan foto-veya etiketleme prosedürleri devam etmek. <ol><li> Büyüme ortamı içinde UAA mevcudiyetinde GPCR sarı mutant ifadesini teyit edin. Biz Batı bağışıklık algılama bunu. Lyse% 1 hücre topağı (ağ / hac) 20 mM Tris-HCI, pH dodesil-β-D-maltozit (DDM) 7.5, 4 ° C &#39;de 1 saat süre ile 100 mM NaCl 16,000 xg&#39;de lizat santrifüj ve SDS-PAGE ile indirgeyici koşullar altında süpernatantı çözmek. Bir PVDF membrana aktarılır ve inci kullanılarak tam uzunluktaki reseptör ifadesini tespit etmek için bağışıklık-beneklenme analizi gerçekleştirmekreseptörün C-ucunda bir epitopu tanır tasarlanmış e 1D4 mAb (National Hücre Kültürü Merkezi),. 31 </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Hedefli foto-kullanarak Ligand Bağlama Sitesi Haritalama <ol><li> 48 saat post-transfeksiyon, hücrelerden aspire ortam ve 4 ml 1x Fosfat Tamponlu Salin (PBS) ile değiştirin. 15 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de geri dönün. </li><li> 1x PBS ile tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri ve bir Falcon tüp transfer. Pelet hücreleri ve süpernatan aspire 2 dakika boyunca 1500 rpm&#39;de santrifüj. </li><li> 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5,% 0.2 BSA ve reseptör-ligand kompleksi oluşmasını sağlamak için, zaman ve sıcaklığın gerekli uzunluğu için bağlanma satürasyon konsantrasyonu da üçlü ligand içeren 1x Hank Tamponlu Tuz Çözeltisi içinde hücre pelletini. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 15 dakika boyunca (örneğin, UV-A lambası kullanın) 365 nm&#39;de azf fotoaktivasyon için bir 24 oyuklu veya 96 oyuklu plakaya transfer hücre süspansiyonu Maintain buz üzerinde plaka numune ısıtma ve hücre parçalanmasını önlemek için. </li><li> Pelet hücreleri, bir Eppendorf tüpü, santrifüje hücreleri aktarın, süpernatant kaldırmak ve analiz geçin. Topaklar gelecekte kullanılmak üzere -20 ° C&#39;de muhafaza edilebilir. </li><li> (W / v) DDM, 20 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5 ve proteaz inhibitörleri% 1 ihtiva eden liziz tamponu içinde hücre topakları yeniden süspanse edin. 4 ° C&#39;de 1 saatlik inkübasyondan sonra, 16,000 x g&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca hücre lizat santrifüj ve yeni bir tüpe süpernatantı aktarın. </li><li> Süpernatana 1D4 mAb-sefaroz 2B reçine ilave edin ve işlenmiş C-terminal 1D4 mAb epitop kullanılarak GPCR immunopurify için 4 ° C&#39;de gece boyunca inkübe edilir. Ertesi gün, liziz tamponu ile pek çok kez yıkayın boncuklar. Çalkalanarak 1 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de% 1 SDS ile Elute örnekleri. </li><li> Bir 15 ml şişe ihtiva eden sintilasyon sıvısına, elüsyon bir kısmını aktarın ve inci olan toz haline getirilmiş olan bağlayıcının spesifik bağlanmasındaki yer değiştirme miktarını belirlemek için bir beta parıldama sayacında sayılıre reseptörü. </li><li> Standart jel elektroforezi ile kalan 1D4 mAb saflaştırılmış eluen gidermek. Bir 4-12% SDS-PAGE jel ve bağışıklık boyama için bir PVDF membrana daha sonra yarı-kuru aktarımı kullanın. Biz de moleküler ağırlığı görsel yaklaşımı rehberlik standart protein merdiven ile bir şerit bulunur. <ol><li> % 0.05 Tween-20 içeren TBS tampon maddesi içinde% 5 süt, PVDF membranı ile bloke edin. HRP-konjuge edilmiş anti-fare IgG ikincil antikor, ardından 1D4 mAb ile tam uzunluklu reseptör ifadesini teyit etmek için membran kontrol edin. </li><li> Gelişmiş chemiluminescence (ECL) reaktif ile tedavi ve bantları görselleştirmek için filmi otoradyografıye membran maruz. </li></ol></li><li> Özel moleküler ağırlık belirteçler kesilerek ardından her numune şerit ayırmak için bir tıraş bıçağı ile membran kesin. Sintilasyon akışkan maddesi ihtiva eden tüplere zar segmentleri aktarın. Bir beta-parıldama sayacında sayılarak, her zar segmentte trityum miktarını ölçmek. </li><li> Pozitif tespitGPCR ve ligandın bunun toplamına eşit görünür moleküler kütlesi de trityum algılama ile photocrosslink. </li></ol> 3. Epitop Etiketleme ve Hücre yüzey Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Hedeflenen <ol><li> 24 saat post-transfeksiyon PBS&#39;de 1 x 1 ml yıkama hücreleri ve 3 dakika boyunca 1 ml% 0.25 tripsin ile tripsinize edin. ,% 10 FBS ve 0.5 mM azf içeren 9 ml DMEM ile Supplement. Hücrelerin tekrar ve hücre yoğunluğu saymak. Biz standart bir Hemasitometre kullanın. </li><li> 0.01 mg / ml, oyuk başına poli-D-lisin, 100 ml ile yüksek bağlanma, berrak tabanlı, 96 oyuklu plaka ön tedavi. 1x PBS ve kuru hava ile tekrar tekrar yıkama, oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. </li><li> Levha 200 6 x 10 4 yoğunluğunda transfekte edilmiş hücrelerin ul - 8 x 10 4 hücre / oyuk, 96 oyuklu plakaya ve CO2 atmosfer,% 5 37 ° C&#39;de geri dönün. </li><li> Ertesi gün etiketleme için hücreleri hazırlamak. Yavaşça 100 ul / göz PBS 1x t ile üç kez yıkayıno herhangi AZF içeren büyüme ortamı çıkarın. Hücreler PBS Ca 2 + ve Mg2 + ihtiva eden kullanılarak, örneğin, yapışık kalmasını sağlayın. </li><li> PBS içinde 5-20 mM&#39;de tutulan bir stok 1x HBSS / PBS içinde 50-200 uM FLAG-triarilfosfin etiketleme reaktifi hazırlayın. Her bir (her sarı mutant için üç kopya halinde) 60 ml uygulanır ve 30 dakika ila 4 saat boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de geri dönün. 1x HBSS / PBS içinde etiket tedavisiz gözenekli bir grup kullanın koruyun. Ayrıca AZF-GPCR&#39;dir varyantları ile karşılaştırmak için bir ağırlık GPCR&#39;dir kontrolü içerir. </li><li> Zamanda, bloke edici tampon içinde 100 ul / ile hücreler 3 kez yıkanmakta, BB (1 x PBS,% 0.5 BSA), tamamen reaksiyona girmemiş etiket çıkarmak için kullanılır. </li><li> Hücrelere 100 ul / oyuk (1 x PBS içinde% 16 stoktan hazırlandı)% 4 paraformaldehid uygulanır. Oda sıcaklığında 20 dakika boyunca inkübe edin. BB ile üç kez yıkayın. </li><li> Etiketli reseptör ve reseptör ekspresyonunu tespit etmek için standart hücre yüzeyi ELISA protokolü yapın. İkinci An ve ardından, buz üzerinde 1.5 saat için primer antikor ile inkübe1 saat oda sıcaklığında inkübasyon tibody. <ol><li> FLAG-triarilfosfin etiketleme reaktifi FLAG peptit epitopunun tespit etmek için bir anti-FLAG M2 antikoru 100 ul (BB yapılan antikorun örneğin 1:2,000 seyrelti) ilave edin. Aynı zamanda, negatif kontrol olarak etiketli olmayan tedavi kuyu sonda. Wt veya AZF-GPCR, hücre yüzeyi ekspresyonunu belirlemek için kuyu ayrı bir dizi antikoru (1:500 seyreltme bir kullanımı), anti-CCR5 2D7 ekleyin. </li><li> BB ile hücreler üç kez yıkayın ve HRP ile konjüge edilmiş anti-fare IgG ikincil antikor (1:2,000 seyreltme), 100 ul ile inkübe edin. </li><li> Dikkatle BB ile hücreleri beş kez yıkayın. 50 ul tampon algılama ekleyin Amplex Red, 20 mM 2 H 2 O, 1 x PBS (1:10:90 oranı) ve oda sıcaklığında 15 dakika inkübe edilir. Λ ex = 530 bir floresan çoklu-plaka okuyucu üzerinde spektral veri toplamak ve λ em 590 =. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Bir GPCR ve Bioorthogonal floresan etiketleme <ol><li> LyseWt veya AZF-rodopsin% 1 ihtiva eden 1 ml tampon maddesi içinde çözündürme varyantları (w / v) DM, 50 mM HEPES ve Tris-HCI, pH 6.8, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl2 ve 1 proteaz inhibitörleri eksprese eden 10 7 hücre hasat 4 ° C&#39;de hr 10 dakika boyunca 15,000 xg&#39;de santrifüj hücre lizatı ve süpernatan fraksiyonu toplamak. </li><li> Işlenmiş C terminus 1D4 epitopu ile reseptörün yakalamak için 100 ul mAb 1D4-sefaroz reçinesi 2B ekleyin. 4 ° C&#39;de 12 saat boyunca inkübe 0.1 M sodyum fosfat tampon maddesi, pH 7.3 (w / v)% 0,1 ile DDM, reçineyi üç defa yıkanır. </li><li> Immün afinite matrisi (mAb 1D4-sefaroz 2B) üzerinde hareketsizleştirilmiş reseptörü etiketlemek için 0.5 ml - 0.3 arasında bir toplam hacim içinde 0.1 mM Fluorescein-fosfin ekleyin. Oda sıcaklığında 12 saat boyunca inkübe edin. Santrifüj ve süpernatant kaldırmak. Girmemiş etiketi kaldırmak için reçine yıkayın. </li><li> (W / v) DDM ve 0.33 mg / ml nonapeptit (1D4 epitopuna karşı C9 peptid)% 0.1 ihtiva eden 100 ml yıkama tampon maddesi ile işaretlenmiş reseptörü Zehir2 mM fosfat tampon maddesi içinde 1 saat için buz üzerinde kuluçkalama ile pH 6.0. </li><li> Indirgeyici koşullar altında SDS-PAGE ile etiketli örnekleri giderin. PBS kısaca jeller yıkayın ve sonra-jel floresan ile AZF-GPCR&#39;nin etiketleme görselleştirmek. Örneğin, floresan ile modifiye reseptörünü tespit etmek için, 488 nm dalga boyu lazer konfokal floresan tarayıcıyı kullanın. </li></ol>

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J. 84, 2078-2100 (2004).</li><li>Okada, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+retinal+conformation+and+its+environment+in+rhodopsin+in+light+of+a+new+2.2+&#197;+crystal+structure.">The retinal conformation and its environment in rhodopsin in light of a new 2.2 &#197; crystal structure.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 342, 571-583 (2004).</li><li>Huber, T., Tian, H., Ye, S., Naganathan, S., Kazmi, M. A., Duarte, T., Sakmar, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioorthogonal+labeling+of+functional+G+protein-coupled+receptors+at+genetically+encoded+azido+groups.">Bioorthogonal labeling of functional G protein-coupled receptors at genetically encoded azido groups.</a> , (2013).</li><li>Naganathan, S., Ye, S., Sakmar, T. P., Huber, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-specific+epitope+tagging+of+GPCRs+by+bioorthogonal+modification+of+a+genetically-encoded+unnatural+amino+acid.">Site-specific epitope tagging of GPCRs by bioorthogonal modification of a genetically-encoded unnatural amino acid.</a> Biochemistry. , (2013).</li><li>Molday, R. S., MacKenzie, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+to+rhodopsin:+characterization,+cross-reactivity,+and+application+as+structural+probes.">Monoclonal antibodies to rhodopsin: characterization, cross-reactivity, and application as structural probes.</a> Biochemistry. 22, 653-660 (1983).</li><li>Gether, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agonists+induce+conformational+changes+in+transmembrane+domains+III+and+VI+of+the+beta2+adrenoceptor.">Agonists induce conformational changes in transmembrane domains III and VI of the beta2 adrenoceptor.</a> The EMBO journal. 16, 6737-6747 (1997).</li><li>Hubbell, W. L., Altenbach, C., Hubbell, C. M., Khorana, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhodopsin+structure,+dynamics,+and+activation:+A+perspective+from+crystallography,+site-directed+spin+labeling,+sulfhydryl+reactivity,+and+disulfide+cross-linking.">Rhodopsin structure, dynamics, and activation: A perspective from crystallography, site-directed spin labeling, sulfhydryl reactivity, and disulfide cross-linking.</a> Advances in Protein Chemistry; Membrane Proteins. 63, 243-290 (2003).</li><li>Cai, K., Itoh, Y., Khorana, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+of+contact+sites+in+complex+formation+between+transducin+and+light-activated+rhodopsin+by+covalent+crosslinking:+use+of+a+photoactivatable+reagent.">Mapping of contact sites in complex formation between transducin and light-activated rhodopsin by covalent crosslinking: use of a photoactivatable reagent.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98, 4877-4882 (2001).</li><li>Dorman, G., Prestwich, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benzophenone+photophores+in+biochemistry.">Benzophenone photophores in biochemistry.</a> Biochemistry. 33, 5661-5673 (1994).</li><li>Zhang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+strategy+for+the+site-specific+modification+of+proteins+in+vivo.">A new strategy for the site-specific modification of proteins in vivo.</a> Biochemistry. 42, 6735-6746 (2003).</li><li>Dirksen, A., Hackeng, T. M., Dawson, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nucleophilic+catalysis+of+oxime+ligation.">Nucleophilic catalysis of oxime ligation.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 7581-7584 (2006).</li><li>Yanagisawa, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multistep+engineering+of+pyrrolysyl-tRNA+synthetase+to+genetically+encode+N(epsilon)-(o-azidobenzyloxycarbonyl)+lysine+for+site-specific+protein+modification.">Multistep engineering of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase to genetically encode N(epsilon)-(o-azidobenzyloxycarbonyl) lysine for site-specific protein modification.</a> Chemistry &amp; biology. 15, 1187-1197 (2008).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Biz GPCRs içine, reaktif bir prob, AZF site-spesifik birleşme için buraya sağlam bir metodoloji tarif ve GPCRs yapısını ve dinamiklerini incelemek için bu aracı üç yararlı uygulamaları göstermek. Bizim yöntem sitede-özellikle UAA&#39;lar kimyasal 32, 33 etiketleme veya tek erişilebilir sistein mutant foto 34 bağlama dayalı alternatif bir strateji ile temel bir problemi aşılmaktadır dahil. Sistein tiyol grupları hedef kimyaları flüoresan millerini takmak için kullanılmış...

Heptahelikal G-protein bağlı reseptörler (GPCR&#39;ler) önemli ve çeşitli hücre-dışı sinyallerin aracılık eden yüksek dinamik zar proteinlerinin bir üst ailesidir içermektedir. Klasik paradigmada, reseptör aktivasyonu ligand bağlı şekilsel değişiklikleri ile birleştirilmiştir. 1 GPCRs yapısal biyoloji 2 Son gelişmeler zar sinyalizasyon moleküler mekanizmaları üzerinde önemli fikir vermiştir. 3-5 Ancak, daha büyük kimyasal hassasiyet ile anlamak için fonksiyonel mekanizma ve GPCR&#39;dir sinyal yapısal dinamikleri, yaklaşımları bir araç aktif bir sinyal kompleksleri sorgulamak için bilgilendirici moleküler ve kimyasal sondalar dahil etmek gereklidir. Bu amaçla, site-spesifik olarak, daha önce Schultz ve c öncülük bastırma teknolojisi kullanılarak amber kodonu doğal olmayan amino asit (UAA) mutagenez göre ifade edilen reseptörlerine olmayan veya minimal bozucu probları tanıtmak için bir yöntem adapteoworkers. 6 Bu örneğin memeli hücreleri dışındaki çok heterolog ifade sistemlerinin zordur GPCRs gibi proteinler için yüksek verim ekspresyonu ve mutagenez sistem elde etmek için UAA mutagenez yöntemi optimize edilmiştir. Ortogonal bir mühendislik bastırma tRNA kullanarak ve belirli bir UAA için aminoasil-tRNA sentetaz çifti gelişti, site-spesifik ifade hedef GPCRs içinde UAA&#39;lar tanıttı. UAAS başarıyla dahil edilmesi, p-asetil-L-fenilalanin (ACF), p-benzoil-L-fenilalanin (BZF) ve p-azido-L-fenilalanin (azf) bizim modeli GPCRs olarak gösterilmiştir - rodopsin ve insan CC kemokin alıcısı, CCR5. 7, 8 Prensip olarak, bir UAA genetik olarak protein dizisi içinde herhangi bir pozisyonda kodlanabilir ve bir hedef GPCR tek kodon tarama olanak olarak bu özelliği bir değerli biyokimyasal bir araçtır. Biz bir reaktif Azi olan UAA, azf, çok yönlülük, özellikle burada odakparçasını yapmak. 9 AZF aynı zamanda komşu birincil aminler ya da alifatik hidrojenlerin ile reaksiyona sokularak bir ışıkla çapraz bağlayıcı olarak hizmet edebilir, bir kızıl ötesi (IR) probu, 8, olarak hizmet ek olarak. Buna ek olarak, biyolojik açıdan atıl azido grubu bioorthogonal etiketleme reaksiyonlarda bir seçici kimyasal tutma yeri olarak katılabilir. İşte biz böyle tuzak hedefli foto çapraz bir reseptör-ligand kompleksi ve bioorthogonal epitop etiketleme ve floresan etiketleme stratejilerinin GPCRs modifikasyonu gibi GPCRs, içine AZF site-spesifik esas yararlı uygulamaları gösteren örnekler sunuyoruz. Işıkla aktive reaktifler 1960&#39;lardan beri biyolojik sistemler incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Bu dönemde 10, reseptör-ligand çapraz bağlama deneylerinin bir bolluk GPCR kompleksleri incelemek için rapor edilmiştir, burada en fotoafinite ligandları kullanımını içeriyordu. 11, 12 Bununla birlikte, bu Onlar gerektirmeyen gibi uygulamalar teknik, sınırlıBir çapraz bağlama grubu taşıyan ligandların e sentezi. 13-15 Ayrıca, liganddaki çapraz bağlayıcı parça ile, bu GPCR&#39;nin üzerinde çapraz link yerini belirlemek zordur. Site özel bastırma teknolojisi kodonu kullanılarak sarı proteinlere UAAS olarak foto-çapraz grupların dahil değerli bir gelişmedir. 16, 17 Biz, bir reseptör-ligand kompleksinin oluşmasına katılan bir reseptör üzerinde bağlayıcı arayüzü tanımlamak için bir foto-çapraz bağlı bir teknik geliştirdi GPCRs içine fotolabil gruplar getirerek hücreleri canlı. 18, 19 Burada, bir küçük moleküllü ligand bağlama sahası, CCR5 üzerinde tritiye Maraviroc tanımlamak için bu hedef foto-çapraz teknolojiyi uygulamak için, deney protokolü ve veri analizi yöntemi tarif etmektedir. Bu yöntem, doğal ligandın kimyasal yapısını koruyarak ek olarak, ligand üzerindeki radyoaktif kolu, kesin miktar istifade eder. Floresans-tabanlı teknikler, doğrudan reseptörünün oluşum durumunu tarama ile reseptör aktivasyonunun yapısal temeli tam görüşü destekler. 20, 21 Bununla birlikte, GPCRs flüoresan etiketler tanıtmak için esneklik sahip teknikler site-spesifik olarak sınırlı bulunmaktadır. Biz GPCR sinyalizasyon komplekslerin tek-molekül algılama (SMD) kolaylaştırmak için bioorthogonal kimyasal modifikasyon stratejileri istihdam ilgilendi. 22. Azido grubu, Stadinger-Bertozzi ligasyon, 23, 24 bakır-germeli terfi azid-olarak bioorthogonal kimyaları katılabilir alkin siklo-(SpAAC) 25 ve bakır ile katalize edilen azit-alkin siklo (CuAAC). 26 İletişim bir azid ve bir fosfin arasındaki özel reaksiyon içerir Staudinger Bertozzi-bağlama reaksiyonu, burada odaklanır. Bir peptid epitop (FLAG peptidi) veya bir fluoresan bir etiket maddeye konjüge iki farklı fosfin türevlerinin kullanımını göstermektedirGPCRs siteye özgü modifikasyonu elde etmek için (fluorescein). Biz daha önce maruz çözücüdür hedef siteleri seçmek için X-ışını kristal yapıya ve dinamik simülasyonları kullanarak azf varyantları rodopsin site-spesifik etiketleme koşullarını optimize edilmiş. 27., 28. Biz de by background-serbest etiketleme ulaşmak için fizibilite resimli Staudinger- Bertozzi ligasyon. 29 İletişim burada immün afinite matrisi üzerinde hareketsiz hale getirildi ve daha sonra in-jel floresan ile görselleştirilmiştir bir deterjan-çözünebilir reseptörünün floresan etiketleme elde etmek için kullanılan genel prosedürü göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bilinmeyen yapı, CCR5&#39;in bir reseptör üzerinde etiketleme için uygun pozisyonları belirlemek için bu etiketleme strateji üzerinde yararlı bir uzantısı göstermektedir. Bu AZF-GPCR, hücre bazlı bir yarı yüksek bir ürün formatında varyantları bioorthogonal modifikasyonu dayanır bir hedef peptid epitop etiketleme stratejisi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. 30 Buyöntem etiketleme olayları izlemek için bir hücre-yüzey ELISA çok adımlı algılama özelliklerini kullanır. Biz burada tartışmak metodolojiler genel ve ilkesel olarak bastırma teknolojisi kodon sarı kullanarak azf ile dahil herhangi GPCR&#39;nin uygulanabilir. Ayrıntılarıyla GPCRs yapısal ve dinamik çalışma kolaylaştırmak için doğal olmayan bir amino asit mutagenez yöntemi ve bunların daha sonraki uygulamaları kullanılarak bu azf gibi UAAS ile dahil reseptörlerin Memeli hücre ekspresyonunda söz konusu olan adımlar Burada yer alan protokollerde.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid pSVB. Yam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(Ye et al., 2008)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid pcDNA.RS for azF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(Ye et al., 2009)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmids pMT4.Rho and pcDNA 3.1.CCR5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optionally contain the amber stop codon (TAG) at a desired position</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK 293T cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Adherent cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-products</td>
			<td>100-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine Plus</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Lipofectamine: 18324-012 
			Plus: 11514-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-azido-L-phenylalanine</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>6162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 1. Site-specific genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids into GPCRs materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maxima ML-3500S UV-A lamp</td>
			<td>Spectronics Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>azF is activated by 365-nm light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Irvine Scientific</td>
			<td>9319</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>3117405001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tritium-labeled ligand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>From collaborator (Grunbeck et al., 2012)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% (w/v) n-dodecyl-&#946;-D-maltoside</td>
			<td>Anatrace</td>
			<td>D310LA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1D4-sepharose resin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1D4 mAb immobilized on CNBr-activated sepharose 2B resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NuPAGE Novex 4 - 12% SDS gels</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>NP0322BOX</td>
			<td>SDS-PAGE performed on NuPAGE apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot SD apparatus</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Apparatus for semi-dry transfer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immobilon polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>IPVH00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-fat powered milk</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9934262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>274348</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ecoscint A</td>
			<td>National Diagnostics</td>
			<td>LS-273</td>
			<td>Scintillation fluid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation vials</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>333726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LKB Wallac 1209 Rackbeta Liquid Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Beta-Scintillation counter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rhodopsin 1D4 mAb</td>
			<td>National Cell Culture Center</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>KPL, Inc.</td>
			<td>474-1806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>34080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyblot CL AR film</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>E3018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 2. Targeted photocrosslinking materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15050065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLAG-triarylphosphine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>GPHOS1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M2 FLAG mAb</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CCR5 2D7 mAb</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3601</td>
			<td>Clear bottom, high binding EIA/RIA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (Calcium, Magnesium)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>28908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated</td>
			<td>KPL, Inc.</td>
			<td>474-1516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>KPL, Inc.</td>
			<td>474-1516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplex Red</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A12222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>DE Healthcare Products</td>
			<td>97-93399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoFluor II fluorescence multi-well plate reader</td>
			<td>Perseptive Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 3. Targeted peptide-epitope tagging and cell surface ELISA materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>[header]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein-phosphine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(Huber et al., submitted 2012)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonapeptide (C9 peptide)</td>
			<td>AnaSpec</td>
			<td>62190</td>
			<td>Peptide mimicking the 1D4-epitope NH2-TETSQVAPA-COOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% (w/v) n-dodecyl-&#946;-D-maltoside</td>
			<td>Anatrace</td>
			<td>D310LA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1D4-sepharose resin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1D4 mAb immobilized on CNBr-activated sepharose 2B resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NuPAGE Novex 4 - 12% SDS gels</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>NP0322BOX</td>
			<td>SDS-PAGE performed on NuPAGE apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Typhoon 9400 fluorescence scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>Scanner with 488-nm wavelength laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 4. Fluorescent labeling materials</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetically-encoded molecular probes to study g protein-coupled receptors

Kompleksler sinyal G protein-eşli reseptör (GPCR) yapı ve dinamik çalışma kolaylaştırmak için, yeni yaklaşımlar reseptör fonksiyonunu bozmayan ifade edilen reseptörlerine bilgi sondaları veya etiket tanıtmak için gereklidir. Bu genetik olarak kodlamak için amber kodonunun bastırılması teknolojisi kullanılan doğal olmayan bir amino asit, heterolog memeli hücrelerinde ifade GPCRs çeşitli hedef konumlarda p-azido-L-fenilalanin (azf). Azido grubunun çok yönlülüğü kendi doğal hücre ortamında veya deterjan çözündürülmüş koşullar altında GPCR&#39;ler çalışma için farklı uygulamalar burada gösterilmektedir. İlk olarak, bir trityum etiketli küçük moleküllü ligand genetik olarak kodlanmış bir azido amino asit çapraz bağlı bir GPCR olan ligand bağlama cebinde kalıntılarını belirlemek için hücre bazlı bir foto-çapraz hedeflenen teknoloji göstermektedir. Daha sonra bioorthogonal Staudinger-Bertozzi ligasyon mina ile reaksiyona göre GPCRs siteye özgü modifikasyonunu göstermekfosfin türevleri kullanılarak azido grubunu hedef tion. Biz, bir bütün hücre bazlı bir ELISA yaklaşım kullanarak in-kültür ve algılama ifade zar proteinlerinin hedef peptide epitop etiketleme için genel bir strateji tartışılmıştır. Son olarak, AZF-GPCR&#39;ler seçici floresan probları ile etiketlendi edilebileceğini göstermektedir. Ilke olarak aktif bir sinyal kompleksi sorgulamak için GPCR ifade edilen herhangi bir amino asit pozisyonunda uygulanabilir olduğu tartışılan yöntemler, geneldir.

Bu spesifik yerinde bastırma teknolojisi kodonu kullanılarak sarı renkte bir GPCR olarak molekül probları tanıtmak için doğal olmayan bir amino asit mutagenez yöntemi kullanılabilir. Şekil 1&#39;de şema metodoloji belirgin adımlar ve GPCRs içine, çok yönlü, UAA, p-azido-L-fenilalanin (azf) içeren çeşitli uygulamalarını açıklar. Memeli hücrelerinde AZF-GPCRs sentezlenmesi ligandlarına foto-çapraz hedefli ve bioorthogonal etiketleme kimyasalları ile peptid epi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetically-encoded Molecular Probes to Study G Protein-coupled Receptors at JoVE.com

Genetically-encoded Molecular Probes to Study G Protein-coupled Receptors

Biz GPCRs çeşitli hedef konumlarda doğal olmayan amino asit, p-azido-L-fenil alanin-kodlayan ve genetik olarak farklı uygulamalarda Azido grubunun çok yönlülüğünü gösterir. Bunlar, bir GPCR olan ligand bağlama cebinde tortuları tanımlamak için hedef foto-çapraz teknolojisi ve bir peptid epitop ya da flüoresan probu ile GPCRs alana özgü bioorthogonal modifikasyonunu içerir.

Genetik olarak kodlanmış Molecular Probes G protein-bağlanmış alıcılar Çalışması için

To facilitate structural and dynamic studies of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling complexes, new approaches are required to introduce ...

genetically-encoded-molecular-probes-to-study-g-protein-coupled

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.1K Görüntüleme.  The Rockefeller University.  Biz GPCRs çeşitli hedef konumlarda doğal olmayan amino asit, p-azido-L-fenil alanin-kodlayan ve genetik olarak farklı uygulamalarda Azido grubunun çok yönlülüğünü gösterir. Bunlar, bir GPCR olan ligand bağlama cebinde tortuları tanımlamak için hedef foto-çapraz teknolojisi ve bir peptid epitop ya da flüoresan probu ile GPCRs alana özgü bioorthogonal modifikasyonunu içerir. 

Video: Genetically-encoded Molecular Probes to Study G Protein-coupled Receptors

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

Kertenkeleler Hareket Hız ve Yön Visual Hassasiyet Test

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

Biyoloji

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite morphogenesis at the functional and molecular levels. To aid in these analyses, we have developed a strategy for the isolation of a subclass of PNS neurons called dendritic arborization (da) neurons that have been widely used for studying dendrite morphogenesis1,2. These neurons are very difficult to isolate as a pure population, due in part to their extremely low occurrence and their difficult-to-reach location below the tough chitinous larval cuticle. Our newly developed method overcomes these challenges, and is based on a fast and specific cell enrichment using antibody-coated magnetic beads. For our magnetic bead sorting studies, we have used age-matched third instar larvae expressing a mouse CD8 tagged GFP fusion protein (UAS-mCD8-GFP)3 under the control of either the class IV dendritic arborization (da) neuron-specific pickpocket (ppk)-GAL4 driver4 or the control of the pan-da neuron-specific GAL421-7 driver5. Although this protocol has been optimized for isolating PNS cells which are attached to the inner wall of the larval cuticle, by varying a few parameters, the same protocol could be used to isolate many different cell types attached to the cuticle at larval or pupal stages of development (e.g. epithelia, muscle, oenocytes etc.), or other cell types from larval organs depending upon the GAL4-specific driver expression pattern. The RNA isolated by this method is of high quality and can be readily used for downstream genomic analyses such as microarray gene expression profiling studies. This approach offers a powerful new tool to perform studies on isolated Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons thereby providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

In this video-article we present a method for the isolation and purification of Drosophila peripheral neurons using a fast magnetic bead assisted cell sorting strategy. RNA obtained from the isolated cells can be readily used for downstream applications including microarray analyses.

İzolasyon ve Arıtma Drosophila</emManyetik Boncuk Sıralama> Periferik Nöronlar

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite ...

In vivo Quantification of G Protein Coupled Receptor Interactions using Spectrally Resolved Two-photon Microscopy

The study of protein interactions in living cells is an important area of research because the information accumulated both benefits industrial applications as well as increases basic fundamental biological knowledge. F&ouml;rster (Fluorescence) Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between a donor molecule in an electronically excited state and a nearby acceptor molecule has been frequently utilized for studies of protein-protein interactions in living cells. The proteins of interest are tagged with two different types of fluorescent probes and expressed in biological cells. The fluorescent probes are then excited, typically using laser light, and the spectral properties of the fluorescence emission emanating from the fluorescent probes is collected and analyzed. Information regarding the degree of the protein interactions is embedded in the spectral emission data. Typically, the cell must be scanned a number of times in order to accumulate enough spectral information to accurately quantify the extent of the protein interactions for each region of interest within the cell. However, the molecular composition of these regions may change during the course of the acquisition process, limiting the spatial determination of the quantitative values of the apparent FRET efficiencies to an average over entire cells. By means of a spectrally resolved two-photon microscope, we are able to obtain a full set of spectrally resolved images after only one complete excitation scan of the sample of interest. From this pixel-level spectral data, a map of FRET efficiencies throughout the cell is calculated. By applying a simple theory of FRET in oligomeric complexes to the experimentally obtained distribution of FRET efficiencies throughout the cell, a single spectrally resolved scan reveals stoichiometric and structural information about the oligomer complex under study. Here we describe the procedure of preparing biological cells (the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expressing membrane receptors (sterile 2 &alpha;-factor receptors) tagged with two different types of fluorescent probes. Furthermore, we illustrate critical factors involved in collecting fluorescence data using the spectrally resolved two-photon microscopy imaging system. The use of this protocol may be extended to study any type of protein which can be expressed in a living cell with a fluorescent marker attached to it.

In vivo Quantification of G Protein Coupled Receptor Interactions using Spectrally Resolved Two-photon Microscopy

By employing a spectrally resolved two-photon microscopy imaging system, pixel-level maps of F&ouml;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) efficiencies are obtained for cells expressing membrane receptors hypothesized to form homo-oligomeric complexes. From the FRET efficiency maps, we are able to estimate stoichiometric information about the oligomer complex under study.

Işıksal Çözülmüş İki foton Mikroskop kullanarak G Protein Coupled Reseptör Etkileşmeleri in vivo Niceleme

The study of protein interactions in living cells is an important area of research because the information accumulated both benefits industrial ...

Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Dynamic changes in intracellular calcium concentration in response to various stimuli regulates many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis1. During apoptosis, calcium accumulation in mitochondria promotes the release of pro-apoptotic factors from the mitochondria into the cytosol2. It is therefore of interest to directly measure mitochondrial calcium in living cells in situ during apoptosis. High-resolution fluorescent imaging of cells loaded with dual-excitation ratiometric and non-ratiometric synthetic calcium indicator dyes has been proven to be a reliable and versatile tool to study various aspects of intracellular calcium signaling. Measuring cytosolic calcium fluxes using these techniques is relatively straightforward. However, measuring intramitochondrial calcium levels in intact cells using synthetic calcium indicators such as rhod-2 and rhod-FF is more challenging. Synthetic indicators targeted to mitochondria have blunted responses to repetitive increases in mitochondrial calcium, and disrupt mitochondrial morphology3. Additionally, synthetic indicators tend to leak out of mitochondria over several hours which makes them unsuitable for long-term experiments. Thus, genetically encoded calcium indicators based upon green fluorescent protein (GFP)4 or aequorin5 targeted to mitochondria have greatly facilitated measurement of mitochondrial calcium dynamics. Here, we describe a simple method for real-time measurement of mitochondrial calcium fluxes in response to different stimuli. The method is based on fluorescence microscopy of 'ratiometric-pericam' which is selectively targeted to mitochondria. Ratiometric pericam is a calcium indicator based on a fusion of circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein and calmodulin4. Binding of calcium to ratiometric pericam causes a shift of its excitation peak from 415 nm to 494 nm, while the emission spectrum, which peaks around 515 nm, remains unchanged. Ratiometric pericam binds a single calcium ion with a dissociation constant in vitro of ~1.7 &mu;M4. These properties of ratiometric pericam allow the quantification of rapid and long-term changes in mitochondrial calcium concentration. Furthermore, we describe adaptation of this methodology to a standard wide-field calcium imaging microscope with commonly available filter sets. Using two distinct agonists, the purinergic agonist ATP and apoptosis-inducing drug staurosporine, we demonstrate that this method is appropriate for monitoring changes in mitochondrial calcium concentration with a temporal resolution of seconds to hours. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that ratiometric pericam is also useful for measuring mitochondrial fission/fragmentation during apoptosis. Thus, ratiometric pericam is particularly well suited for continuous long-term measurement of mitochondrial calcium dynamics during apoptosis.

This protocol describes a method for real-time measurement of mitochondrial calcium fluxes by fluorescent imaging. The method takes advantage of a circularly permutated YFP-based dual-excitation ratiometric calcium sensor (ratiometric pericam-mt) selectively expressed in mitochondria.

Apoptozis sırasında Mitokondrial Kalsiyum Düzeyleri Dinamik değişiklikler izlenmesi Genetiği Kodlanmış Kalsiyum Sensor Kullanımı

Dynamic changes in intracellular calcium concentration in response to various stimuli regulates many cellular processes such as proliferation, ...

Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum

Many eukaryotic cells can detect gradients of chemical signals in their environments and migrate accordingly 1. This guided cell migration is referred as chemotaxis, which is essential for various cells to carry out their functions such as trafficking of immune cells and patterning of neuronal cells 2, 3. A large family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) detects variable small peptides, known as chemokines, to direct cell migration in vivo 4. The final goal of chemotaxis research is to understand how a GPCR machinery senses chemokine gradients and controls signaling events leading to chemotaxis. To this end, we use imaging techniques to monitor, in real time, spatiotemporal concentrations of chemoattractants, cell movement in a gradient of chemoattractant, GPCR mediated activation of heterotrimeric G-protein, and intracellular signaling events involved in chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells 5-8. The simple eukaryotic organism, Dictyostelium discoideum, displays chemotaxic behaviors that are similar to those of leukocytes, and D. discoideum is a key model system for studying eukaryotic chemotaxis. As free-living amoebae, D. discoideum cells divide in rich medium. Upon starvation, cells enter a developmental program in which they aggregate through cAMP-mediated chemotaxis to form multicullular structures. Many components involved in chemotaxis to cAMP have been identified in D. discoideum. The binding of cAMP to a GPCR (cAR1) induces dissociation of heterotrimeric G-proteins into G&gamma; and G&beta;&gamma; subunits 7, 9, 10. G&beta;&gamma; subunits activate Ras, which in turn activates PI3K, converting PIP2 into PIP3 on the cell membrane 11-13. PIP3 serve as binding sites for proteins with pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains, thus recruiting these proteins to the membrane 14, 15. Activation of cAR1 receptors also controls the membrane associations of PTEN, which dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2 16, 17. The molecular mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved in chemokine GPCR-mediated chemotaxis of human cells such as neutrophils 18. We present following methods for studying chemotaxis of D. discoideum cells. 1. Preparation of chemotactic component cells. 2. Imaging chemotaxis of cells in a cAMP gradient. 3. Monitoring a GPCR induced activation of heterotrimeric G-protein in single live cells. 4. Imaging chemoattractant-triggered dynamic PIP3 responses in single live cells in real time. Our developed imaging methods can be applied to study chemotaxis of human leukocytes.

Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor GPCR-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum

Here, we describe detailed live cell imaging methods for investigating chemotaxis. We present fluorescence microscopic methods to monitor spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in migrating cells. Measurement of signaling events permits us to further understand how a GPCR-signaling network achieves gradient sensing of chemoattractants and controls directional migration of eukaryotic cells.

Görüntüleme G-protein Coupled Reseptör (GPCR) aracılı Sinyal Olaylar Kontrolü Kemotaksis Diktiyostelyum diskodeyum</em

Many eukaryotic cells can detect gradients of chemical signals in their environments and migrate accordingly 1.  This guided cell migration is referred as ...

Quantifying Agonist Activity at G Protein-coupled Receptors

When an agonist activates a population of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it elicits a signaling pathway that culminates in the response of the cell or tissue. This process can be analyzed at the level of a single receptor, a population of receptors, or a downstream response. Here we describe how to analyze the downstream response to obtain an estimate of the agonist affinity constant for the active state of single receptors.
Receptors behave as quantal switches that alternate between active and inactive states (Figure 1). The active state interacts with specific G proteins or other signaling partners. In the absence of ligands, the inactive state predominates. The binding of agonist increases the probability that the receptor will switch into the active state because its affinity constant for the active state (Kb) is much greater than that for the inactive state (Ka). The summation of the random outputs of all of the receptors in the population yields a constant level of receptor activation in time. The reciprocal of the concentration of agonist eliciting half-maximal receptor activation is equivalent to the observed affinity constant (Kobs), and the fraction of agonist-receptor complexes in the active state is defined as efficacy (&#949;) (Figure 2).
Methods for analyzing the downstream responses of GPCRs have been developed that enable the estimation of the Kobs and relative efficacy of an agonist 1,2. In this report, we show how to modify this analysis to estimate the agonist Kb value relative to that of another agonist. For assays that exhibit constitutive activity, we show how to estimate Kb in absolute units of M-1.
Our method of analyzing agonist concentration-response curves 3,4 consists of global nonlinear regression using the operational model 5. We describe a procedure using the software application, Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA). The analysis yields an estimate of the product of Kobs and a parameter proportional to efficacy (&tau;). The estimate of &tau;Kobs of one agonist, divided by that of another, is a relative measure of Kb (RAi) 6. For any receptor exhibiting constitutive activity, it is possible to estimate a parameter proportional to the efficacy of the free receptor complex (&tau;sys). In this case, the Kb value of an agonist is equivalent to &tau;Kobs/&tau;sys 3.
Our method is useful for determining the selectivity of an agonist for receptor subtypes and for quantifying agonist-receptor signaling through different G proteins.

A method for estimating the affinity constant of an agonist for the active state (Kb) of a G protein-coupled receptor is described. The analysis provides absolute or relative measures of Kb depending on whether constitutive receptor activation is measurable. Our method applies to various responses downstream from receptor activation.

G Protein-Coupled reseptörleri Agonist Aktivitesi miktarının

When an agonist activates a population of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it elicits a signaling pathway that culminates in the response of the cell ...

Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay

For more than 20 years, reverse pharmacology has been the preeminent strategy to discover the activating ligands of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The onset of a reverse pharmacology assay is the cloning and subsequent transfection of a GPCR of interest in a cellular expression system. The heterologous expressed receptor is then challenged with a compound library of candidate ligands to identify the receptor-activating ligand(s). Receptor activation can be assessed by measuring changes in concentration of second messenger reporter molecules, like calcium or cAMP. The fluorescence-based calcium mobilization assay described here is a frequently used medium-throughput reverse pharmacology assay. The orphan GPCR is transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells and a promiscuous G&#945;16 construct is co-transfected. Following ligand binding, activation of the G&#945;16 subunit induces the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Prior to ligand screening, the receptor-expressing cells are loaded with a fluorescent calcium indicator, Fluo-4 acetoxymethyl. The fluorescent signal of Fluo-4 is negligible in cells under resting conditions, but can be amplified more than a 100-fold upon the interaction with calcium ions that are released after receptor activation. The described technique does not require the time-consuming establishment of stably transfected cell lines in which the transfected genetic material is integrated into the host cell genome. Instead, a transient transfection, generating temporary expression of the target gene, is sufficient to perform the screening assay. The setup allows medium-throughput screening of hundreds of compounds. Co-transfection of the promiscuous G&#945;16, which couples to most GPCRs, allows the intracellular signaling pathway to be redirected towards the release of calcium, regardless of the native signaling pathway in endogenous settings. The HEK293T cells are easy to handle and have proven their efficacy throughout the years in receptor deorphanization assays. However, optimization of the assay for specific receptors may remain necessary.

The here described fluorescence-based calcium mobilization assay is a medium-throughput reverse pharmacology screening system for the identification of functionally activating ligand(s) of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Bir floresan bazlı Kalsiyum Mobilizasyon Deneyi G proteini ile birleştirilmiş alıcıların karakterizasyonu

For more than 20 years, reverse pharmacology has been the preeminent strategy to discover the activating ligands of orphan G protein-coupled receptors ...

Visualizing Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis of G Protein-coupled Receptors at Single-event Resolution via TIRF Microscopy

Many important signaling receptors are internalized through the well-studied process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Traditional cell biological assays, measuring global changes in endocytosis, have identified over 30 known components participating in CME, and biochemical studies have generated an interaction map of many of these components. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that CME is a highly dynamic process whose regulation is complex and delicate. In this manuscript, we describe the use of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to directly visualize the dynamics of components of the clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery, in real time in living cells, at the level of individual events that mediate this process. This approach is essential to elucidate the subtle changes that can alter endocytosis without globally blocking it, as is seen with physiological regulation. We will focus on using this technique to analyze an area of emerging interest, the role of cargo composition in modulating the dynamics of distinct clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). This protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available fluorescence probes, and may be applied to visualizing the dynamics of many cargo molecules that are internalized from the cell surface.

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a rapid and highly dynamic process internalizes many proteins, including signaling receptors. The protocol described here directly visualizes the kinetics of individual endocytic events. This is essential for understanding how core members of the endocytic machinery coordinate with each other, and how protein cargo influence this process.

TIRF Mikroskopi ile Tek olay ebatları da G protein-bağlanmış alıcılar üzerinden Klatrin dolayımlı endositoz görselleştirme

Many important signaling receptors are internalized through the well-studied process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Traditional cell biological ...

Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements

Hydroponic systems have been utilized as one of the standard methods for plant biology research and are also used in commercial production for several crops, including lettuce and tomato. Within the plant research community, numerous hydroponic systems have been designed to study plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we present a hydroponic protocol that can be easily implemented in laboratories interested in pursuing studies on plant mineral nutrition.
This protocol describes the hydroponic system set up in detail and the preparation of plant material for successful experiments. Most of the materials described in this protocol can be found outside scientific supply companies, making the set up for hydroponic experiments less expensive and convenient.
The use of a hydroponic growth system is most advantageous in situations where the nutrient media need to be well controlled and when intact roots need to be harvested for downstream applications. We also demonstrate how nutrient concentrations can be modified to induce plant responses to both essential nutrients and toxic non-essential elements.

Here, we present an easy-to-follow protocol to establish a successful hydroponic system for plant nutrition studies. This protocol has been extensively tested in Arabidopsis and can easily be adapted to other plant species to study specific nutritional requirements or the effect of non-essential elements on plant growth and development.

Topraksız: A yönlü Sistemi Toksik Elements Besin Uygunluk ve Pozlama Besin Tahsis ve Bitki Cevapları Eğitim için

Hydroponic systems have been utilized as one of the standard methods for plant biology research and are also used in commercial production for several ...

Imaging G Protein-coupled Receptor-mediated Chemotaxis and its Signaling Events in Neutrophil-like HL60 Cells

Eukaryotic cells sense and move towards a chemoattractant gradient, a cellular process referred as chemotaxis. Chemotaxis plays critical roles in many physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, neuron patterning, metastasis of cancer cells, recruitment of neutrophils to sites of inflammation, and the development of the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. Eukaryotic cells sense chemo-attractants using G protein-coupled receptors. Visual chemotaxis assays are essential for a better understanding of how eukaryotic cells control chemoattractant-mediated directional cell migration. Here, we describe detailed methods for: 1) real-time, high-resolution monitoring of multiple chemotaxis assays, and 2) simultaneously visualizing the chemoattractant gradient and the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in neutrophil-like HL60 cells.

Visual chemotaxis assays are essential for a better understanding of how eukaryotic cells control chemoattractant-mediated directional cell migration. Here, we describe detailed methods for: 1) real-time, high-resolution monitoring of multiple chemotaxis assays, and 2) simultaneously visualizing the chemoattractant gradient and the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in neutrophil-like HL60 cells.

Görüntüleme G Nötrofil gibi HL60 Hücreleri Kemotaksis ve Sinyal Olaylar Reseptör aracılı Protein-çiftli

Eukaryotic cells sense and move towards a chemoattractant gradient, a cellular process referred as chemotaxis. Chemotaxis plays critical roles in many ...