Bu araştırma karşı Programı, Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri (NIH), Müdürü Ofisi ve Çevre Sağlığı Bilimleri Ulusal Enstitüsü (NIEHS) Hibe sayısı U54 ES015678 (CWW) tarafından desteklenmektedir. SA da Çocuk hastanesinde Mines İşbirliği Pilot Ödülü # G0100394 ve Çocuk Hastanesi Colorado Araştırma Enstitüsü Pilot Ödülü # G0100471 Colorado / Colorado School tarafından desteklenmektedir.

1.. Rat kardiyomiyosit Kültürler <ol><li> Tüm deneyler kurumsal hayvan bakımı ve kullanımı komitesi, IACUC tarafından onaylanan protokoller altında yapıldı. </li><li> Daha önce tarif edilen yöntemler kullanılarak 4 erkek sıçan kalplerinde (ventriküller) (240-260 g), sıçan kardiyomiyositlerde elde edilir. (100 mg / kg; ayak tutam yöntem ile anestezi teyit) Kısaca, pentobarbital intraperitonal enjeksiyonu ile hayvanlara anestezi ve daha sonra 10.0 ml, Krebs Ringer tamponu, pH 7.4 ihtiva eden 1 mM Ca2 + içine kalpleri çıkarın. </li><li> Kan kaldırmak ve daha sonra% 0.02 proteaz ve% 0.06 kollajenaz A (5.0 ml / kalp) içeren bir Ca 2 + ücretsiz Krebs Ringer tamponu geçmek için kalplerini 5-6x durulayın. Ara sıra çalkalanmak suretiyle, 37 ° C&#39;de 10-15 dakika boyunca bu çözelti içinde kalpleri inkübe edin. </li><li> 10-15 dakika sonra, ilave bir 5 dakika boyunca Ca 2 + Krebs Ringer tamponu ile enzimatik çözüm yıkayın. Sarkık doku bize gelen hücreleri bırakınyukarı ve aşağı birkaç kez süspansiyon pipetleme 25 ml pipet ing. </li><li> 70 mikron naylon elek içinden süzme ile doku hücreleri ayırın ve bunları 0.1 mM Ca2 + içeren Krebs Ringer tamponu içinde yerleşmeye izin verir. 0.2 mM Ca2 + &#39;yı içeren 1.0 ml Krebs Ringer tamponu içerisinde hücre pelletini askıya alınması. </li><li> Dikkatlice nonmyocytes ikinci kardiyomiyositlerde ayrı ve bunları 30 dakika boyunca yerleşmek için izin vermek için 15 ml santrifüj tüplerine üzerine 5.0 ml 60 ug / ml bovin serum albümini, BSA, tabaka. Kardiyomiyositlerde ağırdır ve tüpün altına hareket eder. Süpernatan dikkatlice hücreler ve ortam çıkarın. Ayrıca hücreleri arındırmak için bir kez bu adımı tekrarlayın. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş ventriküler myocytes / kardiyomiyositlerde 1.0 mM Ca2 + içeren tampon (0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.75 mM ve 1.0 mM Ca2 + içeren tampon kullanılarak adımlarla) yıkanması ve Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium oluşan ACCT ortam içinde yeniden süspansiyon haline getirildi ile geçiş , DMEM containing 2 mg / ml BSA, 2 mM L-karnitin, 5 mM kreatin, 5 mM taurin, 100 IU / ml penisilin ve 100 ug / ml streptomisin. </li><li> 100 mm ya da 35 mm laminin üzerinde 100-150 hücre / mm 2 &#39;lik bir yoğunlukta ACCT ortam içinde kardiyomiyositlerde Plaka laminin (1 ug / cm 2) ile önceden kaplanmış plastik kültür kaplarına ya da 40 x 22 mm cam lamelleri ile kaplı olacaktır. 1 saat sonra, bağlı olmayan hücreleri çıkarmak için 2.0 ml ACCT ile bulaşıkları yıkama. Taze ortam içinde 10.0 ml ilave edilir ve hücreleri inkübe edin. </li></ol> İnsan Havayolu Epitelyal Bazal Hücre 2. Farklılaştırılmış hava-sıvı arayüzü (ALI) Kültür <ol><li> Kurumsal Değerlendirme Kurulu bünyesinde Ulusal Hastalık Araştırma Kavşağı insan trakeabronşial dokuları ittihaz protokolleri onayladı. Hücre hasat ve yayınlanan bir prosedür 5,6 kullanarak kültürünü gerçekleştirmek. Gerekirse onlar tikler insan soluma için kesin bir örnek olarak bu işlemi cep kültürleri kullanır, ancak, bir izole ve ALI mo büyüyebilirve / veya sıçan solunum yolu epitel hücreleri 7,8 kullanın. </li><li> Kısaca, bütün bağ dokusu ve lenf düğümleri çıkardıktan sonra küçük doku parçaları (~ ¼ inç) yapmak. Ringer çözeltisi içinde dokuya birkaç kez yıkayın. 50 ml konik tüp doku ekleme ve (minimum temel ortam, MEM, sıvı oranında (1:10) bir doku içinde% 1 Protease/0.01% DNase) proteaz çözeltisi ekleyin. </li><li> Gece boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de doku sallayın. ,% 10 fetal inek serumu ilave ederek doku ayrışma sona erdirir. Cerrahi bir neşter ile epitel yüzey kazıyın ve santrifüj (10 dakika boyunca 2000 rpm) ile hücreleri toplamak. </li><li> Fulcher ve ark 9 ile detaylı bir şekilde tarif edildiği gibi hazırlanmıştır özel ALI ortam içinde kollajen kaplı snapwells üzerine aktarılarak bir Levha hücreleri. Apikal medya kaldırarak hava-sıvı arayüzü (ALI) değiştirmeden önce 5 gün boyunca kültür. </li><li> Her günaşırı ALI medyayı kullanarak hücreleri beslemek ve hücreler ilave 2-3 hafta için (ayırt etmek için izinmaruz gerçekleştirmeden önce çok sayıda dayak kirpikler ve mukus salgılanmasını) gözlemlemek. Ortam değişiklikleri ile birlikte sıcak PBS ile apikal yüzey yıkayın. </li></ol> 3.. Klor Pozlama <ol><li> Kazara klor kaçağı durumunda personelin maruz kalmasını önlemek için gerekli ikincil çevreleme sağlayan 100 fpm operasyonel bir yüzü hızı ile nitelikli bir kimyasal kaput içinde klor pozlama sistemi (CES) içerirler. </li><li> Hafif bir pozitif basıncı su (0.5 inç) altında sistemi çalıştırın. Kuru hava 15 L / dakika ve klor istenen son klor konsantrasyonunu elde etmek için beslenen uygun bir seviyede verilir. Hazneler 4 mini BCU kilitler ve basınç sızdırmazlık sağlamak için düşük bir durometre silikon conta ile bir kilitleme kapağı vardır. </li><li> Bir Kütle Akış Kontrolörü ile Cl 2 karışımı sunun. CES kuru azot Cl 2% 1,0 ihtiva eden bir basınçlı gaz silindiri kullanır. </li><li> Ile seyreltme hava akışını düzenlerözel kontrol paneli tasarlanmış ve benzer poz odalarına teslim Cl 2 konsantrasyonunu düzenler. Düşük hacimli bir örnekleme pompası ardından analizörü bağlı bir veri kayıt cihazı üzerinde kaydedilir konsantrasyonlarını izlemek için bir klor analizörü içine odalarından egzoz çeker. </li><li> Maruz kalmadan önce eşit dağıtım ve egzoz oranlarını sağlamak için bir akış ölçer kullanılarak odaları içindeki akış hızları ölçer. </li><li> Süpernatan ortamı kaldırılması ve taze ortam (ALI kültürlerde bazolateral media) eklenmesi ile etkileşimi için hücre kültürlerinin hazırlanması. Ajanlar ile herhangi önişlemlerinde bu zamanda yapılabilir. </li><li> İki sızdırmaz polisülfon biyolojik tecrit odalarına Cl 2 gazının (50, 100 ya da 30 dakika boyunca 300 ppm) kadar hava yolu epitel hücrelerinin kültürleri ALI Açığa. Kardiyomiyositlerde (batık veya zarda kültürleri ortak akışlı) 15 dakika için 50 veya 100 ppm Cl 2 maruz kalmaktadır. </li><li> Maruz kaldıktan sonra ° C&#39;ye kadar hava odacıkları yıkayınl 2 seviyesi 1 ppm altına ve güvenli bir şekilde (5 dakika içinde) hücreleri çıkarmak için açılabilir. </li></ol> 4. Transepitelyal Elektrik Direnci (TER) Ölçüm <ol><li> Hava-sıvı-arayüzü TER ölçün, ALI, gümüş klorür &quot;çubuk&quot; elektrot çifti ile bir epitel voltohmmeter kullanarak kültürler. </li><li> Kullanmadan önce ALI ortam 15 dakika içinde, çubuk elektrot dengelenmesi. </li><li> Yüzey (2.0 mi) (1.0 mi) apikal ve bazolateral sıcak ortam ekleyin ve voltohmmeter ve çubuk elektrotları kullanarak TER ölçer. </li><li> Apikal medyadaki elektrot kısa kol ve bazolateral medyada uzun kolu batırın. Elektrik direncini değerlendirmek için voltohmmeter üzerindeki &#39;tedbir&#39; düğmesine tıklayın. </li><li> Voltohmmeter ohm veya k ohm seçeneği vardır. Trans elde etmek için her bir hücre tabakası boyunca ölçülen direnci bir hücresiz kültür destek karşısında direnci çıkarmaepitel direnci (TER). </li></ol> 5.. Kaspaz Ölçme <ol><li> Basolateral yüzey sonrası maruz taze ALI medya (2.0 ml) ekleyin ve oda sıcaklığında hücreyi kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. 4 ve 24 saat sonra süpernatan ortamı toplayın. </li><li> Ticari bir kaspaz 3/7 deney kiti kullanılarak ortam yüzer kaspaz 3/7 aktivitesi ölçün. </li></ol> 6.. Western Blot ve İmmünositokimya <ol><li> Daha önce tarif edildiği gibi, 10, hücre lizatları kullanılarak western blot yapın. 5x örnek tampon maddesi içinde indirgenmiş lizat proteini (20 ug) askıya alma ve 5 dakika kaynatılır. SDS-PAGE (% 4-15) için, protein lizat Konu ve elektroforetik blotting ile bir nitroselüloz membrana ayrılan proteinler aktarın. </li><li> Yıkama tamponu içinde% 5 süt (PBS +% 0.1 deterjan) ile membran inkübe edilerek spesifik olmayan bağlanma bloke edin ve gece boyunca 4 ° C &#39;de, 1:1000 seyreltmede SERCA2 veya sarkomerik aktine karşı primer antikorlar ile zarlarının ölçülmesi. Daha sonra, yıkama ve inkübe membranlar ilgili peroksidaz-konjuge sekonder antikor ve peroksidaz algılaması ticari bir kit kullanılarak, 10 daha önce anlatıldığı gibi tespiti için geliştirmek. </li><li> Immunositokimya için PBS ile durulandıktan sonra 20 dakika boyunca 10 mM sodyum sitrat tampon maddesi içinde% 0.4 Triton-X-100 ile 6 oyuklu plakalar içinde uçlar ya da cam lameller üzerinde büyümüş canlı hücreleri tedavi. </li><li> Block spesifik olmayan 20 dakika boyunca% 5 eşek serumu ile hücrelerin işlenmesi ve daha sonra sarkomerik aktin ya da Ki-67 spesifik olmayan spesifik IgG veya bireysel primer antikorlar ile inkübe hücreleri ile bağlama. </li><li> Hücrelerin PBS ile yıkayın ve birincil antikor ve bir nükleer boya (1 ug / ml DAPI) tespit etmek için floresan-konjuge sekonder antikor ile inkübe edin. </li><li> PBS ile yıkayın ve ticari montaj medyayı kullanarak lamelleri montaj. </li><li> Bir floresan mikroskop kullanılarak lekelenme gözünüzde canlandırın. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Bir ciğerlerine zehirli bir kimyasal nefes zaman akut toksik risklerin en yaygın türü oluşur. Bu kimyasallar da hızlı bir şekilde kan alınmış olabilir ve bu, beyin ve kalp gibi diğer organları etkileyebilir. Hayvan modelleri kullanarak çeşitli maddelerin solunması toksisitesi okudu ve yaygın bildirilen, ancak mekanizmaları daha az anlaşılmıştır. Bu etkili tedavilerin geliştirilmesinde önemli bir engeldir. In vitro maruziyet sistemlerinin bulunmaması mekanistik anlayış eksikliği arka...

Toksik inhale kimyasal (TIC) maruz / klorin (Cl 2) gibi gazlar kazara maruz kalma, hem de kimyasal bir tehdit madde olarak potansiyel kullanımı devam eden bir sağlık sorunu olmaya devam etmektedir. Akciğerler birincil hedef olmasına rağmen, bu tür, kalp ve beyin gibi organlar da in vivo modeller genellikle tikler ikinci test toksisite için kullanılır. 1-3 etkilenmez, ancak toksisite değerlendirmesi için in vitro deneylerde maliyet etkin, daha basit, daha hızlı ve daha vardır. In in vitro modeller de in vivo değerlendirmek için zor olabilir aracı-hücre etkileşimlerinin kapsamlı araştırma için izin verir. Bu tür in vitro maruz sistemleri nadirdir ve bundan başka, toksik maddeler, hücrelerin batık edildiği kültür ortamına ilave bazı geleneksel modeller ile, maddelerin özellikleri nedeniyle etkileşimleri ve ortam içinde bileşenlerine bağlanma değiştirebilir. Gibi bu tür senaryolar hücre kültür sistemlerinde hava-sıvı arayüzü (ALI, Gazlı maddeler maruz olabilir burada önerilen birincil insan solunum yolu epitel hücreleri, of) kültürleri umut verici olabilir. Hava yolunu döşeyen epitel hücreleri solunan toksik kimyasallara karşı ilk savunma hatları. Insan solunum yolu epitel akciğerde lümen ve temel hücreler arasında, fiziksel bir bariyer oluşturur ve akciğerin yanıt olarak katılır. Bu sitokinler ve diğer pro-ve anti-enflamatuar maddelerin sayısı hem de epitel mukus kaplama / hava yolu yüzey sıvısı (ASL) salgılar üretir. In vitro kültür sistemleri batık geleneksel olarak sınırlamalar biri epitel yüzeyini kaplayan ASL ve mukus kaldırıldı veya seyreltilmiş olması aynı zamanda. Bu havaya maruz kalan akciğer epitel hücrelerin fizyolojik durumunu yansıtmaz. Böylece, EFT toksisite testleri için vitro sistemde ideal Bu mimariye çoğaltmak gerekir. Hızlı tarama m yönelik büyük ilgi varvivo toksisitesi tahmin ethods. ALI yetiştirilen epitel hücreleri ayırt var ve iyi farklılaşmış yapıları ve işlevleri batık yetiştirilen hücreler ile karşılaştırıldığında ve hava yollarının üstün bir model işlevi. Bu çalışmada, insan solunum yolu hava-sıvı arayüzü kültür zehirli Solunum toksisite için test (trakeo) epitel hücreleri kullanılmasını tarif eder ve bu nedenle toksiklik önemli bir hedef eğitim, kardiyomiyosit bir batık hücre kültürü ile karşılaştırın.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:487px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:487px;">Rats</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Harlan Laboratories</td>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:487px;">Pentobarbital</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">P3761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:487px;">Chlorine</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">AirGas, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">X02NI99CP163LS1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:487px;">Caspase 3/7 kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">G8091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:487px;">Epithelial voltohmmeter and chopstick electrode</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">EVOM and STX2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:487px;">Snapwell inserts</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">07-200-708</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">70 micron nylon cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">#352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polysulfone biocontainment chambers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">BCU, Allentown Cage Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">BCU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">12491-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Sarcomeric actin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Abcam Cambridge, MA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ab28052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SERCA2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">&#160;Affinity Bioreagents, Golden, CO</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MA3-9191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ki-67 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">&#160;Dako, Carpinteria, CA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">M7248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa-488-conjugated secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">&#160;Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Carnitine</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C0283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Taurine</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">T8691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Creatinine</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C6257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Krebs Ringer Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">K4002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Protease</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">P5147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Collagenase</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C6885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; DNAase</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">DN-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Lactated Ringer solution</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Abott Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">7953</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Donkey serum</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">017-000-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">PBS, phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">D1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">4-15% SDS-PAGE gels</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">456-1083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">162-0115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Dergent, Tween&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Peroxidase detection kit</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Pierce</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">3402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Mounting media, Fluormount G</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">00-4958-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Sodium citrate</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">71497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Collagen</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C7521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">MEM</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">M8028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Laminin</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">354259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:487px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:329px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">200-6140AJ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro cell culture model for toxic inhaled chemical testing

Hücre kültürleri önce hayvan modellerinde kullanımı için terapötik maddeler, etkinliğini geliştirmek ve çalışma için vazgeçilmezdir. Biz de farklılaştırılmış insan solunum yolu epitel ve kalp kası hücrelerini modellemek için benzersiz bir yeteneğe sahiptir. Bu, normal olarak hücre yüzeyleri ile etkileşim ve su ile reaksiyona sokulması, ve daldırılmış kültürde etkilerini sınırlayarak üzerine çeşitli yan ürünler oluşturabilir, örneğin klor gibi toksik kimyasallar inhale, zararlı etkilerini incelemek için değerli bir araç olabilir. Hava-liqiuid arayüzü de farklılaştırılmış insan solunum yolu epitel hücre kültürleri kullanarak Bizim modelimiz bu sınırlama circumvents yanı sıra potansiyel zehirli solunan kimyasalların toksisite kritik mekanizmalarını değerlendirmek için bir fırsat sağlar. Biz membran bütünlüğünün kaybı gelişmiş, örneğin klor maruz kalma gibi toksik solunan kimyasal, kaspaz salınımı ve ölümü tarif. Bu yazıda, memeli kalp ve solunum yolu epitel c klor pozlama modellemek için yöntemler önermekkültür ve bu hücre tipleri üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek için basit testler arşın.

İlköğretim çubuk şekilli kardiyomiyositler laminin matrisler üzerine takmak ve (Şekil 1A ve inset) yaymak ve birleşen kültürlerin içine ayırt. Bu hücreler, bundan başka sarkomerik aktin ve SERCA2 ekspresyonu (Şekil 1B ve 1C) olarak karakterize edilmiştir. Sıçan kardiyomiyositler laminin kaplı membranların (Şekil 1D) üzerinde yetiştirilen hücreler üzerinde batık kültürler ve birleşen tabakalarının bozulmasına geniş hücre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing at JoVE.com

In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing

Bu protokol, inhale zehirli kimyasal maddelere maruz kalma, hücre kültürlerinin bir yöntem göstermek için tasarlanmıştır. Farklı hava-sıvı arayüzü hava yolu epitel hücreleri (ALI) kültürler maruz kalmak, klor gibi zehirli gazlar hava yolu maruz eşsiz bir model sağlar. Bu yazıda; klor epitel hücrelerinin hava-sıvı arayüz kültürleri üzerinde maruz kalma ve kardiyomiyositlerde daldınlarak kültür etkisini tarif eder. In vitro maruz sistemleri önemli mekanik çalışmalar, daha sonra yeni terapötik maddelerin geliştirilmesi için yararlanılabilir yollarını belirlemek için izin verir.

Zehirli İnhale Kimyasal Test in vitro Hücre Kültürü Modeli

Cell cultures are indispensable to develop and study efficacy of therapeutic agents, prior to their use in animal models. We have the unique ability to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing

10.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Colorado.  Bu protokol, inhale zehirli kimyasal maddelere maruz kalma, hücre kültürlerinin bir yöntem göstermek için tasarlanmıştır. Farklı hava-sıvı arayüzü hava yolu epitel hücreleri (ALI) kültürler maruz kalmak, klor gibi zehirli gazlar hava yolu maruz eşsiz bir model sağlar. Bu yazıda; klor epitel hücrelerinin hava-sıvı arayüz kültürleri üzerinde maruz kalma ve kardiyomiyositlerde daldınlarak kültür etkisini tarif eder. In vitro maruz sist...

Video: In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in vitro. Nutrients delivered by vasculature fail to reach all parts of tumors, giving rise to heterogeneous microenvironments consisting of viable, quiescent and necrotic cell types. Many cancer drugs fail to effectively penetrate and treat all types of cells because of this heterogeneity. Monolayers of cancer cells do not mimic this heterogeneity, making it difficult to test cancer drugs with a suitable in vitro model. Our microfluidic devices were fabricated out of PDMS using soft lithography. Multicellular tumor spheroids, formed by the hanging drop method, were inserted and constrained into rectangular chambers on the device and maintained with continuous medium perfusion on one side. The rectangular shape of chambers on the device created linear gradients within tissue. Fluorescent stains were used to quantify the variability in apoptosis within tissue. Tumors on the device were treated with the fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, time-lapse microscopy was used to monitor its diffusion into tissue, and the effective diffusion coefficient was estimated. The hanging drop method allowed quick formation of uniform spheroids from several cancer cell lines. The device enabled growth of spheroids for up to 3 days. Cells in proximity of flowing medium were minimally apoptotic and those far from the channel were more apoptotic, thereby accurately mimicking regions in tumors adjacent to blood vessels. The estimated value of the doxorubicin diffusion coefficient agreed with a previously reported value in human breast cancer. Because the penetration and retention of drugs in solid tumors affects their efficacy, we believe that this device is an important tool in understanding the behavior of drugs, and developing new cancer therapeutics.

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We present the procedure for fabrication and operation of a microfluidic device that recreates heterogeneous tumor microenvironments in vitro. The variability in apoptosis within tumor tissue was quantified using fluorescent stains and the effective diffusion coefficient of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin into tumor tissue was evaluated.

Bir Tümör Mikroçevre yeniden oluşturmak için mikroakışkan Cihazı<em&gt; In vitro</em

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in ...

Biyomühendislik

Shape Memory Polymers for Active Cell Culture

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of "smart" materials that have the ability to change from a fixed, temporary shape to a pre-determined permanent shape upon the application of a stimulus such as heat1-5. In a typical shape memory cycle, the SMP is first deformed at an elevated temperature that is higher than its transition temperature, Ttrans [either the melting temperature (Tm) or the glass transition temperature (Tg)]. The deformation is elastic in nature and mainly leads to a reduction in conformational entropy of the constituent network chains (following the rubber elasticity theory). The deformed SMP is then cooled to a temperature below its Ttrans while maintaining the external strain or stress constant. During cooling, the material transitions to a more rigid state (semi-crystalline or glassy), which kinetically traps or "freezes" the material in this low-entropy state leading to macroscopic shape fixing. Shape recovery is triggered by continuously heating the material through Ttrans under a stress-free (unconstrained) condition. By allowing the network chains (with regained mobility) to relax to their thermodynamically favored, maximal-entropy state, the material changes from the temporary shape to the permanent shape.
Cells are capable of surveying the mechanical properties of their surrounding environment6. The mechanisms through which mechanical interactions between cells and their physical environment control cell behavior are areas of active research. Substrates of defined topography have emerged as powerful tools in the investigation of these mechanisms. Mesoscale, microscale, and nanoscale patterns of substrate topography have been shown to direct cell alignment, cell adhesion, and cell traction forces7-14. These findings have underscored the potential for substrate topography to control and assay the mechanical interactions between cells and their physical environment during cell culture, but the substrates used to date have generally been passive and could not be programmed to change significantly during culture. This physical stasis has limited the potential of topographic substrates to control cells in culture.
Here, active cell culture (ACC) SMP substrates are introduced that employ surface shape memory to provide programmed control of substrate topography and deformation. These substrates demonstrate the ability to transition from a temporary grooved topography to a second, nearly flat memorized topography. This change in topography can be used to control cell behavior under standard cell culture conditions.

A method for developing cell culture substrates with the ability to change topography during culture is described. The method makes use of smart materials known as shape memory polymers that have the ability to memorize a permanent shape. This concept is adaptable to a wide range of materials and applications.

Aktif Hücre Kültürü Şekil Bellek Polimerler

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of "smart" materials that have the ability to change from a fixed, temporary shape to a pre-determined permanent ...

Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Seeding Technology and Biocompatibility Testing For Cardiovascular Devices in Large Animal Model

Implantable cardiovascular devices are manufactured from artificial materials (e.g. titanium (Ti), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene), which pose the risk of thromboemboli formation1,2,3. We have developed a method to line the inside surface of Ti tubes with autologous blood-derived human or porcine endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)4. By implanting Ti tubes containing a confluent layer of porcine EPCs in the inferior vena cava (IVC) of pigs, we tested the improved biocompatibility of the cell-seeded surface in the prothrombotic environment of a large animal model and compared it to unmodified bare metal surfaces5,6,7 (Figure 1). This method can be used to endothelialize devices within minutes of implantation and test their antithrombotic function in vivo. 
Peripheral blood was obtained from 50 kg Yorkshire swine and its mononuclear cell fraction cultured to isolate EPCs4,8. Ti tubes (9.4 mm ID) were pre-cut into three 4.5 cm longitudinal sections and reassembled with heat-shrink tubing. A seeding device was built, which allows for slow rotation of the Ti tubes. 
We performed a laparotomy on the pigs and externalized the intestine and urinary bladder. Sharp and blunt dissection was used to skeletonize the IVC from its bifurcation distal to the right renal artery proximal. The Ti tubes were then filled with fluorescently-labeled autologous EPC suspension and rotated at 10 RPH x 30 min to achieve uniform cell-coating9. After administration of 100 USP/ kg heparin, both ends of the IVC and a lumbar vein were clamped. A 4 cm veinotomy was performed and the device inserted and filled with phosphate-buffered saline. As the veinotomy was closed with a 4-0 Prolene running suture, one clamp was removed to de-air the IVC. At the end of the procedure, the fascia was approximated with 0-PDS (polydioxanone suture), the subcutaneous space closed with 2-0 Vicryl and the skin stapled closed. 
After 3 - 21 days, pigs were euthanized, the device explanted en-block and fixed. The Ti tubes were disassembled and the inner surfaces imaged with a fluorescent microscope.
We found that the bare metal Ti tubes fully occluded whereas the EPC-seeded tubes remained patent. Further, we were able to demonstrate a confluent layer of EPCs on the inside blood-contacting surface.
Concluding, our technology can be used to endothelialize Ti tubes within minutes of implantation with autologous EPCs to prevent thrombosis of the device. Our surgical method allows for testing the improved biocompatibility of such modified devices with minimal blood loss and EPC-seeded surface disruption.

A method for seeding titanium blood-contacting biomaterials with autologous cells and testing biocompatibility is described. This method uses endothelial progenitor cells and titanium tubes, seeded within minutes of surgical implantation into porcine venae cavae. This technique is adaptable to many other implantable biomedical devices.

Otolog Endotelyal progenitör Hücre-Yayımlama Teknoloji ve Büyük Hayvan Modeli Kardiyovasküler Cihazlar için Biyouyumluluk Testleri

Implantable cardiovascular devices are manufactured from artificial materials (e.g. titanium (Ti), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene), which pose the risk ...

Rotating Cell Culture Systems for Human Cell Culture: Human Trophoblast Cells as a Model

The field of human trophoblast research aids in understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the nature of these studies, human in vivo experimentation is impossible. A combination of primary cultures, explant cultures and trophoblast cell lines1 support our understanding of invasion of the uterine wall2 and remodeling of uterine spiral arteries3,4 by extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs), which is required for successful establishment of pregnancy. Despite the wealth of knowledge gleaned from such models, it is accepted that in vitro cell culture models using EVT-like cell lines display altered cellular properties when compared to their in vivo counterparts5,6. Cells cultured in the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) display morphological, phenotypic, and functional properties of EVT-like cell lines that more closely mimic differentiating in utero EVTs, with increased expression of genes mediating invasion (e.g. matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)) and trophoblast differentiation7,8,9. The Saint Georges Hospital Placental cell Line-4 (SGHPL-4) (kindly donated by Dr. Guy Whitley and Dr. Judith Cartwright) is an EVT-like cell line that was used for testing in the RCCS.
The design of the RCCS culture vessel is based on the principle that organs and tissues function in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment. Due to the dynamic culture conditions in the vessel, including conditions of physiologically relevant shear, cells grown in three dimensions form aggregates based on natural cellular affinities and differentiate into organotypic tissue-like assemblies10,11,12 . The maintenance of a fluid orbit provides a low-shear, low-turbulence environment similar to conditions found in vivo. Sedimentation of the cultured cells is countered by adjusting the rotation speed of the RCCS to ensure a constant free-fall of cells. Gas exchange occurs through a permeable hydrophobic membrane located on the back of the bioreactor. Like their parental tissue in vivo, RCCS-grown cells are able to respond to chemical and molecular gradients in three dimensions (i.e. at their apical, basal, and lateral surfaces) because they are cultured on the surface of porous microcarrier beads. When grown as two-dimensional monolayers on impermeable surfaces like plastic, cells are deprived of this important communication at their basal surface. Consequently, the spatial constraints imposed by the environment profoundly affect how cells sense and decode signals from the surrounding microenvironment, thus implying an important role for the 3-D milieu13.
We have used the RCCS to engineer biologically meaningful 3-D models of various human epithelial tissues7,14,15,16. Indeed, many previous reports have demonstrated that cells cultured in the RCCS can assume physiologically relevant phenotypes that have not been possible with other models10,17-21. In summary, culture in the RCCS represents an easy, reproducible, high-throughput platform that provides large numbers of differentiated cells that are amenable to a variety of experimental manipulations. 
In the following protocol, using EVTs as an example, we clearly describe the steps required to three-dimensionally culture adherent cells in the RCCS.

Traditional, two dimensional cell culture techniques often result in altered characteristics with respect to differentiation markers, cytokines and growth factors. Three-dimensional cell culture in the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) reestablishes expression of many of these factors as shown here with an extravillous trophoblast cell line.

İnsan Hücre Kültürü Döner Hücre Kültür Sistemleri: Bir Model Olarak İnsan trofoblast Hücreleri

The field of human trophoblast research aids in  understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the  nature of these ...

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and accurate assessment of ocular toxicity in man are needed. To address this need, we have developed an eye irritation test (EIT) which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model that is based on normal human cells. The EIT is able to separate ocular&#160;irritants and corrosives (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category). The test utilizes two separate protocols, one designed for liquid chemicals and a second, similar protocol for solid test articles. The EIT prediction model uses a single exposure period (30 min for liquids, 6 hr for solids) and a single tissue viability cut-off (60.0% as determined by the MTT assay). Based on the results for 83 chemicals (44 liquids and 39 solids) EIT achieved 95.5/68.2/ and 81.8% sensitivity/specificity and accuracy (SS&#38;A) for liquids, 100.0/68.4/ and 84.6% SS&#38;A for solids, and 97.6/68.3/ and 83.1% for overall SS&#38;A. The EIT will contribute significantly to classifying the ocular irritation potential of a wide range of liquid and solid chemicals without the use of animals to meet regulatory testing requirements. The EpiOcular EIT method was implemented in 2015 into the OECD Test Guidelines as TG 492.

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

We have developed an eye irritation test which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model. The test is able to discriminate between ocular irritant and corrosive materials (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category).

Yeniden İnşa İnsan Kornea gibi Epitelyal (RHCE) Doku Modeli kullanılarak Göz tahriş Kimyasalların Tehlike Tanımlaması Göz tahrişi Testi (EIT)

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

Light-mediated Formation and Patterning of Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

Click chemistries have been investigated for use in numerous biomaterials applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture. In particular, light-mediated click reactions, such as photoinitiated thiol&#8722;ene and thiol&#8722;yne reactions, afford spatiotemporal control over material properties and allow the design of systems with a high degree of user-directed property control. Fabrication and modification of hydrogel-based biomaterials using the precision afforded by light and the versatility offered by these thiol&#8722;X photoclick chemistries are of growing interest, particularly for the culture of cells within well-defined, biomimetic microenvironments. Here, we describe methods for the photoencapsulation of cells and subsequent photopatterning of biochemical cues within hydrogel matrices using versatile and modular building blocks polymerized by a thiol&#8722;ene photoclick reaction. Specifically, an approach is presented for constructing hydrogels from allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc)-functionalized peptide crosslinks and pendant peptide moieties and thiol-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) that rapidly polymerize in the presence of lithium acylphosphinate photoinitiator and cytocompatible doses of long wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light. Facile techniques to visualize photopatterning and quantify the concentration of peptides added are described. Additionally, methods are established for encapsulating cells, specifically human mesenchymal stem cells, and determining their viability and activity. While the formation and initial patterning of thiol-alloc hydrogels are shown here, these techniques broadly may be applied to a number of other light and radical-initiated material systems (e.g., thiol-norbornene, thiol-acrylate) to generate patterned substrates.

We describe a sequential process for light-mediated formation and subsequent biochemical patterning of synthetic hydrogel matrices for three-dimensional cell culture applications. The construction and modification of hydrogels with cytocompatible photoclick chemistry is demonstrated. Additionally, facile techniques to quantify and observe patterns and determine cell viability within these hydrogels are presented.

Hücre Kültürü Uygulamaları için Hidrojeller Işık aracılı Oluşumu ve Desenlendirme

Click chemistries have been investigated for use in numerous biomaterials applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture. In ...

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and dampen loads in the spine. The IVD consists of a proteoglycan-rich nucleus pulposus (NP) and a collagen-rich annulus fibrosis (AF) sandwiched by cartilaginous end-plates. Together with the adjacent vertebrae, the vertebrae-IVD structure forms a functional spine unit (FSU). These microstructures contain unique cell types as well as unique extracellular matrices. Whole organ culture of the FSU preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell differentiation phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Thus, organ culture techniques are particularly useful for investigating the complex biological mechanisms of the IVD. Here, we describe a high-throughput approach for culturing whole lumbar mouse FSUs that provides an ideal platform for studying disease mechanisms and therapies for the IVD. Furthermore, we describe several applications that utilize this organ culture method to conduct further studies including contrast-enhanced microCT imaging and three-dimensional high-resolution finite element modeling of the IVD.

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Whole organ culture of the intervertebral disc (IVD) preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Here we describe an IVD culture system using mouse lumbar and caudal IVDs in their functional spinal units and several applications utilizing this system.

bir<em&gt; İn Vitro</emKemirgen İntervertebral Disk&gt; Organ Kültürü Modeli

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and ...

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Photoreceptor degenerative diseases cause irreparable blindness through the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Retinal prostheses are an emerging treatment for photoreceptor degenerative diseases that seek to restore vision by artificially stimulating the surviving retinal neurons in the hope of eliciting comprehensible visual perception in patients. Current retinal prostheses have demonstrated success in restoring limited vision to patients using an array of electrodes to electrically stimulate the retina but face substantial physical barriers in restoring high acuity, natural vision to patients. Chemical neurostimulation using native neurotransmitters is a biomimetic alternative to electrical stimulation and could bypass the fundamental limitations associated with retinal prostheses using electrical neurostimulation. Specifically, chemical neurostimulation has the potential to restore more natural vision with comparable or better visual acuities to patients by injecting very small quantities of neurotransmitters, the same natural agents of communication used by retinal chemical synapses, at much finer resolution than current electrical prostheses. However, as a relatively unexplored stimulation paradigm, there is no established protocol for achieving chemical stimulation of the retina in vitro. The purpose of this work is to provide a detailed framework for accomplishing chemical stimulation of the retina for investigators who wish to study the potential of chemical neuromodulation of the retina or similar neural tissues in vitro. In this work, we describe the experimental setup and methodology for eliciting retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spike responses similar to visual light responses in wild-type and photoreceptor-degenerated wholemount rat retinas by injecting controlled volumes of the neurotransmitter glutamate into the subretinal space using glass micropipettes and a custom multiport microfluidic device. This methodology and protocol are general enough to be adapted for neuromodulation using other neurotransmitters or even other neural tissues.

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

This protocol describes a novel method for investigating a form of chemical neurostimulation of wholemount rat retinas in vitro with the neurotransmitter glutamate. Chemical neurostimulation is a promising alternative to the conventional electrical neurostimulation of retinal neurons for treating irreversible blindness caused by photoreceptor degenerative diseases.

Biomimetic kimyasal Neuromodulation, sıçan retina nörotransmitter Glutamat Vitro ile için metodoloji

Photoreceptor degenerative diseases cause irreparable blindness through the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Retinal prostheses are ...

A Human 3D Extracellular Matrix-Adipocyte Culture Model for Studying Matrix-Cell Metabolic Crosstalk

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of cellular function. The ECM plays a particularly important role in adipose tissue function in obesity, and alterations in adipose tissue ECM deposition and composition are associated with metabolic disease in mice and humans. Tractable in vitro models that permit dissection of the roles of the ECM and cells in contributing to global tissue phenotype are sparse. We describe a novel 3D in vitro model of human ECM-adipocyte culture that permits study of the specific roles of the ECM and adipocytes in regulating adipose tissue metabolic phenotype. Human adipose tissue is decellularized to isolate ECM, which is subsequently repopulated with preadipocytes that are then differentiated within the ECM into mature adipocytes. This method creates ECM-adipocyte constructs that are metabolically active and retain characteristics of the tissues and patients from which they are derived. We have used this system to demonstrate disease-specific ECM-adipocyte crosstalk in human adipose tissue. This culture model provides a tool for dissecting the roles of the ECM and adipocytes in contributing to global adipose tissue metabolic phenotype and permits study of the role of the ECM in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis.

We describe a 3D human extracellular matrix-adipocyte in vitro culture system that permits dissection of the roles of the matrix and adipocytes in contributing to adipose tissue metabolic phenotype.

Bir İnsan 3D Ekstrasellüler Matrix-Adiposit Kültür Modeli Matrix-Hücre Metabolik Crosstalk Çalışma için

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of ...

In Vitro Model of Human Cutaneous Hypertrophic Scarring using Macromolecular Crowding

It has been shown that in vivo tissues are highly crowded by proteins, nucleic acids, ribonucleoproteins, polysaccharides, etc. The following protocol applies a macromolecular crowding (MMC) technique to mimic this physiological crowding through the addition of neutral polymers (crowders) to cell cultures in vitro. Previous studies using Ficoll or dextran as crowders demonstrate that the expression of collagen I and fibronectin in WI38 and WS-1 cell lines are significantly enhanced using the MMC technique. However, this technique has not been validated in primary hypertrophic scar-derived human skin fibroblasts (hHSFs). As hypertrophic scarring arises from the excessive deposition of collagen, this protocol aims to construct a collagen-rich in vitro hypertrophic scar model by applying the MMC technique with hHSFs. This optimized MMC model has been shown to possess more similarities with in vivo scar tissue compared to traditional 2-dimensional (2-D) cell culture systems. In addition, it is cost-effective, time-efficient, and ethically desirable compared to animal models. Therefore, the optimized model reported here offers an advanced &#8220;in vivo-like&#8221; model for hypertrophic scar-related studies.

This protocol describes the use of macromolecular crowding to create an in vitro human hypertrophic scar tissue model that resembles in vivo conditions. When cultivated in a crowded macromolecular environment, human skin fibroblasts exhibit phenotypes, biochemistry, physiology, and functional characteristics resembling scar tissue.

Makromoleküler Kalabalık Kullanılarak İnsan Kutanöz Hipertrofik YaraNın In Vitro Modeli

It has been shown that in vivo tissues are highly crowded by proteins, nucleic acids, ribonucleoproteins, polysaccharides, etc. The following protocol ...