Pennsylvania State DCED

1.. Ders İnşaat <ol><li> Tabii zemin yükleyin. Ders boyutlar çapında 280 1 ft 2 portatif zemin karoları (bej olay zemin karoları) oluşan 7 ft ile 40 ft uzunluğunda vardır. Çevresinde siyah süs sadece (Şekil 1) ile yerleştirin. </li><li> Biraz tek renkli bir ortam yaratarak zemin karoları için bitişik duvarları boyayın. Biz gri skala değerlere sahip kullanılan renkler verilmektedir (Tablo 5). Belirli renkleri mevcut değilse, biz renk eşleme için bir nalburdan bir kiremit alarak öneririz. </li><li> Aydınlatma şablonu (Şekil 1) göre aydınlatma yükleyin. Selektör ışıkları bağlayın. </li><li> Boyama talimatları (Şekil 2) göre engeller boyayın. </li></ol> 2. Test Alanı hazırlayın <ol><li> İstenilen duruma aydınlatma ayarlayın ve başında, orta ve ders içeren koridor sonunda ışık ölçer ile kontrol edin. </li&gt; <li> Video kamera kayıt ayarlanır ve kamera o yerleştirme onlar kurs yürürken nesneleri yakalamak için uygun olduğundan emin olun. Biz bir tavan montaj veya alternatif kamera elle tutulabilir öneririz. </li></ol> 3. Tutanak Tercih Hız PWS Yürüyüş <ol><li> Geçit merkezi (tabii ki sütun &quot;D&quot;) Pozisyon konu. Not: ayak geçit sınırına arkasında olmalıdır. Konuya talimatları okuyun (Şekil 3). </li><li> Ayak siyah sınırı geçtiği ve yolun üzerine bir kez kronometre başlar. Ayak geçit diğer ucunda siyah sınırı geçerse kez zamanı durdurmak. PWS1 gibi rekor bir zaman. Etrafında konuyu açın ve ters yönde işlemi tekrarlayın. PWS2 gibi rekor bir zaman. Nihai PWS olarak ortalama PWS1 ve PWS2 ve kayıt. </li></ol> 4. Engel Kursu Navigasyon <ol><li> Randomizasyon düzeni, ilk ders (Şekil 4) kurmak. Yer karoları WHI üzerine ızgara olarak kullanılmalıdırch engeller eşleştirilir. Engellerin doğru eşleme için sağlanan şemaya bakın. Bu engellerin kolay yerleştirilmesine olanak sağlamak için silinmez bir işaretleyici ile dikey ve yatay eksen boyunca fayans numara yardımcı olur. Bu göze çarpmayan bir yerde sağlanan şemalarına göre engelleri etiketlemek için de yararlı olur. </li><li> 40 ft geçit başlatmak tabi yönlendirin. Konuya talimatları okuyun (Şekil 3). Konu sınırın arkasında ayak parmakları ile geçit merkezi (sütun &quot;D&quot;) yerleştirilmelidir. Ayak siyah sınırı geçtiği ve yolun üzerine bir kez kronometre başlar. Ayak geçit diğer ucunda siyah sınırı geçerse kez zamanı durdurmak. Ders Speed ​​(CS) olarak bu kez kaydedin. </li><li> Engeller bir 3 puan ölçekte hit şiddetini sınıflandırma, isabet rekor. Elbette çalışma bağımsız bir gözlemci tarafından daha sonra onay için videoya edilmelidir. </li></ol> 5. Engel Tanımlama <ol><li> Kurs tamamlanması üzerinerse navigasyon görev, elbette merkezi (sütun D) kursu ve konumunu yüz etrafında konuyu açın. Not: Dersin sonuna gelen doğru renk görüntülemek için konumlandırılmasını gerektiren herhangi bir engel döndürülmüş olduğundan emin olun. Konu talimatları okuyun (Şekil 3). Bu zamanda, ilk nesne tanımlama görev tatbik edilecektir. Arkanı dön ve Araştırma Görevlisi onlar 30 saniye içinde ayırt edebilir nesnelerin toplam sayısını anlatmak için konuyu isteyin. Bu sayı kaydedilmelidir. </li><li> Onlar görebilirsiniz her engele kurs ve noktasından geri yürümek konuyu söyle. Onlar engel ile çarpışır eğer önemli değildir. Onlar görebilirsiniz engellerin sayısı kaydedilir. Onların tespit edebiliyoruz hangi engeller kaydetmek için yararlıdır. Bu zamanlanmış değildir. </li></ol> Öğeler 4 ve 5 çalıştırmak her ders sürümü için tekrar edilmelidir.

<ol>
	<li>Applegate, W. B., Miller, S. T., Elam, J. T., Freeman, J. M., Wood, T. O., Gettlefinger, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+cataract+surgery+with+lens+implantation+on+vision+and+physical+function+in+elderly+patients.">Impact of cataract surgery with lens implantation on vision and physical function in elderly patients.</a> JAMA. 257 (8), 1064-1066 (1987).</li><li>Ebert, E. M., Fine, A. M., Markowitz, J., Maguire, M. G., Starr, J. S., Fine, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+vision+in+patients+with+neovascular+maculopathy+and+poor+visual+acuity.">Functional vision in patients with neovascular maculopathy and poor visual acuity.</a> Arch. Ophthalmol. 104 (7), 1009-1012 (1986).</li><li>Dougherty, B. E., Martin, S. R., Kelly, C. B., Jones, L. A., Raasch, T. W., Bullimore, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+battery+of+functional+tests+for+low+vision.">Development of a battery of functional tests for low vision.</a> Optom. Vis. Sci. 86 (8), 955-963 (2009).</li><li>Alexander, M. F., Maguire, M. G., Lietman, T. M., Snyder, J. R., Elman, M. J., Fine, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+visual+function+in+patients+with+age-related+macular+degeneration+and+low+visual+acuity.">Assessment of visual function in patients with age-related macular degeneration and low visual acuity.</a> Arch. Ophthalmol. 106 (11), 1543-1547 (1988).</li><li>Ross, C. K., Stelmack, J. A., Stelmack, T. R., Fraim, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preliminary+examination+of+the+reliability+and+relation+to+clinical+state+of+a+measure+of+low+vision+patient+functional+status.">Preliminary examination of the reliability and relation to clinical state of a measure of low vision patient functional status.</a> Optom. Vis. Sci. 68 (12), 918-923 (1991).</li><li>Bullimore, M. A., Bailey, I. L., Wacker, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Face+recognition+in+age-related+maculopathy.">Face recognition in age-related maculopathy.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32 (7), 2020-2029 (1991).</li><li>Turco, P. D., Connolly, J., McCabe, P., Glynn, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+functional+vision+performance:+a+new+test+for+low+vision+patients.">Assessment of functional vision performance: a new test for low vision patients.</a> Ophthalmic. Epidemiol. 1 (1), 15-25 (1994).</li><li>Bittner, A. K., Jeter, P., Dagnelie, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grating+acuity+and+contrast+tests+for+clinical+trials+of+severe+vision+loss.">Grating acuity and contrast tests for clinical trials of severe vision loss.</a> Optom. Vis. Sci. 88 (10), 1153-1163 (2011).</li><li>West, S. K., Rubin, G. S., Munoz, B., Abraham, D., Fried, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+functional+status:+correlation+between+performance+on+tasks+conducted+in+a+clinic+setting+and+performance+on+the+same+task+conducted+at+home.">Assessing functional status: correlation between performance on tasks conducted in a clinic setting and performance on the same task conducted at home.</a> J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 52 (4), 209-217 (1997).</li><li>Owsley, C., McGwin, G., Sloane, M. E., Stalvey, B. T., Wells, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timed+instrumental+activities+of+daily+living+tasks:+relationship+to+visual+function+in+older+adults.">Timed instrumental activities of daily living tasks: relationship to visual function in older adults.</a> Optom. Vis. Sci. 78 (5), 350-359 (2001).</li><li>Mangione, C. M., Lee, P. P., Gutierrez, P. R., Spritzer, K., Berry, S., Hays, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=National+Eye+Institute+Visual+Function+Questionnaire+Field+Test+Investigators.+Development+of+the+25-item+National+Eye+Institute+Visual+Function+Questionnaire.">National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire Field Test Investigators. Development of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire.</a> Arch. Ophthalmol. 119 (7), 1050-1058 (2001).</li><li>Massof, R. W., Rubin, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+function+assessment+questionnaires.">Visual function assessment questionnaires.</a> Surv. Ophthalmology. 45 (6), 531-548 (2001).</li><li>Massof, R. W., Fletcher, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+NEI+visual+functioning+questionnaire+as+an+interval+measure+of+visual+ability+in+low+vision.">Evaluation of the NEI visual functioning questionnaire as an interval measure of visual ability in low vision.</a> Vision Res. 41, 397-413 (2001).</li><li>Stelmack, J. A., Stelmack, T. R., Massof, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+low-vision+rehabilitation+outcomes+with+the+NEI+VFQ-25.">Measuring low-vision rehabilitation outcomes with the NEI VFQ-25.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 43 (9), 2859-2868 (2002).</li><li>Stelmack, J. A., Szlyk, J. P., Stelmack, T. R., Demers-Turco, P., Williams, R. T., Moran, D., Massof, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychometric+properties+of+the+Veterans+Affairs+Low-Vision+Visual+Functioning+Questionnaire.">Psychometric properties of the Veterans Affairs Low-Vision Visual Functioning Questionnaire.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 (11), 3919-3928 (2004).</li><li>Velikay-Parel, M., Ivastinovic, D., Koch, M., Hornig, R., Dagnelie, G., Richard, G., Langmann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+mobility+testing+for+later+artificial+visual+function+evaluation.">Repeated mobility testing for later artificial visual function evaluation.</a> J. Neural. Eng. 4 (1), 102-107 (2007).</li><li>Geruschat, D. R., Bittner, A. K., Dagnelie, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orientation+and+mobility+assessment+in+retinal+prosthetic+clinical+trials.">Orientation and mobility assessment in retinal prosthetic clinical trials.</a> Optom. Vis. Sci. 89 (9), 1308-1315 (2012).</li><li>Chader, G. J., Weiland, J., Humayun, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+vision:+needs,+functioning,+and+testing+of+a+retinal+electronic+prosthesis.">Artificial vision: needs, functioning, and testing of a retinal electronic prosthesis.</a> Prog. Brain Res. 175, 317-332 (2009).</li><li>Sachs, H. G., Veit-Peter, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+replacement--the+development+of+microelectronic+retinal+prostheses--experience+with+subretinal+implants+and+new+aspects.">Retinal replacement--the development of microelectronic retinal prostheses--experience with subretinal implants and new aspects.</a> Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 242 (8), 717-723 (2004).</li><li>Alteheld, N., Roessler, G., Walter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+bionic+eye--the+retina+implant:+surgical,+opthalmological+and+histopathological+perspectives.">Towards the bionic eye--the retina implant: surgical, opthalmological and histopathological perspectives.</a> Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 97 (2), 487-493 (2007).</li><li>Benav, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+useful+vision+up+to+letter+recognition+capabilities+using+subretinal+microphotodiodes).">Restoration of useful vision up to letter recognition capabilities using subretinal microphotodiodes).</a> Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. , 5919-5922 (2010).</li><li>Rizzo, J. F., Wyatt, J., Loewenstein, J., Kelly, S., Shire, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+efficacy+of+electrical+stimulation+of+human+retina+with+a+microelectrode+array+during+short-term+surgical+trials.">Perceptual efficacy of electrical stimulation of human retina with a microelectrode array during short-term surgical trials.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (12), 5362-5369 (2003).</li><li>Rizzo, J. F., Wyatt, J., Loewenstein, J., Kelly, S., Shire, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+and+perceptual+thresholds+for+short-term+electrical+stimulation+of+human+retina+with+microelectrode+arrays.">Methods and perceptual thresholds for short-term electrical stimulation of human retina with microelectrode arrays.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (12), 5355-5361 (2003).</li><li>Humayun, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Argus+II+Study+Group.+Interim+results+from+the+international+trial+of+Second+Sight's+visual+prosthesis.">Argus II Study Group. Interim results from the international trial of Second Sight's visual prosthesis.</a> Ophthalmology. 119 (4), 779-788 (2012).</li><li>Danilov, Y., Tyler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brainport:+an+alternative+input+to+the+brain.">Brainport: an alternative input to the brain.</a> J. Integr. Neurosci. 4 (4), 537-550 (2005).</li><li>Merabet, L. B., Battelli, L., Obretenova, S., Maguire, S., Meijer, P., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+recruitment+of+visual+cortex+for+sound+encoded+object+identification+in+the+blind.">Functional recruitment of visual cortex for sound encoded object identification in the blind.</a> Neuroreport. 20 (2), 132-138 (2009).</li><li>Arfken, C. L., Lach, H. W., McGee, S., Birge, S. J., Miller, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+Acuity,+Visual+Disabilities+and+Falling+in+the+Elderly.">Visual Acuity, Visual Disabilities and Falling in the Elderly.</a> J. Aging Health. 6 (38), 38-50 (1994).</li><li>Lovie-Kitchin, J., Mainstone, J. C., Robinson, J., Brown, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+areas+of+the+visual+field+are+most+important+for+mobility+in+low+vision+patients.">What areas of the visual field are most important for mobility in low vision patients.</a> Clin. Vis. Sci. 5 (3), 249-263 (1990).</li><li>Hassan, S. E., Lovie-Kitchin, J., Woods, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+and+mobility+performance+of+subjects+with+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Vision and mobility performance of subjects with age-related macular degeneration.</a> Optom. Vis. Sci. 79 (11), 697-707 (2002).</li><li>Leat, S., Lovie-Kitchin, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measureing+mobility+performance:+experience+gained+in+designing+a+mobility+course.">Measureing mobility performance: experience gained in designing a mobility course.</a> Clin. Exp. Optom. 89 (4), 215-228 (2006).</li><li>Marron, J. A., Bailey, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+factors+and+orientation-mobility+performance.">Visual factors and orientation-mobility performance.</a> Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 59 (5), 413-426 (1982).</li><li>Clark-Carter, D. D., Heyes, A. D., Howarth, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+efficiency+and+walking+speed+of+visually+impaired+people.">The efficiency and walking speed of visually impaired people.</a> Ergonomics. 29 (6), 779-789 (1986).</li><li>Fryan, C. D., Gu, Q., Ogden, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Division+of+Health+and+Nutrition+Examination+Surveys.+Anthropometric+Reference+Data+for+Children+and+Adults+United+States+2007-2010.">Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults United States 2007-2010.</a> Vital and Health Statistics Series. 11 (252), 20-22 (2012).</li><li>Maguire, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+effects+of+RPE65+gene+therapy+for+Leber's+congenital+amaurosis:+a+phase+1+dose-escalation+trial.">Age-dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial.</a> Lancet. 374 (9701), 1597-1605 (2009).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Biz kör veya görme kişilerin engel kaçınma değerlendirmek için kullanılabilecek bir kapalı portatif, kolay üretilebilir ve nispeten ucuz ders anlatmak. En güncel engel ders tasarımları ve testler (yani TUGS) siteleri ve gözlemciler arasında karşılaştırma yapmak zordur, ya da hali hazırda alternatif yerlerde 16,17,30 gerçekleştirilebilir olamaz kalıcı instilasyonlar vardır. Amacımız farklı yerlerde ve farklı gözlemci ile kullanım için standardize edilebilir bir ders olu...

Düşük görme rehabilitasyon değerlendirmeler belirlemeniz gerekir fonksiyonunda düzelmeye müdahale sonuç olsun. Performans ölçümleri genellikle bilgisayar tabanlı okuma veya fonksiyonel değerlendirmeler 1-9 yanı sıra yaşam kalitesi 10-15 anketine içerir. Ayrıca engellerin etrafında gezinmek için düşük görme hastanın yeteneğini değerlendirmek için güçlü olmak da özellikle yapay görüş cihazlarının durumunda fonksiyonel gelişmeler 18 ipuçları verebilir. Geruschat vd. Son zamanlarda bu alanda 17 standart metrik için gereğini vurgulayarak, bir retinal implant çip ile navigasyon sonuçlarını yayınladı. Şu an yaygın olarak kabul objektif, valide ve engel kaçınma için kapasitesini belirlemek için kapsamlı standartlar vardır. Az görme ya da p &quot;ultra düşük vizyonu&quot; olan kişiler için navigasyon performansı ilişkilendirmek istiyorum fonksiyonel bir test geliştirmeyapay görme tarafından roduced arzu olurdu, ama zor bir hedefi kalmıştır. Retina implant cips 18-24 veya BrainPort 25 ve sesli 26 gibi duyusal ikame cihazlar gibi yapay görme cihazlarının filizlenen alanıdır, bu cihazlar tarafından kazandırılan seyir yeteneklerini artan ilişkili olabilecek engel kaçınma testi gerektirir. Böyle bir değerlendirme onların çevrelerini hareket gibi konular kendi sınırlamaları anlamak için izin verecek değil sadece, ama oryantasyon ve hareketlilik eğitimi veya vizyon geliştirme prototip cihazların yineleme arasındaki iyileşmeyi ölçmek için bir araç temin edebilecek. İdeal olarak, sonbahar kaza 27 için bir kişinin riskini değerlendirmek için bazı yeteneği olabilir. Amacımız yapay görme cihazları kullanan hastalarda navigasyon yeteneği değerlendirilmesi için yararlı olabilir ve l alanına devredilecek olacak bir engel ders oluşturmak oldugenel ow vizyon. Engel dersler ve görme bozukluğu üzerinde yayınlanan literatürün gözden PubMed veritabanı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Standardize engel derslerini 16,17,28-31,34 yaratmak çok sayıda girişimleri olmuştur. Bunların çoğu tam olarak, özellikle açık dersler için, ayarı yeniden zor olacağını anlamda taşınabilir değildir. Maguire ve ark. Leber&#39;in doğuştan amaurosis hastalarda hareketlilik performans göstermek için kullanılır engel ders anlatmak. Bu ders, taşınabilir ve küçük olmanın yararı vardır, ancak farklı tekrarlamalar ezber etkilerini önlemek için mevcut yapılmış, ne de herhangi bir katta olmayan engellerin karşılıkları, doku değişimleri, ya da yanal adımları orada olup olmadığı açık değildir. Defne yaprağı, bir ders tasarımı potansiyel tuzaklar bir keskin açıklamasını sağlar ve ne yazık ki bir Altern tam olarak çoğaltılamaz mümkün olmaz açık tabii bir açıklama ortaya koyaryerini 30 ative. Velikay-Parel et al. Retinal implant fiş ile kullanım için bir hareketlilik testi tarif. Bu tasarım yürütmek için taşınabilir ve basit olmanın parası vardı. Bu ders, alternatif bir yerinde çoğaltılamaz olsa da, tabii ki inşaat spesifik ayrıntılar sağlanır. Ayrıca, ve daha ilgili onlar öğrenme etkisi bu nedenle zaman 18 üzerinde etkili öğrenme kaybı için endişe ortadan kaldırabilir tamamen ders ezber önlemek edememek, ders aşinalık nedeniyle asimptotik seviyelere ulaştığı gösterdi olmasıydı. Şimdiye kadar anlatılan derslerin hiçbiri yaygın olarak düşük görme veya rehabilitasyon topluluklar tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Sonradan Kör Çocuklar (Pittsburgh, Pensilvanya) ve Körler ve Pittsburgh Vizyon Hizmetler Rehabilitasyon (Homestead, PA) reg için Batı Pennsylvania Okulu altı, düşük görüş uğraşı terapisti ve oryantasyon ve hareketlilik uzman bir ekip ile istişare Yazarlararding ders tasarımı önerdi. Belirlenen fonksiyonel bir engel tabii ki arzu edilen nitelikler dahil: Taşınabilirlik kolay montaj / demontaj ve depolama, hem de loş ve parlak ışık koşullarında test etmek ve hastanın ev ortamında nesneleri temsil engeller dahil ederek &quot;gerçek hayat&quot; durumları yansıtmak için esneklik için o Hastanın yaralanmasını önlemek için sünek olurken tekrarlayan çarpışma dayanacak kadar sağlam. Buna ek olarak, bir randomize sırayla uygulandığında ders ezber engeller, böylece bu tür bir yol olarak tasarlanmış ortamlarda çeşitli olması gerekli görülmüştür. Buna ek olarak, ders, birden fazla ayar tekrarlanabilir sonuçları göstermek güçlü içi ve tutarlığı ve mekansal farkındalık objektif bir ölçüsü olmalıdır. Bu çabanın doruk makul bir standart kurumsal çoğaltılamaz bekleniyor olabilir, bir engel tabii gelişme oldukoridor. Elbette farklı beceri setleri, navigasyon için tüm önemli test etmek için tasarlanmıştır. Tabii Her seviye günlük navigasyon faaliyetlerinde karşılaşılan engellerin birkaç belirli türleri odaklanır. İlk ders tüm katta yerleştirilir nispeten yüksek kontrastlı hedeflere gezinmek için yeteneğini değerlendirir, ama dönüşler çok sayıda gerektirir. İkinci ders, yüksek hem de düşük kontrast, zemin dokusu değişiklikler engeller ve havada asılı nesneleri gezinmek için yeteneğini değerlendirir. Son ders düşük kontrastlı vardır Strafor engelleri gezinmek için yeteneğini değerlendirir, yüzey zemin üzerinde değişiklik parlama, nonStyrofoam engeller (kumaş), zemini renk değişiklikleri, üzerine basılmaması gerektiğini engeller ve üzerinde olmayan engellerin eklenmesi kat. Dersler 2, 1 etiketli, ve 3 etiketleme kolaylığı için, ama bu atama zorluk düzeyi artan şeklinde olmamalıdır vardır. Her seviyede, thr vardırElbette ezber önlemek için tesadüf olabilir tabii ee sürümleri.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="690">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, beige</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Beige</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, black trim</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Male loop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, black trim</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Female loop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, Edging</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">Wall Paint: Satin Premium Plus Internal Satin Enamel Custom Color Match</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Behr, Inc Santa Ana CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Greyscale value = 45</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Obstacle paint</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valspar Paints, Wheeling, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DuJour (#70002-6)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">DuJour Greyscale value = 15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Obstacle paint</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valspar Paints, Wheeling, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fired Earth (#6011-1)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fired Earth Greyscale value = 95</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Styrofoam obstacles</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Universal Foam Products, Orlando CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">639982</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Solid Black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">615542</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Stainless Steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">614416</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Solid White</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">3 ft x 6 ft Standard tuff Olefin Floor Mat</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Commercial Mats and Rubber A Division of Georgia Mills Direct Saratoga Springs, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Charcoal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">3 ft x 6 ft Standard tuff Olefin Floor Mat</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Commercial Mats and Rubber A Division of Georgia Mills Direct Saratoga Springs, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Smoke</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Fisher Scientific Traceable Dual Range Light Meter</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">06-662-63</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">International Light, Newburyport MA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5 1/2 in clamp light</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">203198</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">GE 65-Watt indoor incandescent flood light bulb</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">163209</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a standardized obstacle course for assessment of visual function in ultra low vision and artificial vision

Biz ultralow vizyona sahip kişilerin engel kaçınma değerlendirmek için kullanılabilecek bir kapalı, portatif, standart ders anlatmak. Altı görüşlü kontroller ve 36 tamamen kör ama aksi takdirde sağlıklı erişkin erkek (n = 29) ve erkek (n = 13) denek (yaş aralığı 19-85 yıl), BrainPort duyusal ikame cihazın testini içeren üç çalışmalardan biri alındı. Denekler önce ders gitmek istedi, ve sonra BrainPort eğitim edilmiştir. İki farklı yerlerde 837 ders çalışan toplam tamamladı. Ortalamalar ve standart sapmalar kontrol tipleri, kursları, ışıklar, ve ziyaretler arasında hesaplanmıştır. Biz ders yineleme düzgün tasarlanmış olduğunu göstermek için PPWS (yüzde tercih yürüme hızı) ve hata yüzde verileri farklı kategoriler karşılaştırmak için bir doğrusal karma etkiler modeli kullanılmıştır. Elbette yönetmek için basit, nispeten ucuz ve hareketlilik fonksiyonunu test için uygun bir yol olarak gösterilmiştir. Veri analizi demonstrates ki yüzde hata sonucu yanı sıra yüzde tercih edilen yürüme hızı için, her üç kurs farklı olduğunu ve her seviye içinde, üç yineleme her eşittir. Bu yönetim sırasında derslerin randomizasyon sağlar. Kısaltmalar: tercih edilen yürüme hızı (PWS) tabii ki hız (CS) yüzde tercih edilen yürüme hızı (PPWS)

Konular Altı görüşlü gözleri, ileri görüşlü ve 36 tamamen kör ama aksi takdirde sağlıklı erişkin (yaş aralığı 19-85 yıl), erkek (n = 29) ve erkek (n = 13) denekler BrainPort duyusal test içeren üç çalışmaların birinde alındı yer değiştirme cihazı (Wicab, Madison, WI). Tüm çalışmalar Pittsburgh IRB Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmış ve tüm denekler onaylanmış bilgilendirilmiş onam belgesini imzaladı. Tüm çalışmalar her konu kendi kontrolü olarak ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision at JoVE.com

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Biz ultralow vizyona sahip kişilerin engel kaçınma değerlendirmek için kullanılabilecek bir kapalı, portatif, standart ders anlatmak. Ders yönetmek için basit, nispeten ucuz olan, güvenilir ve tekrarlanabilir olduğu gösterilmiştir.

Ultra Düşük Vizyon Görsel Fonksiyon ve Yapay Vizyon Değerlendirilmesi için Standart Engel Kursu

We describe an indoor, portable, standardized course that can be used to evaluate obstacle avoidance in persons who have ultralow vision. Six sighted ...

a-standardized-obstacle-course-for-assessment-visual-function-ultra

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K Görüntüleme.  University of Pittsburgh.  Biz ultralow vizyona sahip kişilerin engel kaçınma değerlendirmek için kullanılabilecek bir kapalı, portatif, standart ders anlatmak. Ders yönetmek için basit, nispeten ucuz olan, güvenilir ve tekrarlanabilir olduğu gösterilmiştir. 

Video: A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

Ambliyopi içinde Bastırma Ölçme ve Tedavisi

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Tıp

Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal vasculature of various eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ICGA is especially useful to image the posterior choroidal vasculature of the eye due to its capability of penetrating through the pigmented layer with its infrared spectrum. ICGA time course can be divided into early, middle, and late phases. The three phases provide valuable information on the pathology of eye problems. Although time-course ICGA by intravenous (IV) injection is widely used in the clinic for the diagnosis and management of choroid problems, ICGA by intraperitoneal injection (IP) is commonly used in animal research. Here we demonstrated the technique to obtain high-resolution ICGA time-course images in mice by tail-vein injection and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We used this technique to image the choroidal lesions in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Although it is much easier to introduce ICG to the mouse vasculature by IP, our data indicate that it is difficult to obtain reproducible ICGA time course images by IP-ICGA. In contrast, ICGA via tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time-course images comparable to human studies. In addition, we showed that ICGA performed on albino mice gives clearer pictures of choroidal vessels than that performed on pigmented mice. We suggest that time-course IV-ICGA should become a standard practice in AMD research based on animal models.

Indocyanine Green Angiography (or ICGA) performed by tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time course images to characterize abnormalities in mouse choroid.

Zaman kurs Indocyanine Yeşil Anjiyografi ile Yaşa Bağlı Makula Dejenerasyonu Fare Modeli Koroid vaskülatürüne anormallikleri tespit

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

Rat Retina için Elvax 40W ile yavaş salınımlı İlaç Dağıtım: Kronik Koşullar Tedavisinde Etkileri

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes (ILM), and in conjunction with astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells they establish the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). BRB limits material transport between the bloodstream and the retina while the ILM acts as a basement membrane that defines histologically the border between the retina and the vitreous cavity. Labeling M&#252;ller cells is particularly relevant to study the physical state of the retinal barriers, as these cells are an integral part of the BRB and ILM. Both BRB and ILM are frequently altered in retinal disease and are responsible for disease symptoms.
There are several well-established methods to study the integrity of the BRB, such as the Evans blue assay or fluorescein angiography. However these methods do not provide information on the extent of BRB permeability to larger molecules, in nanometer range. Furthermore, they do not provide information on the state of other retinal barriers such as the ILM. To study BRB permeability alongside retinal ILM, we used an AAV based method that provides information on permeability of BRB to larger molecules while indicating the state of the ILM and extracellular matrix proteins in disease states. Two AAV variants are useful for such study: AAV5 and ShH10. AAV5&#160;has a natural tropism for photoreceptors but it cannot get across to the outer retina when administered into the vitreous when the ILM is intact (i.e., in wild-type retinas). ShH10 has a strong tropism towards glial cells and will selectively label M&#252;ller glia in both healthy and diseased retinas. ShH10 provides more efficient gene delivery in retinas where ILM is compromised. These viral tools coupled with immunohistochemistry and blood-DNA analysis shed light onto the state of retinal barriers in disease.

To investigate the blood-retinal barrier permeability and the inner limiting membrane integrity in animal models of retinal disease, we used several adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants as tools to label retinal neurons and glia. Virus mediated reporter gene expression is then used as an indicator of retinal barrier permeability.

Aracı Olarak Adeno-ilişkili virüs kullanarak Hastalığında Retina Engelleri Eğitim için

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes ...

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been introduced as an efficient treatment option. In biological and chemical sciences, crosslinking refers to new chemical bonds formed between reactive molecules. Hence, the aim of corneal collagen CXL is to synthetically increase the formation of crosslinks between collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma. Despite the fact that the efficiency of the conventional CXL (C-CXL) protocol has already been shown in several clinical studies, it might benefit from improvements in duration of the procedure and removal of corneal epithelium. Hence, in order to provide a coherent evaluation of two new and optimized CXL protocols, we studied keratoconus patients who had undergone one of the three CXL treatments: iontophoresis (I-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and conventional CXL (C-CXL). A-CXL is a 6 time faster CXL procedure using a ten time higher UVA irradiance but still including an epithelium removal. Iontophoresis is a transepithelial non-invasive technique in which a small electric current is applied to improve riboflavin penetration throughout the cornea. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), we conclude that regarding the depth of treatment penetration, conventional CXL protocol remains the standard for treating progressive keratoconus. Accelerated CXL seems to be a quick, effective and safe alternative to treat thin corneas. The use of iontophoresis is still being investigated and should be considered with greater caution.

Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only conservative treatment currently available to halt keratoconus progression by improving the biomechanical rigidity of the corneal stroma. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the methods of three different protocols of CXL: conventional CXL (C-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and iontophoresis CXL (I-CXL).

Keratokonus Kornea Kollajen çapraz bağlama Üç Farklı Protokoller: Konvansiyonel, Hızlandırılmış ve İyontoforez

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

Rejeneratif tedavisi ile Suprachoroidal hücre otogrefti içinde Kuru yaşa bağlı makula dejenerasyonu: ön Vivo içinde rapor

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Puncture-Induced Iris Neovascularization as a Mouse Model of Rubeosis Iridis

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant for targeting neovascular glaucoma, a sight-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. This method is based on the induction of iris vascular response by a series of self-sealing uveal punctures on BALB/c mice and takes advantage of the postpartum maturation of mouse ocular vasculature. Mouse pups undergo uveal punctures from postnatal day 12.5, when the pups naturally open their eyes, until postnatal day 24.5. Due to the transparency of the cornea, iris vasculature can be analyzed easily through time by noninvasive in vivo methods. Furthermore, the semitransparent iris of BALB/c mice can be flatmounted for detailed immunohistologic analysis with minimal non-specific background staining. In this model, angiogenesis is mainly driven by the inflammatory and plasminogen activating systems. The puncture-induced model is the first to induce iris neovascularization in small rodents, and has the advantage of allowing direct noninvasive in vivo analysis of the angiogenic process. Moreover, the model can be combined with angiogenic modulating substances, which highlights its potential in the study of angiogenesis with an in vivo perspective.

Iris neovascularization, a common complication of ischemic retinal disease, may lead to sight-threatening neovascular glaucoma. Here, we describe a murine protocol for inducing experimental iris neovascularization that may be used for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis-modulating substances.

Delici cisim kaynaklı Iris neovaskülarizasyon Rubeosis Iridis bir fare modeli olarak

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant ...

A Model of Glaucoma Induced by Circumlimbal Suture in Rats and Mice

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known risk factor for glaucoma. This protocol demonstrates a step-by-step guide on this technique in Long Evans rats and C57BL/6 mice. Under general anesthesia, a "purse-string" suture is applied on the conjunctiva, around the equator and behind the limbus of the eye. The fellow eye serves as an untreated control. Over the duration of our study, which was a period of 8 weeks for rats and 12 weeks for mice, IOP remained elevated, as measured regularly by rebound tonometry in conscious animals without topical anesthesia. In both species, the sutured eyes showed electroretinogram features consistent with preferential inner retinal dysfunction. Optical coherence tomography showed selective thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Histology of the rat retina in cross-section found reduced cell density in the ganglion cell layer, but no change in other cellular layers. Staining of flat-mounted mouse retinae with a ganglion cell specific marker (RBPMS) confirmed ganglion cell loss. The circumlimbal suture is a simple, minimally invasive and cost-effective way to induce ocular hypertension that leads to ganglion cell injury in both rats and mice.

Chronic ocular hypertension is induced by applying a circumlimbal suture in rats and mice, leading to functional and structural deterioration of the retinal ganglion cells consistent with glaucoma.

Manken Circumlimbal dikiş sıçanlar ve fareler tarafından indüklenen glokom

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

Non-invaziv Dorsiflexor kas fonksiyonu farelerde değerlendirilmesi

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear formulations that prevent cell desiccation will result in ocular surface protection and the maintenance of cell metabolic activity. During dehydration, cells undergo the process of loss of metabolic activity and subsequently cell death. This work describes a method for assessing the efficacy of artificial tear formulations. The metabolic dye (i.e., alamarBlue) changes from a low fluorescent molecule resazurin to a fluorescent molecule resorufin in viable cells. The biological performance of an artificial tear formulation is measured as the ability of the formulation to (a) maintain cell viability and (b) provide cell protection from desiccation. Growth media and saline are used as controls for the cell viability/desiccation tests. Cells are incubated with test solutions for 30 min and then desiccated for 0 or 5 min at 37 &#176;C and 45% relative humidity. Cell metabolic activity after initial exposure and after cell desiccation is then determined. The results show the comparative effects of eye drop formulations on cell metabolic activity and desiccation protection. This method can be used to test dry eye formulations that are designed to treat individuals with evaporative dry eye.

The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate if different artificial tear formulations can protect human corneal epithelial cells from desiccation using an in vitro model. After exposure to artificial tear formulations and desiccation, human corneal epithelial cells are assessed for metabolic activity.

Yapay Gözyaşı Formülasyonlarının Desiccation'a Maruz Kalma sonrası İnsan Kornea Epitel Hücrelerinin Metabolik Aktivitesi Üzerine Etkisi

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear ...